Vanadyl-type defects in Tavorite-like NaVPO4F: from the average long range structure to local environments
Résumé
Tavorite-type compositions offer rich crystal chemistry for positive electrodes in rechargeable batteries, among which LiVIIIPO4F has the highest theoretical energy density (i.e. 655 Wh kg−1). In this article, we report for the first time the synthesis of the related Na-based phase crystallizing in the Tavorite-like structure. Its in-depth structural and electronic characterization was conducted by a combination of several techniques, spanning electron and X-ray powder diffraction as well as infrared and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The magnetic susceptibility measurement reveals an average oxidation state for vanadium slightly higher than V3+. This slight oxidation is supported by infrared and X-ray absorption spectroscopies which highlight the presence of V4+[double bond, length as m-dash]O vanadyl-type defects leading to an approximated NaVIII0.85(VIVO)0.15(PO4)F0.85 composition. In this material, the profile of the diffraction lines is governed by a strong strain anisotropic broadening arising from the competitive formation between the ionic V3+–F and the covalent V4+[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds. This material shows a limited extraction of sodium, close to 15% of the theoretical capacity. Indeed, its electrochemical properties are strongly inhibited by the intrinsic low sodium mobility in the Tavorite framework.
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