R. Alary, J. Donati, and H. Viellard, Automobile pollution in Paris: influence of traffic and meteorological conditions, Sci. Total Environ, vol.169, pp.53-61, 1995.

E. Andrews, P. Saxena, S. I. Musarra, L. M. Hildemann, P. Koutrakis et al., Concentration and composition of atmospheric aerosols from the 1995 SEAVS experiment and a review of the closure between chemical and gravimetric measurements, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc, vol.50, p.31, 2000.

A. Arguez and R. S. Vose, The Definition of the Standard WMO Climate Normal: The Key to Deriving Alternative Climate Normals, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc, vol.92, pp.699-704, 2011.

M. S. Bae, J. J. Schauer, J. T. Deminter, J. R. Turner, D. Smith et al., Validation of a semi-continuous instrument for elemental, carbon and organic carbon using a thermal-optical method, Atmos. Environ, vol.38, pp.2885-2893, 2004.

J. A. Bernstein, N. Alexis, C. Barnes, I. L. Bernstein, J. A. Bernstein et al., Health effects of air pollution, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol.114, pp.1116-1123, 2004.

B. Bessagnet, A. Hodzic, O. Blanchard, M. Lattuati, O. Le-bihan et al., Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust, Aerosol Sci. Technol, vol.39, pp.221-241, 1996.

F. Cavalli, M. Viana, K. E. Yttri, J. Genberg, and J. Putaud, Toward a standardised thermal-optical protocol for measuring atmospheric organic and elemental carbon: the EUSAAR protocol, Atmos. Meas. Tech, vol.3, pp.79-89, 2010.

K. Cheung, N. Daher, W. Kam, M. M. Shafer, Z. Ning et al., Spatial and temporal variation of chemical composition and mass closure of ambient coarse particulate matter (PM10-2.5) in the Los Angeles area, Atmos. Environ, vol.45, pp.2651-2662, 2011.

J. C. Chow, J. G. Watson, L. W. Chen, W. P. Arnott, and H. Moosmuller, The DRI Thermal/Optical Reflectance carbon analysis system: Description, evaluation, and applications in U.S. air quality studies, Atmos. Environ, vol.27, pp.1185-1201, 1993.

S. L. Clegg, P. Brimblecombe, A. S. Wexler, M. Crippa, P. F. Decarlo et al., Wintertime aerosol chemical composition and source apportionment of the organic fraction in the metropolitan area of Paris, Thermodynamic model of the system H + -NH + 4 -SO, vol.2, pp.961-981, 1998.

R. R. Draxler and G. D. Rolph, HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA

J. Arl-ready-website-;-dudhia, A Nonhydrostatic Version of the Penn State-NCAR Mesoscale Model: Validation Tests and Simulation of an Atlantic Cyclone and Cold Front, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.121, pp.1493-1513, 1993.

O. Favez, H. Cachier, J. Sciare, L. Moullec, and Y. , Characterization and contribution to PM 2.5 of semi-volatile aerosols in, Atmos. Environ, vol.41, pp.7969-7976, 2007.

O. Favez, H. Cachier, J. Sciare, R. Sarda-estève, and L. Martinon, Evidence for a significant contribution of wood burning aerosols to PM2.5 during the winter season, Atmos. Environ, vol.43, pp.3640-3644, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00431145

P. Forster, V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, R. Betts et al., Climate Change 2007: the Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007.

D. Fowler, K. Pilegaard, M. A. Sutton, P. Ambus, M. Raivonen et al., Atmos. Environ, vol.43, pp.5192-5263, 2009.

J. P. Frangi, S. Jacquemoud, V. Puybonnieux-texier, and H. Lazard, Suivi spatio-temporel de la concentration en NO x en Ile de France, serie II a, vol.323, pp.373-379, 1996.

F. Freutel, J. Schneider, F. Drewnick, S. Von-der-weiden-reinmüller, M. Crippa et al., Aerosol particle measurements at three stationary sites in the megacity of Paris during summer 2009: meteorology and air mass origin dominate aerosol particle composition and size distribution, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.13, pp.933-959, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01089505

N. Galindo, M. Varea, J. Gil-molto, E. Yubero, N. et al., The Influence of Meteorology on Particulate Matter Concentrations at an Urban Mediterranean Location, Water Air Soil Pollut, vol.215, pp.365-372, 2011.

R. Gehrig, C. Hüglin, and P. Hofer, Contributions of Road Traffic to Ambient PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, 1st Swiss Transport Research Conference, pp.1-3, 2001.

A. K. Georgoulias and K. A. Kourtidis, On the aerosol weekly cycle spatiotemporal variability over Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.11, pp.4611-4632, 2011.

V. Ghersi, A. Rosso, S. Moukhtar, P. Lameloise, J. Sciare et al., A comprehensive source apportionment study of fine aerosol (PM 2.5 ) in the region of, Numéro Spécial, pp.63-72, 2010.

V. Ghersi, A. Rosso, S. Moukhtar, K. Léger, J. Sciare et al., Sources of fine aerosol (PM 2.5 ) in the region of Paris, Pollution Atmosphérique, Numéro Spécial, 2012.

G. A. Grell, J. Dudhia, and D. R. Stauffer, A description of the Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model, NCAR Technical note, 1994.

V. Gros, J. Sciare, Y. , and T. , Air-quality measurements in megacities: Focus on gaseous organic and particulate pollutants and comparison between two contrasted cities, Comptes Rendus Geosciences, vol.339, pp.764-774, 2007.

C. Guieu, M. Loÿe-pilot, C. Ridame, T. , and C. , Chemical characterization of the Saharan dust end-member: Some biogeochemical implications for the western Mediterranean Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.107, p.4258, 2002.

B. Guinot, H. Cachier, K. Oikonomou, and L. Hamaoui-laguel, Ammonia emissions from agricultural activities: impact on air quality, Lesémissions d'ammoniac par les activités agricoles: impact sur la qualité de l'air, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.7, pp.1657-1670, 2007.

R. M. Healy, J. Sciare, L. Poulain, K. Kamili, M. Merkel et al., Sources and mixing state of size-resolved elemental carbon particles in a European megacity, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.12, pp.1681-1700, 2012.

A. Hodzic, R. Vautard, P. Chazette, L. Menut, and B. Bessagnet, Aerosol chemical and optical properties over the Paris area within ESQUIF project, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.6, pp.3257-3280, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00327804

O. Hogrefe, J. J. Schwab, F. Drewnick, G. G. Lala, S. Peters et al., Semicontinuous PM2.5 sulfate and nitrate measurements at an urban and a rural location, J. Air Waste Manage, vol.54, pp.1040-1060, 2001.

C. Hueglin, R. Gherig, U. Baltensperger, M. Gysel, C. Monn et al., Chemical characterisation of PM2.5, PM10 and coarse particles at urban, near-city and rural sites in Switzer

M. Bressi, A one-year comprehensive chemical characterisation of fine aerosol land, Atmos. Environ, vol.39, pp.637-651, 2005.

I. S. Isaksen, R. Benestad, T. K. Berntsen, P. Bosquet, W. Collins et al., Atmospheric Composition Change: Climate-Chemistry Interaction, Atmos. Environ, vol.43, pp.5138-5191, 2009.

M. C. Jacobson, H. C. Hansson, K. J. Noone, R. J. Charlson, G. Kiss et al., Characterization of water-soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.38, p.8339, 2000.

S. Larssen, R. Sluyter, and C. Helmis, Criteria for EUROAIR-NET, the EEA Air Quality Monitoring and Information Network, 1999.

M. G. Lawrence, T. M. Butler, J. Steinkamp, B. R. Gurjar, and J. Lelieveld, Regional pollution potentials of megacities and other major population centers, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.7, pp.3969-3987, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296299

P. H. Macmurry, A review of atmospheric aerosol measurements, Atmos. Environ, vol.34, 1959.

W. Maenhaut and J. Cafmeyer, Long-term atmospheric aerosol study at urban and rural sites in Belgium using multi-elemental analysis by particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry and short-irradiation instrumental neutron activation analysis, X-ray Spectrometry, vol.27, pp.236-246, 1998.

W. C. Malm, J. F. Sisler, D. Huffman, R. A. Eldred, and T. A. Cahill, Spatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and optical extinction in the United States, J. Geophys. Res, vol.99, pp.1347-1370, 1994.

C. L. Martin, J. D. Allan, J. Crosier, T. W. Choularton, H. Coe et al., Seasonal variation of fine particulate composition in the centre of a UK city, Atmos. Environ, vol.45, pp.4379-4389, 2011.

S. R. Mcdow and J. J. Huntzicker, Vapor adsorption artifact in the sampling of organic aerosol: face velocity effects, Atmos. Environ, vol.24, pp.2563-2571, 1990.

M. Mochida, K. Kawamura, P. Q. Fu, and T. Takemura, Seasonal variation of levoglucosan in aerosols over the western North Pacific and its assessment as a biomass-burning tracer, Atmos. Environ, vol.44, pp.3511-3518, 2010.

P. S. Monks, C. Granier, S. Fuzzi, A. Stohl, M. L. Williams et al.,

H. Brink, J. Theloke, G. R. Van-der-werf, R. Vautard, V. Vestreng et al., Atmospheric composition change -Global and regional air quality, Atmos. Environ, vol.43, pp.5268-5350, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00422599

J. V. Niemi, H. Tervahattu, H. Vehkamäki, J. Martikainen, L. Laakso et al., Characterization of aerosol particle episodes in Finland caused by wildfires in Eastern Europe, Atmos, Chem. Phys, vol.5, pp.2299-2310, 2005.

J. V. Niemi, S. Saarikoski, M. Aurela, H. Tervahattu, R. Hillamo et al., Long-range transport episodes of fine particles in southern Finland during, Atmos. Environ, vol.43, pp.1255-1264, 1999.

D. Orsini, Y. Ma, A. Sullivan, B. Sierau, . K. Baumann et al., Refinements to the Particle-Into-Liquid Sampler (PILS) for Ground and Airborne Measurements of Water Soluble Aerosol Composition, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc, vol.37, pp.1079-1083, 1991.

R. E. Peltier, R. J. Weber, A. P. Sullivan, and F. J. Pettijohn, Investigating a liquid-based method for online organic carbon detection in atmospheric particles, Sedimentary Rocks, vol.41, pp.1117-1127, 1975.

C. Pio, M. Cerqueira, R. M. Harrison, T. Nunes, F. Mirante et al., Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease, Atmos. Environ, vol.45, pp.71-77, 2004.

J. Putaud, F. Raes, R. Van-dingenen, J. P. Baltensperger, E. Brüggemann et al., A European Aerosol Phenomenology. 2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, Atmos. Environ, vol.38, pp.2579-2595, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-01863464

J. Putaud, R. Van-dingenen, A. Dell'acqua, F. Raes, E. Matta et al., Size-segregated aerosol mass closure and chemical composition in Monte Cimone (I) during MINATROC, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.4, pp.889-902, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295450

J. Putaud, R. Van-dingenen, A. Alastuey, H. Bauer, W. Birmili et al., A European aerosol phenomenology -3: Physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter from 60 rural, urban, Atmos. Environ, vol.44, pp.1308-1320, 2010.

H. Puxbaum, A. Caseiro, A. Sanchez-ochoa, A. Kasper-giebl, M. Claeys et al., Levoglucosan levels at background sites in Europe for assessing the impact of biomass combustion on the European aerosol background, J. Geophys. Res, vol.112, pp.23-28, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00377253

X. Querol, A. Alastuey, C. R. Ruiz, B. Artiñano, H. C. Hansson et al., Speciation and origin of PM 10 and PM 2.5 in selected European cities, Atmos. Environ, vol.38, pp.6547-6555, 2004.

P. K. Quinn and D. J. Coffman, Local closure during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1): Aerosol mass concentration and scattering and backscattering coefficients, J. Geophys. Res, vol.103, pp.16575-16596, 1998.

L. F. Radke, P. V. Hobbs, and M. W. Eltgroth, Scavenging of aerosol particles by precipitation, J. Atmos. Sci, vol.19, pp.715-722, 1980.

V. Ramanathan, L. Callis, R. Cess, J. Hansen, I. S. Isaksen et al., Climate-chemical interactions and effects of changing atmospheric trace gases, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys, vol.25, pp.1441-1482, 1987.

K. Ramgolam, S. Chevaillier, F. Marano, A. Baeza-squiban, and L. Martinon, Proinflammatory effect of fine and ultrafine particulate matter using size-resolved urban aerosols from Paris, Chemosphere, vol.72, pp.1340-1346, 2008.

J. S. Reid, P. V. Hobbs, R. J. Ferek, D. R. Blake, J. V. Martins et al., Physical, chemical and optical properties of regional hazes dominated by smoke in Brazil, J. Geophys. Res, vol.103, pp.32059-32080, 1998.

R. Rengarajan, A. K. Sudheer, and M. M. Sarin, Wintertime PM2.5 and PM10 carbonaceous and inorganic constituents from urban site in western India, Atmos. Res, vol.102, pp.420-431, 2011.

J. A. Salmond and I. G. Mckendry, A review of turbulence in the very stable nocturnal boundary layer and its implications for air quality, Prog. Phys. Geogr, vol.29, pp.171-188, 2005.

M. Schaap, M. Van-loon, H. M. Brink, F. J. Dentener, and P. J. Builtjes, Secondary inorganic aerosol simulations for Europe with special attention to nitrate, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.4, pp.857-874, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295447

R. B. Schlesinger, The health impact of common inorganic components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ambient air-a critical review, Inhalation Toxicology, vol.19, pp.811-832, 2007.

H. Schmid, L. Laskus, H. J. Abraham, U. Baltensperger, V. Lavanchy et al., Results of the "carbon conference" international aerosol carbon round robin test stage 1, Atmos. Environ, vol.35, pp.2111-2121, 2001.

J. Sciare, H. Cachier, K. Oikonomou, P. Ausset, R. Sarda-estève et al., Aerosol mass closure and reconstruction of the light scattering coefficient over the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the MINOS campaign, Atmos, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.3, pp.2253-2265, 2001.

J. Sciare, R. Sarda-estève, O. Favez, H. Cachier, G. Aymoz et al., Nighttime residential wood burning evidenced from an indirect method for calculating real-time concentration of particulate organic matter (POM), Atmos. Environ, vol.42, pp.2158-2172, 2008.

J. Sciare, O. Argouges, Q. J. Zhang, R. Sarda-estève, C. Gaimoz et al., Comparison between simulated and observed chemical composition of fine aerosols in Paris (France) during springtime: contribution of regional versus continental emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.10, pp.11987-12004, 2010.

J. Sciare, O. Argouges, R. Sarda-estève, C. Gaimoz, C. Dolgorouky et al., Large contribution of water-insoluble secondary organic aerosols in the region of Paris (France) during wintertime, J. Geophys. Res, vol.116, p.22203, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00963327

J. H. Seinfeld and S. N. Pandis, Atmospheric chemistry and physics: From air pollution to climate change, 1360.

R. E. Speer, E. O. Edney, and T. E. Kleindienst, Impact of organic compounds on the concentrations of liquid water in ambient PM10, J. Aerosol Sci, vol.34, pp.63-77, 2003.

A. Stohl, T. Berg, J. F. Burkhart, A. M. Fjaeraa, C. Forster et al., Arctic smoke -record high air pollution levels in the European Arctic due to agricultural fires in Eastern Europe in spring, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.7, pp.511-534, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296130

R. B. Stull, N. Takegawa, Y. Miyazaki, Y. Kondo, Y. Komazaki et al., Characterization of an aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS): intercomparison with other aerosol instruments, An introduction to boundary layer meteorology, vol.666, pp.760-770, 1988.

E. Terzi, G. Argyropoulos, A. Bougatioti, N. Mihalopoulos, K. Nikolaou et al., Chemical composition and mass closure of ambient PM10 at urban sites, Atmos. Environ, vol.44, pp.2231-2239, 2010.

A. Thorpe and R. M. Harrison, Sources and properties of nonexhaust particulate matter from road traffic: A review, Sci. Total Environ, vol.400, pp.270-282, 2008.

I. Troën and L. Mahrt, A simple model of the atmospheric boundary: Sensitivity to surface evaporation, Bound.-Lay. Meteor, vol.37, pp.129-148, 1986.

B. J. Turpin and H. J. Lim, Species contribution to PM2.5 mass concentrations: revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass, Aerosol Sci. Technol, vol.35, pp.602-610, 2001.

B. J. Turpin, S. V. Hering, and J. J. Huntzicker, Investigation of organic aerosol sampling artifacts in the Los Angeles Basin, Atmos. Environ, vol.28, pp.3061-3071, 1994.

M. Bressi, A European aerosol phenomenology 1: physical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, Atmos. Environ, vol.34, pp.2561-2577, 2000.

R. Weber, D. Orsini, Y. Duan, K. Baumann, C. S. Kiang et al., Intercomparison of near real time monitors of PM2.5 nitrate and sulfate at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Atlanta Supersite, World Climate Research Programme (WCP), vol.108, pp.28-35, 1947.

Q. J. Zhang, M. Beekmann, F. Drewnick, F. Freutel, J. Schneider et al., Formation of organic aerosol in the Paris region during the MEGAPOLI summer campaign: evaluation of the volatilitybasis-set approach within the CHIMERE model, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.13, pp.5767-5790, 2013.

X. Q. Zhang and P. H. Mcmurry, Theoretical analysis of evaporative losses from impactor and filter deposits, Atmos. Environ, vol.21, pp.1779-1789, 1987.