Pollution parameters evaluation of wastewater collected at different treatment stages from wastewater treatment plant based on E-nose and E-tongue systems combined with chemometric techniques
Résumé
Wastewater contains harmful chemicals and heavy metals that are known to cause various environmental and health problems. Therefore, the water quality control using sensitive, simple, fast, accurate, and portable tools is of great importance. In this study, an electronic nose (Enose) and an electronic voltammetric tongue (E-tongue) combined with chemometric methods were used for qualitative analysis of water samples collected from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) that treats domestic and industrial wastewaters. Quantitative determination of pollution parameters of water and wastewater samples were performed in BAM, Berlin. The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry was used for cations determination. Analysis of anions was carried out by ion chromatography with a Metrosep A Supp 5-100/4.0 column. Chemometric methods, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), were used to process the E-nose and E-tongue data to describe the similarities between the samples. In addition, Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) model was constructed using the E-nose and E-tongue data to simultaneously predict the levels of physicochemical parameters. Indeed, the PLSR analysis is performed generating a correlation coefficient, for the training and testing sets, higher than 0.91 for the prediction of the concentration of all physicochemical parameters, except for iron (Fe) which remains 0.84. These results suggest that simple, portable, and inexpensive tools such as electronic noses and tongues are suitable for wastewater analysis.
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