Simultaneous determination of type A, B, and D trichothecenes and their occurrence in cereals and cereal products
Résumé
A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of type A, B, and D trichothecenes in cereals is presented. The limits of detection ranged between 0.1 µg kg-1 and 0.7 µg kg-1 for all analytes. The method was applied to 289 representatively drawn samples of wheat, rye, and oat products. Ninety-four percent of the wheat samples (n=130), 95% of the rye samples (n=61), and 100% of the oat samples (n=98) were contaminated with the type A trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 toxin. Median levels of T-2/HT-2 (sum of the toxins) were 0.91 µg kg-1, 0.53 µg kg-1, and 8.2 µg kg-1, respectively. Highest levels were found in wheat bran (24 µg kg-1), rye kernels (3.1 µg kg-1), and oat flakes (85 µg kg-1). All wheat and rye samples and 75% of the oat samples were contaminated with the type B trichothecene deoxynivalenol. Median levels of this toxin were 23 µg kg-1, 15 µg kg-1, and 0.53 µg kg-1, respectively. Highest levels were found in wheat bran (1160 µg kg-1), rye kernels (288 µg kg-1), and oat flakes (55 µg kg-1). The type B trichothecene nivalenol was detected in 67% of the wheat samples, in 3% of the rye samples, and in 24% of the oat samples with highest levels in wheat bran (96 µg kg-1), rye kernels (1.8 µg kg-1), and in oat flakes (17 µg kg-1), respectively. Levels of other type A and B trichothecenes played a minor role, although the rates of contamination were often high. Neither macrocyclic type D trichothecenes (satratoxin G and H, verrucarin A, roridin A) nor the type A trichothecenes diacetylverrucarol and verrucarol were detected in any of the samples.
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