Encouraging carpooling for commuting in the Paris area (France): which incentives and for whom?
Résumé
The use of individual cars and solo driving is a source of negative externalities. The practice of carpooling for commuting could be a solution to tackle environmental, health and congestion problems. The objective of this study was to explore the incentives to encourage carpooling for commuting in the Paris region. Beyond socio-demographics, individual profiles were characterized by variables related to the residence and work places. We measured the willingness of drivers (n = 1312) to carpool for commuting (1) as a driver and (2) as a passenger. Three logistic regression models were estimated for each case, carpooling as a driver and carpooling as a passenger, integrating different incentives (financial and non-financial). Our results demonstrate that the determinants of carpooling as a driver and as a passenger differ. According to individual profiles, the incentives to encourage carpooling for commuting in the Paris region are not the same. Contextual variables play a major role in the willingness to carpool as a driver, while individual variables only were exhibited regarding carpooling as a passenger. Another major finding is the importance of carpooling with a colleague, exhibiting the key role of trust. Women are more willing to carpool as a driver when there is this psychological incentive. Finally, we highlight that the awareness of carpooling services is significant in the willingness to carpool both as a driver and as a passenger. Public policies could consider these results as potential levers to promote carpooling in the Paris region.