Association of frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption with cardiovascular disease among smokers and non smoker men
Résumé
Background. Fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption is associated with a lower cardiovascular (CVD) risk. Smoking, in contrast, is a major CVD risk factor. Objective. To compare the relationship between the frequency of F&V intake and CVD risk in current, former and never smoker men. Design. The PRIME study is a prospective study in men (n=8060), aged 50-59 years, free of coronary heart disease or stroke at inclusion, recruited in France and Northern Ireland between 1991 and 1993. Frequency of F&V intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. The outcomes are incident cases of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and total coronary heart disease and stroke (CVD) observed over 10 years. Results. During the follow-up, a total of 367 ACS and 612 CVD events occurred. In multivariable analyses we found a statistical interaction between smoking status and frequency of F&V intake and for ACS and CVD (p< 0.05). In smokers, the relative risks for ACS was 0.78 [0.54-1.13] in the 2nd and 0.49 [0.30-0.81] in the 3rd tertile of F&V intake compared to the 1st tertile (p trend<0.001); the results for CVD were 0.80 [0.59-1.08] and 0.64 [0.44-0.93], respectively (p trend<0.001). In contrast, no statistically significant associations were observed among never and former smokers. Similar statistical interactions for ACS were observed for fruit intake (p=0.07) and vegetable (p <0.05). Conclusion. These results suggest that high F&V intake in men is associated with favourable CVD outcomes in smokers.
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