M. Gelpi, S. Afzal, and A. Fuchs, Prior exposure to thymidine analogues and didanosine is associated with long-lasting alterations in adipose tissue distribution and cardiovascular risk factors, AIDS, 2018.

, An important study on the long-lasting effect of first generation ART on fat and metabolism 2

F. Boccara, S. Lang, and C. Meuleman, HIV and coronary heart disease: time for a better understanding, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.61, issue.5, p.23369416, 2013.

, A important review on the effect of ART on cardiovascular risk

E. Arrive, J. P. Viard, and B. Salanave, Metabolic risk factors in young adults infected with HIV since childhood compared with the general population, PloS one, vol.13, issue.11, p.6226109, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01943988

J. Schouten, F. W. Wit, and I. G. Stolte, Cross-sectional comparison of the prevalence of age-associated comorbidities and their risk factors between HIV-infected and uninfected individuals: the AGEhIV cohort study, vol.59, pp.1787-97, 2014.

A. Menard, L. Meddeb, and H. Tissot-dupont, Dolutegravir and weight gain: an unexpected bothering side effect? AIDS, vol.31, 2017.

K. Bourgi, C. A. Jenkins, and P. F. Rebeiro, Greater weight gain among treatment-naive persons starting integrase inhibitors. CROI, 2019.

J. E. Lake, The Fat of the Matter: Obesity and Visceral Adiposity in Treated HIV Infection. Current HIV/AIDS reports, vol.14, pp.211-219, 2017.

P. Central and P. ,

C. Katlama, L. Assoumou, and M. A. Valantin, Maraviroc plus raltegravir failed to maintain virological suppression in HIV-infected patients with lipohypertrophy: results from the ROCnRAL ANRS 157 study. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, vol.69, pp.1648-52, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01917896

L. Calza, V. Colangeli, and M. Borderi, Improvement in insulin sensitivity and serum leptin concentration after the switch from a ritonavir-boosted PI to raltegravir or dolutegravir in non-diabetic HIV-infected patients. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, vol.74, pp.731-738, 2019.

C. Katlama, L. Assoumou, and M. A. Valantin, Dual therapy combining raltegravir with etravirine maintains a high level of viral suppression over 96 weeks in long-term experienced HIV-infected individuals over 45 years on a PI-based regimen: results from the Phase II ANRS 163 ETRAL study, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2019.

J. E. Lake, K. Wu, and K. M. Erlandson, Risk factors for excess weight gain following switch to integrase inhibitor-based art. CROI, 2019.

A. Damouche, T. Lazure, and V. Avettand-fenoel, Adipose Tissue Is a Neglected Viral Reservoir and an Inflammatory Site during Chronic HIV and SIV Infection. PLoS pathogens, vol.11, p.4581628, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01207287

J. Couturier, J. W. Suliburk, and J. M. Brown, Human adipose tissue as a reservoir for memory CD4+ T cells and HIV, AIDS, vol.29, issue.6, p.35, 2015.

P. Afonso, M. Auclair, and F. Boccara, LMNA mutations resulting in lipodystrophy and HIV protease inhibitors trigger vascular smooth muscle cell senescence and calcification: Role of ZMPSTE24 downregulation, Atherosclerosis, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01286022

, , vol.245, pp.200-211

M. Caron, M. Auclair, and C. Vigouroux, The HIV protease inhibitor indinavir impairs sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 intranuclear localization, inhibits preadipocyte differentiation, and induces insulin resistance, Diabetes, 2001.

M. Caron, M. Auclair, and H. Sterlingot, Some HIV protease inhibitors alter lamin A/C maturation and stability, SREBP-1 nuclear localization and adipocyte differentiation

, AIDS, vol.17, issue.17, pp.2437-2481, 2003.

C. Vigouroux, A. C. Guenantin, and C. Vatier, Lipodystrophic syndromes due to LMNA mutations: recent developments on biomolecular aspects, pathophysiological hypotheses and therapeutic perspectives, Nucleus, vol.9, issue.1, p.5973242, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01947912

E. Capel, M. Auclair, and M. Caron-debarle, Effects of ritonavir-boosted darunavir, atazanavir and lopinavir on adipose functions and insulin sensitivity in murine and human adipocytes, Antiviral therapy, vol.17, issue.3, p.22293506, 2012.

J. Diaz-delfin, M. Del-mar-gutierrez, and J. M. Gallego-escuredo, Effects of nevirapine and efavirenz on human adipocyte differentiation, gene expression, and release of adipokines and cytokines, Antiviral Res, vol.91, issue.2, pp.112-121, 2011.

P. S. Fong, D. M. Flynn, and C. D. Evans, Integrase strand transfer inhibitor-associated diabetes mellitus: A case report, Int J STD AIDS, vol.28, issue.6, pp.626-628, 2017.

K. Akbari, R. Som, and M. Sampson, The Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Patients with HIV Infection: a Literature Review, Obes Surg, vol.28, issue.8, pp.2550-2559, 2018.

*. Feeney, E. R. Mallon, P. W. Hiv, and H. Dyslipidemia, Open Cardiovasc Med J, vol.5, p.3106351, 2011.

M. R. Salazar, H. A. Carbajal, and W. G. Espeche, Identification of cardiometabolic risk: visceral adiposity index versus triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio, Am J Med, 2014.

, , vol.127, pp.152-159

P. Duffau, L. Wittkop, and L. E. , Association of immune-activation and senescence markers with non-AIDS-defining comorbidities in HIV-suppressed patients, AIDS, vol.29, issue.16, pp.2099-108, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01288887

M. Rucker, S. C. Tayea, A. Bitilinyu-bangoh, and J. , High rates of hypertension, diabetes, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV-infected patients in Malawi, AIDS, vol.32, issue.2, p.5757671, 2018.

J. P. Bastard, C. Couffignal, and S. Fellahi, Diabetes and dyslipidaemia are associated with oxidative stress independently of inflammation in long-term antiretroviral-treated HIV-infected patients, Diabetes Metab, 2009.

J. R. Santos, M. Saumoy, and A. Curran, The lipid-lowering effect of tenofovir/emtricitabine: a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, vol.61, pp.403-411, 2015.

A. Milinkovic, F. Berger, and A. Arenas-pinto, Lipid changes associated with taf are reversible by switching back to tdf. CROI, 2019.

P. W. Mallon, L. Brunet, and J. S. Fusco, Changes in lipids after a direct switch from tdf to taf. CROI, 2019.

P. Echeverria, A. Bonjoch, and J. Puig, Significant improvement in triglyceride levels after switching from ritonavir to cobicistat in suppressed HIV-1-infected subjects with dyslipidaemia, vol.18, p.28671337, 2017.

A. Hill, W. Sawyer, and B. Gazzard, Effects of first-line use of nucleoside analogues, efavirenz, and ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors on lipid levels, HIV Clin Trials

, , vol.10, pp.1-12

J. S. Liang, O. Distler, and D. A. Cooper, HIV protease inhibitors protect apolipoprotein B from degradation by the proteasome: a potential mechanism for protease inhibitorinduced hyperlipidemia, Nat Med, vol.7, issue.12, pp.1327-1358, 2001.

H. Zhou, E. C. Gurley, and S. Jarujaron, HIV protease inhibitors activate the unfolded protein response and disrupt lipid metabolism in primary hepatocytes, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, vol.291, issue.6, 2006.

J. A. O'halloran, J. Sahrmann, and A. M. Butler, Lower cardiovascular disease risk associated with integrase inhibitors. Croi, 2019.

C. Vigouroux, S. Gharakhanian, and Y. Salhi, Diabetes, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia in lipodystrophic HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Diabetes Metab, vol.25, pp.225-257, 1999.

C. Vigouroux, S. Gharakhanian, and Y. Salhi, Adverse metabolic disorders during highly active antiretroviral treatments (HAART) of HIV disease, Diabetes Metab, vol.25, issue.5, p.10592860, 1999.

S. Dirajlal-fargo, C. Moser, and T. T. Brown, Changes in Insulin Resistance After Initiation of Raltegravir or Protease Inhibitors With Tenofovir-Emtricitabine: AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5260s. Open Forum Infect Dis, vol.3, p.5047417, 2016.

M. A. Noor, O. P. Flint, and J. F. Maa, Effects of atazanavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir on glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity: demonstrable differences in vitro and clinically, AIDS, vol.20, issue.14, pp.1813-1834, 2006.

M. A. Noor, R. A. Parker, and E. O'mara, The effects of HIV protease inhibitors atazanavir and lopinavir/ritonavir on insulin sensitivity in HIV-seronegative healthy adults, AIDS, vol.18, issue.16, p.15577646, 2004.

P. Randell, A. Jackson, and A. Milinkovic, An open-label, randomized study of the impact on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and vascular inflammation by treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir or raltegravir in HIV-negative male volunteers, Antiviral therapy, vol.22, issue.2, p.27708251, 2017.

C. D. Spinner, K. E. Kern, and A. Zink, Neither boosted elvitegravir nor darunavir with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate increase insulin resistance in healthy volunteers: results from the STRIBILD-IR study, Antiviral therapy, vol.21, issue.7, pp.627-631, 2016.

E. Martinez, D. 'albuquerque, P. M. Llibre, and J. M. , Changes in cardiovascular biomarkers in HIV-infected patients switching from ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors to raltegravir, AIDS, vol.26, issue.18, pp.2315-2341, 2012.

J. Lo, J. Oyee, and M. Crawford, Dolutegravir and insulin resistance. Croi, 2019.

A. Bigoloni, N. Gianotti, and V. Spagnuolo, Long-term glucose tolerance in highly experienced HIV-infected patients receiving nucleoside analogue-sparing regimens

, AIDS, vol.26, issue.14, pp.1837-1877, 2012.

T. T. Brown, S. R. Cole, and X. Li, Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus in the multicenter AIDS cohort study, Arch Intern Med, vol.165, issue.10, p.15911733, 2005.

, A study showing the role of first generation ART in the incidence of diabetes in PLWH in USA 67

J. Capeau, V. Bouteloup, and C. Katlama, Ten-year diabetes incidence in 1046 HIVinfected patients started on a combination antiretroviral treatment, AIDS, vol.26, issue.3, pp.303-317, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00875222

, A study showing the role of first generation ART in the incidence of diabetes in PLWH in France 68

L. D. Rasmussen, E. R. Mathiesen, and G. Kronborg, Risk of diabetes mellitus in persons with and without HIV: a Danish nationwide population-based cohort study, PloS one, vol.7, issue.9, p.44575, 2012.

P. Central and P. , , p.3440341

L. Galli, S. Salpietro, and G. Pellicciotta, Risk of type 2 diabetes among HIV-infected and healthy subjects in Italy, Eur J Epidemiol, vol.27, issue.8, pp.657-65, 2012.

J. R. Nansseu, J. J. Bigna, and A. D. Kaze, Incidence and Risk Factors for Prediabetes and Diabetes Mellitus Among HIV-infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Epidemiology, vol.29, issue.3, p.29394189, 2018.

P. Riyaten, N. Salvadori, and P. Traisathit, New-Onset Diabetes and Antiretroviral Treatments in HIV-Infected Adults in Thailand, vol.69, pp.453-462, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02081792

S. Karamchand, R. Leisegang, and M. Schomaker, Risk Factors for Incident Diabetes in a Cohort Taking First-Line Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Based Antiretroviral Therapy. Medicine (Baltimore), vol.95, p.4782850, 2016.

M. Auclair, P. Afonso, and E. Capel, Impact of darunavir, atazanavir and lopinavir boosted with ritonavir on cultured human endothelial cells: beneficial effect of pravastatin, Antiviral therapy, vol.19, issue.8, p.24535489, 2014.

F. Villarroya, P. Domingo, and M. Giralt, Drug-induced lipotoxicity: lipodystrophy associated with HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral treatment, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.1801, issue.3, p.392, 2010.

S. Zhang, M. J. Carper, and X. Lei, Protease inhibitors used in the treatment of HIV+ induce beta-cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway and compromise insulin secretion, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, vol.296, issue.4, p.2670620, 2009.

S. Nzuza, D. E. Ndwandwe, and P. Owira, Naringin protects against HIV-1 protease inhibitors-induced pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis, Mol Cell Endocrinol, vol.437, 2016.

K. G. Alberti, R. H. Eckel, and S. M. Grundy, Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention

, World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity, American Heart Association, vol.120, issue.16, pp.1640-1645, 2009.

K. A. Nguyen, N. Peer, and E. J. Mills, A Meta-Analysis of the Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence in the Global HIV-Infected Population, PloS one, vol.11, issue.3, p.4805252, 2016.

S. W. Worm, N. Friis-moller, and M. Bruyand, High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients: impact of different definitions of the metabolic syndrome, AIDS, vol.24, issue.3, pp.427-462, 2010.

J. Echecopar-sabogal, D. 'angelo-piaggio, L. Chaname-baca, and D. M. , Association between the use of protease inhibitors in highly active antiretroviral therapy and incidence of diabetes mellitus and/or metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Int J STD AIDS, vol.29, issue.5, pp.443-452, 2018.

M. Duro, M. C. Manso, and S. Barreira, Metabolic syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, Int J STD AIDS, vol.29, issue.11, pp.1089-1097, 2018.

J. B. *maurice, A. Patel, and A. J. Scott, Prevalence and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV-monoinfection, AIDS, vol.17, issue.11, pp.1621-1632, 2017.

, A meta-analysis on the risk of steatosis and fibrosis in PLWH 83

J. C. Price, E. C. Seaberg, and R. Latanich, Risk factors for fatty liver in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, Am J Gastroenterol, vol.109, issue.5, p.4133993, 2014.

G. Guaraldi, N. Squillace, and C. Stentarelli, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in HIVinfected patients referred to a metabolic clinic: prevalence, characteristics, and predictors, vol.47, pp.250-257, 2008.

G. Guaraldi, K. Luzi, and G. M. Bellistri, CD8 T-cell activation is associated with lipodystrophy and visceral fat accumulation in antiretroviral therapy-treated virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients, vol.64, p.24129368, 2013.

N. Crum-cianflone, A. Dilay, and G. Collins, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among HIV-infected persons, vol.50, pp.464-73, 2009.

P. Central and P. , , p.2782375

J. Macias, M. Mancebo, and D. Merino, Changes in Liver Steatosis After Switching From Efavirenz to Raltegravir Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, vol.65, pp.1012-1019, 2017.

D. M. Kirkegaard-klitbo, F. Bendtsen, and S. Stender, Prevalence of fatty liver disease in individuals with and without hiv infection. CROI, 2019.

M. Lemoine, K. Lacombe, and J. P. Bastard, Metabolic syndrome and obesity are the cornerstones of liver fibrosis in HIV-monoinfected patients, AIDS, vol.31, issue.14, pp.1955-1964, 2017.

L. H. Rubin, D. Gustafson, and K. L. Hawkins, Total and central obesity predict cognitive decline: multicenter aids cohort study. CROI, 2019.

A. L. Tomi, J. Sellam, and K. Lacombe, Increased prevalence and severity of radiographic hand osteoarthritis in patients with HIV-1 infection associated with metabolic syndrome: data from the cross-sectional METAFIB-OA study, Ann Rheum Dis, vol.75, issue.12, p.5482366, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01534146

M. Giralt, J. Diaz-delfin, and J. M. Gallego-escuredo, Lipotoxicity on the basis of metabolic syndrome and lipodystrophy in HIV-1-infected patients under antiretroviral treatment, Curr Pharm Des, vol.16, issue.30, p.20687888, 2010.

S. M. Dillon, J. Kibbie, and E. J. Lee, Low abundance of colonic butyrate-producing bacteria in HIV infection is associated with microbial translocation and immune activation, AIDS, vol.31, issue.4, p.5263163, 2017.

R. Quercia, J. Roberts, and L. Martin-carpenter, Comparative changes of lipid levels in treatment-naive, HIV-1-infected adults treated with dolutegravir vs. efavirenz, raltegravir, and ritonavir-boosted darunavir-based regimens over 48 weeks, Clin Drug Investig, vol.35, issue.3, p.4335094, 2015.

P. Tebas, M. Sension, and J. Arribas, Lipid levels and changes in body fat distribution in treatment-naive, HIV-1-Infected adults treated with rilpivirine or Efavirenz for 96 weeks in the ECHO and THRIVE trials, vol.59, pp.425-459, 2014.

G. Fatkenheuer, C. Duvivier, and A. Rieger, Lipid profiles for etravirine versus efavirenz in treatment-naive patients in the randomized, double-blind SENSE trial. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, vol.67, pp.685-90, 2012.

G. Baldin, A. Ciccullo, and A. Capetti, Efficacy and safety of switching to dolutegravir plus emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) or

, elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/TDF in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients in clinical practice: results from a multicentre, observational study, HIV Med

, , vol.20, pp.164-168