Lactance : penser la conversion de Rome au temps de Constantin
Résumé
Against the conception of a pacified late antiquity in which Christianity naturally integrates itself without conflict, or the reproaches addressed to the author against his theological weaknesses, the apology of the divine Institutions of Lactance, composed during the last Christian persecutions, must be understood as a literature of intellectual and spiritual struggle. It aims to bring the opponent to Christian positions, by seeking him on his own ground to show him that his most essential positions are better based on Christian faith and doctrine. In this respect, Lactance is in a favourable position since, as a rhetorician, philosopher and man of the State apparatus, he was a pagan for long enough to know from within the most essential springs of pagan Romanity and to demonstrate, according to the logic of his own evolution, that Rome, in its universality, is compatible with Christianity. He reinterprets the fundamental elements of Roman identity by working, from Cicero's legal and religious philosophy, and the Stoic notion of oikeiosis ("adaptation to oneself"), which he combines with his own reading of the Bible, in particular Genesis, the central notions of pietas and iustitia. The idea of a primitive consanguinitas serves him to develop the anthropological basis of a new universal history (including Jews and Romans) accessible to pagan philosophers his interlocutors, but that Christians know and live by their spirituality. After Cicero, he reconsidered the etymology of religio, or other key moral notions, such as humanitas, now associated with the universality of humankind (genus humanum). His argumentative approach, his lexical games show how he imagined, by mixing history and myths, common values and new concepts, at the crossroads of history and epistemology, the still unthought-out religious upheaval he believed would happen in Rome and, from there, how to get the Romans, Christians and Jews to conceive it. A new attention to the texts finally shows that his political theology, different from that of Eusebius of Caesarea, also played a role with Emperor Constantine.
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