Reactive and organic halogen species in three different European coastal environments

C. Peters (1) , S. Pechtl (1) , J. Stutz (2) , K. Hebestreit (1) , G. Hönninger (1) , K. G. Heumann (3) , A. Schwarz (3) , J. Winterlik (3) , U. Platt (1)

1 IUP - Institute of Environmental Physics [Heidelberg]
2 AOS - Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Los Angeles]
3 Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry

We present results of three field campaigns using active longpath DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) for the study of reactive halogen species (RHS) BrO, IO, OIO and I₂. Two recent field campaigns took place in Spring 2002 in Dagebüll at the German North Sea Coast and in Spring 2003 in Lilia at the French Atlantic Coast of Brittany. In addition, data from a campaign in Mace Head, Ireland in 1998 was re-evaluated. During these field campaigns volatile halogenated organic compounds (VHOCs) were determined by GC/ECD-ICPMS in air and water. Due to the spatial distribution of macroalgae at the German North Sea Coast we found a clear connection between elevated levels of VHOCs and the appearance of macroalgae. Extraordinarily high concentrations of several VHOCs, especially CH₃I and CH₃Br of up to 1830 pptv and 875 pptv, respectively, were observed at the coast of Brittany, demonstrating the outstanding level of bioactivity there. We found CH₂I₂ at levels of up to 20 pptv, and a clear anti-correlation with the appearance of IO. The IO mixing ratio reached up to 7.7±0.5 ppt(pmol/mol) during the day, in reasonable agreement with model studies designed to represent the meteorological and chemical conditions in Brittany. For the two campaigns the DOAS spectra were evaluated for BrO, OIO and I₂, but none of these species could be clearly identified (detection limits around 2 ppt, 3 ppt, 20 ppt, resp.). Only in the Mace Head spectra evidence was found for the presence of OIO. Since macroalgae under oxidative stress are suggested to be a further source for I₂ in the marine boundary layer, we re-analyzed spectra in the 500?600 nm range taken during the 1998 PARFORCE campaign in Mace Head, Ireland, which had not previously been analyzed for I₂. We identified molecular iodine above the detection limit (~20 ppt), with peak concentrations of 61±12 ppt. Since I₂ was undetectable during the Brittany campaign, we suggest that iodine may not be released into the atmosphere by macroalgae in general, but only by a special type of the laminaria species under oxidative stress. Only during periods of extraordinarily low water (spring-tide), is the plant exposed to ambient air and may release gaseous iodine in some way to the atmosphere. The result of our re-analysis of spectra from the PARFORCE campaign in 1998 support this theory. Hence, we feel that we can provide an explanation for the different I₂ levels in Brittany and Mace Head.

Domaines: Océan, Atmosphère

C. Peters, S. Pechtl, J. Stutz, K. Hebestreit, G. Hönninger, et al.. Reactive and organic halogen species in three different European coastal environments. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2005, 5 (4), pp.6077-6126. ⟨hal-00301703⟩