La segmentation des paysages, une approche différente permettant la compréhension et la discrétisation du milieu naturel.
Résumé
It is extremely important to understand the organization of the natural landscapes since it is layout determines and coordinates its flux. However, the natural environment is so complex that building a model to understand it is quite hard. In fact, there are so many different landscape arrangements and possible dynamics that constructing models is a task carried out by a variety of specialists Furthermore, being capable of to represent the natural environment is quite important because of this representation ensue, on one hand, models allowing to explain its structure and its dynamics and on the other hand, to predict its behaviour for purposes of forward-looking and of risk management. That it is about geomorphology, about hydrology, about climatology or still about pedology, the question of the natural environment modelling is recurring since now fifty years. The research works led within the framework of Transdisciplinary Landscape Analysis (Geographic School of Abidjan) has allowed developing methods authorizing the geosystemical landscapes understanding... They supply a set of techniques facilitating landscapes interpretation and building explanatory models for their coherent representation with the countryside reality, and which can be used for predictive purposes. Indeed, several concepts established allow the implementation of spatial models representing each landscape own characteristics. These models are based on special entities: the landscape segments units. Appropriate of every landscape, these units are spatially delimited by topographic controls and need an extensive fieldwork to identify all the natural environment constituents that compose them. But, their unbiased representation needs also several statistical treatments that facilitate the information synthesis and its representation in a reproducible set. Then, landscape segments appear as specific spatial entities of every environment and authorize at once their representation, interpretation and the explanation of their dynamics. From this point of view, a map of landscape segments may be considered as to a real spatial model, which integrates all the natural environment characteristics that also proposes a sufficient synthesis level being enough for its systemic and forward-looking modelling. This paper is methodological: first, it is purpose to explain the method used to arrest concretely the landscape segments and secondly to show in what a landscape segment map is useful for the natural environment interpretation.
Les segments de paysage sont des unités spatiales qui autorisent un découpage de l'espace en fonction de l'ensemble de ses caractéristiques : depuis les formes du relief jusqu'à l'agencement des différents matériaux composant le milieu. Basées sur un important travail de terrain et de nombreux traitements statistiques, ces unités sont d'abord établies le long de transects représentatifs de la diversité du milieu puis sont extrapolées à l'ensemble du paysage. La carte des segments de paysage qui en résulte correspond alors à un véritable modèle spatial dont les applications sont multiples. Cet article présente la méthode permettant de mettre en évidence et de cartographier les segments de paysages.
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