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. Burgaud, CuK ? radiation) with a 165-mm diagonal Onyx charge-coupled device detector at 2.5:1 demagnification. The program Crysalis RED (Oxford Diffraction, 2006) was used to convert the observed diffraction rings into a conventional X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. Eh-pH diagrams of As-S phases were produced using the Geochemist's Workbench 8.0 software and the "thermo_minteq" database. Physical and chemical parameters used in our calculations are discussed in Section 5. In order to avoid introduction of exogenous contaminants in the molecular analyses of the filamentous orpiment sample (#MN-DR-1-11) it was sub-sampled with stainless tweezers in sterile Eppendorff® tubes, not touched with ungloved hands. We processed DNA extraction and purification from 2 × 0.5 g of inert filamentous orpiment (#MN-DR-1-11) using MoBio PowerSoil DNA isolation and purification kits following manufacturer's instructions. Negative DNA extraction control was processed. Concentration of extracted DNA was measured with a NanoDrop 1000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific) and nested-PCR assays were performed to amplify ITS1 region of fungal rRNA using ITS1F, ITS4 and ITS2 primers as described elsewhere, Kaia Natai Seamount) did not diffract as a single crystal (we observed only diffraction rings and no diffraction spots) and the amount of available material was scarce, powder diffraction data were collected using an Oxford Diffraction Excalibur PX Ultra single-crystal diffractometer, 2013.

, We also stained thin sections of filamentous orpiment on slides with Calcofluor White M2R {4,4?-bis[4-anilino-6-bis(2-ethyl)amino-s-triazin-2-ylamino]-2, 2?-disulfonic acid}. The targets of calcofluor white M2R are chitin, cellulose, and carboxylated polysaccharides. Following incubation in the dark for 5 min of filamentous orpiment and positive control (fixed fungal cells), slides were washed with sterile water and observed using epifluorescence microscopy, Transformants were selected on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar plates containing ampicillin (100 ?g/mL)

, Red euhedral crystals precipitated at the seafloor (samples #SO-133 25GTVA-7 and #SO-56 159DSE) and sub-seafloor [sample #SO-166 43RD (0-5 cm)] appeared to be realgar (XRD and EMP data): As 4 S 4 . Realgar forms prismatic crystals scattered in a matrix of colloform and filamentous X-ray amorphous silica (SiO 2am. ) (Fig. 2A, C), barite and stibnite. Its diffraction peaks at the XRD patterns (not presented) were sharp and strong. Realgar unit-cell and Nowacki, Results The collected As-sulfides show three different morphologies: euhedral crystals (Fig. 2A), colloform aggregates (Fig. 2B) and dense networks of filaments (Fig. 3), 1972.

, As 2 S 3 ; Fig. 2B) forms colloform aggregates in the voids of the host rocks at and beneath the seafloor [samples #SO-133 25GTVA-7, #SO-166 43RD (0-5 cm) and #SO-56 159DSE]. In cross-section it shows concentric zonation (Figs 2D; 4A, B). It is often coated by a thin film of sphalerite (Fig. 4B, C). This orpiment has traces of Zn, Grayish-yellow to orange-yellow orpiment

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V. Rédou, M. C. Ciobanu, A. Dufresne, J. Lengellé, M. Buée et al., 454 Pyrosequencing analyses of record-depth subsurface sediments revealed unexpected microeukaryotic communities dominated by Fungi, 2013.

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