The Effect of Dietary Phytosphingosine on Cholesterol Levels and Insulin Sensitivity in Subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome
Résumé
Background: Sphingolipids, like phytosphingosine PS are part of cellular membranes of yeasts, vegetables and fruits. Addition of phytosphingosine to the diet decreases serum cholesterol and free fatty acid FFA levels in rodents and improves insulin sensitivity. Objective: To study the effect of dietary supplementation with phytosphingosine on cholesterol and glucose metabolism in humans. Methods: Twelve men with the metabolic syndrome (according to the IDF criteria; age 51±2 years (mean±SEM); BMI 32±1 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of phytosphingosine PS (500 mg t.d.) and 4 weeks of placebo P in a double-blind cross-over study, with a 4-week wash-out period between both interventions. At the end of each intervention anthropometric measures and serum lipids were measured and an intravenous glucose tolerance test IVGTT was performed. Results: Phytosphingosine did not affect body weight and fat mass compared to placebo. Phytosphingosine decreased serum total cholesterol (5.1±0.3 (PS) vs. 5.4±0.3 (P) mmol/L; p<0.05) and LDL-cholesterol levels (3.1±0.3 (PS) vs. 3.4±0.3 (P) mmol/L; p<0.05), whereas it did not alter serum triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol levels. In addition, phytosphingosine lowered fasting plasma glucose levels (6.2±0.3 (PS) vs. 6.5±0.3 (P) mmol/L; p<0.05). Phytosphingosine increased the glucose disappearance rate (K-value) by 9.9% during the IVGTT (0.91±0.06 (PS) vs. 0.82±0.05 (P) %/min; p<0.05) at similar insulin levels, compared to placebo, implying enhanced insulin sensitivity. Phytosphingosine induced only minor gastrointestinal side effects. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of phytosphingosine decreases plasma cholesterol levels and enhances insulin sensitivity in men with the metabolic syndrome.
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