Core vocabulary and core collocations: combining corpus analysis and native speaker judgement to inform selection of collocations in learner dictionaries
Résumé
This paper presents the concepts of “core vocabulary” and “core collocations” and discusses implications for the treatment of collocations in monolingual learner phraseological dictionaries. In the first section, we give an account of what the above concepts refer to by drawing on previous research. In the second part, we present the findings from a study (Benigno et al., 2015; Benigno et al., forthcoming) using L1 speaker judgements to validate a method to automatically extract core collocations from frWaC (Baroni et al., 2010), a very large web-corpus. The study aims to identify what features can be used to define and filter “core collocations” from a set of potential candidates – which were retrieved from the corpus by means of frequency, dispersion, and associative measures and then subjected to the evaluation of a group of native speakers who were asked to decide about the importance of collocations to communicate in everyday situations. Findings from the study showed that frequency is an appropriate but not sufficient measure to identify such central and nuclear units in language. In fact native speakers seem to attach importance (intended as usefulness in language use) to highly restricted and fixed units regardless of their frequency of occurrence - providing evidence of the fact that what is core is not systematically a matter of frequency. Based on these findings, the third part of the paper deals with phraseology from the lexicographical perspective and argues that in learner dictionaries both frequency and usefulness should serve as main organizing principles. Our discussion will be accompanied by practical examples extracted from the “Longman Collocations Dictionary and Thesaurus”, a learner dictionary informed by corpus data as well as by pedagogical judgements of expert lexicographers.