Mitochondria and calcium flux as targets of neuroprotection caused by minocycline in cerebellar granule cells

Eva Maria Garcia-Martinez , Sara Sanz-Blasco , Andonis Karachitos , Miguel J. Bandez , Francisco J. Fernandez-Gomez , Sergio Perez-Alvarez , Raquel Maria Melero Fernandez De Mera , Maria J. Jordan , Norberto Aguirre , Maria F. Galindo , Carlos Villalobos , Ana Navarro , Hanna Kmita , Joaquín Jordán

Minocycline, an antibiotic of the tetracycline family, has attracted considerable interest for its theoretical therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanism of action underlying its effect remains elusive. Here we have studied the effect of minocycline under excitotoxic conditions. Fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging studies in rat cerebellar granular neuron cultures using fura-2/AM and mitochondria-targeted aequorin revealed that minocycline, at concentrations higher than those shown to block inflammation and inflammation-induced neuronal death, inhibited NMDA-induced cytosolic and mitochondrial rises in Ca concentrations in a reversible manner. Moreover, minocycline added in the course of NMDA stimulation decreased Ca intracellular levels, but not when induced by depolarization with a high K medium. We also found that minocycline, at the same concentrations, partially depolarized mitochondria by about 5-30mV, prevented mitochondrial Ca uptake under conditions of environmental stress, and abrogated NMDA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Consistently, minocycline also abrogates the rise in ROS induced by 75μM Ca in isolated brain mitochondria. In search for the mechanism of mitochondrial depolarization, we found that minocycline markedly inhibited state 3 respiration of rat brain mitochondria, although distinctly increased oxygen uptake in state 4. Minocycline inhibited NADH-cytochrome reductase and cytochrome c oxidase activities, whereas the activity of succinate-cytochrome reductase was not modified, suggesting selective inhibition of complex I and IV. Finally, minocycline affected activity of voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) as determined in the reconstituted system. Taken together, our results indicate that mitochondria are a critical factor in minocycline-mediated neuroprotection.

Mots clés: DPPH; TPTZ; CM-HDCFDA; ANT; ALS; FCCP; FRAP; [Ca]; DFCA; GFP; Het; ΔΨm; MPTP; NMDA; ROI; ROS; TMRM; VDAC; anti-oxidant; apoptosis; voltage-dependent anion channel; uncoupler; aequorin; bioluminescence

Eva Maria Garcia-Martinez, Sara Sanz-Blasco, Andonis Karachitos, Miguel J. Bandez, Francisco J. Fernandez-Gomez, et al.. Mitochondria and calcium flux as targets of neuroprotection caused by minocycline in cerebellar granule cells. Biochemical Pharmacology, 2009, 79 (2), pp.239. ⟨10.1016/j.bcp.2009.07.028⟩. ⟨hal-00535821⟩