Experimental manipulation of phosphoinositide lipids: from cells to organisms
Résumé
Phosphoinositides (PIs) play critical roles in various cellular, physiological, developmental, pathological and infectious processes. They are signaling phospholipids that can affect every aspect of membrane biology, including protein function (e.g., recruitment, activity), membrane physicochemical properties (e.g., curvature, surface charges, packing), and the generation of second messengers. PIs act at very precise locations within the cell in a dosedependent manner, and their local concentration can vary drastically during signaling and trafficking. Techniques able to manipulate PI amounts acutely and with subcellular accuracy are thus paramount to understand the role of these lipids in vivo. Here, we review these methods and emphasize the approaches recently developed to perturb PI levels in multicellular organisms. Phosphoinositides (PIs) constitute a dynamic and interlinked network of landmark lipids in cellular membranes PIs are phosphorylated derivatives from the glycerophospholipid phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) [1]. The inositol head group can be phosphorylated in position three, four or five, forming up to seven distinct species of phosphorylated PtdIns, collectively known as phosphoinositides
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