K. Abera, Air Pollution in Ethiopia: Indoor Air Pollution in a r ural Butajira and Traffic Air Pollution in Addis Ababa, 2018.

M. D. Adams and P. S. Kanaroglou, Mapping real-time air pollution health risk for environmental management: combining mobile and stationary air pollution monitoring with neural network models, J. Environ. Manage, vol.168, pp.133-141, 2016.

A. O. Adjiri, G. D. Laciné, S. Nagnin, K. K. Victor, and B. Jean, influence des saisons sur le potentiel d'émanation naturelle, pp.2268-3798, 2015.

M. Adon, C. Galy-lacaux, V. Yoboue, C. Delon, J. P. Lacaux et al., Long term measurements of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, nitric acid and ozone in Africa using passive samplers, Atmospheric Chem. Phys, vol.10, issue.15, pp.7467-7487, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00985080

M. Adon, C. Galy-lacaux, C. Delon, V. Yoboue, F. Solmon et al., NH 3), sulfur dioxide and ozone in west and central African ecosystems using the inferential method, Dry deposition of nitrogen compounds, vol.3, pp.11351-11374, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00910719

M. Adon, V. Yoboue, C. Galy-lacaux, C. Liousse, B. Diop et al., Measurements of NO2, SO2, NH3, HNO3 and O-3 in West African urban environments, Atmos. Environ, vol.135, pp.31-40, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01295186

, Airparif: Polluants dépassant les normes de qualité de l'air de façon récurrente, 2013.

S. K. Akagi, R. J. Yokelson, C. Wiedinmyer, M. J. Alvarado, J. S. Reid et al., Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models, Atmospheric Chem. Phys, vol.11, issue.9, pp.4039-4072, 2011.

H. Al-ourabi, Etude expérimentale de gaz azotés, du dioxyde de soufre et de l'ozone à l'échelle des écosystèmes de l'Afrique tropicale: Application à l'estimation des dépôts secs gazeux dans le cadre du réseau IDAF, 2002.

M. O. Andreae, Biomass burning: its history, use, and distribution and its impact on environmental quality and global climate, Glob. Biomass Burn. Atmospheric Clim. Biospheric Implic, pp.3-21, 1991.

R. E. Arku, J. Vallarino, K. L. Dionisio, R. Willis, H. Choi et al., Characterizing air pollution in two low-income neighborhoods in, Sci. Total Environ, vol.402, issue.2, pp.217-231, 2008.

S. Baek, J. Choi, and S. Hwang, A quantitative estimation of source contributions to the concentrations of atmospheric suspended particulate matter in urban, suburban, and industrial areas of Korea, Environ. Int, vol.23, issue.2, pp.205-213, 1997.

J. Bahino, V. Yoboué, C. Galy-lacaux, M. Adon, A. Akpo et al., contribution to an overview of gaseous pollution in African cities, Atmospheric Chem. Phys, vol.2, issue.2, pp.5173-5198, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02202034

D. Bard, Agir localement sur la pollution de l'air, Environ. Risques Santé, vol.16, issue.4, pp.332-333, 2017.

A. G. Barnston, Correspondence among the correlation, RMSE, and Heidke forecast verification measures; refinement of the Heidke score, Weather Forecast, vol.7, issue.4, pp.699-709, 1992.

T. S. Bates, B. K. Lamb, A. Guenther, J. Dignon, and R. E. Stoiber, Sulfur emissions to the atmosphere from natural sourees, J. Atmospheric Chem, vol.14, issue.1-4, pp.315-337, 1992.

S. N. Behera, M. Sharma, V. P. Aneja, and R. Balasubramanian, Ammonia in the atmosphere: a review on emission sources, atmospheric chemistry and deposition on terrestrial bodies, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res, vol.20, issue.11, pp.8092-8131, 2013.

. Bei-ere, Energies renouvelables et Environnement, Analyse en composantes principales (ACP) | Bureau d'Etudes Industrielles, vol.29, 2018.

G. Bessardon, B. Brooks, V. Smith, J. Aryee, K. Fosu-amankwah et al., Nocturnal boundary layer observations in Kumasi during the DACCIWA field campaign, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, vol.19, p.10575, 2017.

I. Bey, Contribution des processus nocturnes a la chimie troposphérique: modélisation des flux de radicaux et transformation des précurseurs d'ozone (COV, NOx), p.253, 1997.

A. F. Bouwman and K. W. Van-der-hoek, Scenarios of animal waste production and fertilizer use and associated ammonia emission for the developing countries, Atmos. Environ, vol.31, issue.24, pp.4095-4102, 1997.

A. F. Bouwman, L. J. Boumans, and N. H. Batjes, Estimation of global NH3 volatilization loss from synthetic fertilizers and animal manure applied to arable lands and grasslands, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.16, issue.2, p.1024, 2002.

V. Brocchi, G. Krysztofiak, V. Catoire, G. Stratmann, M. Zaki et al., Regional Air Pollution from Oil Rigs and Shipping Emissions Observed During the Airborne APSOWA-DACCIWA Campaign, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2016.

R. D. Brook, B. Franklin, W. Cascio, Y. L. Hong, G. Howard et al., Air pollution and cardiovascular disease -A statement for healthcare professionals from the expert panel on population and prevention science of the, American Heart Association, vol.109, issue.21, pp.2655-2671, 2004.

P. Bruno, M. Caselli, G. De-gennaro, and A. Traini, Source apportionment of gaseous atmospheric pollutants by means of an absolute principal component scores (APCS) receptor model, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem, vol.371, issue.8, pp.1119-1123, 2001.

R. T. Burnett, D. Stieb, J. R. Brook, S. Cakmak, R. Dales et al., Associations between short-term changes in nitrogen dioxide and mortality in Canadian cities, Arch. Environ. Health, vol.59, issue.5, pp.228-236, 2004.

M. Camredon and B. Aumont, I -L'ozone troposphérique : production/consommation et régimes chimiques, Pollut. Atmos, issue.N°193, 2007.

J. N. Cape, The Use of Passive Diffusion Tubes for Measuring Concentrations of Nitrogen Dioxide in Air, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem, vol.39, issue.4, pp.289-310, 2009.

G. R. Carmichael, M. Ferm, N. Thongboonchoo, J. H. Woo, L. Y. Chan et al., CCAC and UNEP: Cleaning up the global on road-diesel fleet: A global strategy to introduce low-sulfur fuel and cleaner diesel vehicles, Atmos. Environ, vol.37, issue.9, pp.1293-1308, 2003.

F. B. Chaaban, Air quality, Arab Environ, Future Chall, vol.1, pp.45-62, 2008.

T. Chai and R. R. Draxler, Root mean square error (RMSE) or mean absolute error (MAE)? -Arguments against avoiding RMSE in the literature, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.7, issue.3, pp.1247-1250, 2014.

A. J. Chauhan, M. T. Krishna, A. J. Frew, and S. T. Holgate, Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and respiratory disease risk, Rev. Environ. Health, vol.13, issue.1-2, pp.73-90, 1998.

P. Chazette, J. Totems, C. Flamant, X. Shang, C. Denjean et al., A mini backscatter lidar for airborne measurements in the framework of DACCIWA, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, vol.19, p.18151, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01660446

J. C. Chiu, Y. Blanchard, P. Hill, L. Gregory, and R. Wagener, DACCIWA Cloud-Aerosol Observations in West Africa Field Campaign Report, DOE Office of Science Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program (United States), 2017.

P. Cibois, L'analyse factorielle, Puf, p.128, 2000.

C. V. Cogbill and G. E. Likens, Acid precipitation in the northeastern United States, Water Resour. Res, vol.10, issue.6, pp.1133-1137, 1974.

C. Colin, Y. Gallardo, R. Chuchla, and S. Cissoko, Environnements climatique et océanographique sur le plateau continental de Côte d'Ivoire, 1993.

J. Commandré, Formation des oxydes d'azote lors de la combustion de cokes de pétrole dans des conditions de précalcinateur de cimenterie

E. H. Conradie, P. G. Van-zyl, J. J. Pienaar, J. P. Beukes, C. Galy-lacaux et al., The chemical composition and fluxes of atmospheric wet deposition at four sites in South Africa, Atmos. Environ, vol.146, pp.113-131, 2016.

R. M. Cox, The use of passive sampling to monitor forest exposure to O 3, NO 2 and SO 2: a review and some case studies, Environ. Pollut, vol.126, issue.3, pp.301-311, 2003.

L. P. Cruz, V. P. Campos, A. M. Silva, and T. M. Tavares, A field evaluation of a SO2 passive sampler in tropical industrial and urban air, Atmos. Environ, vol.38, issue.37, pp.6425-6429, 2004.

J. J. Cumbane, A. U. Naran, A. J. Queface, R. J. Uthui, M. Liljeberg et al., Rapid Urban Air Quality Assessment (RUA): A Costeffective Tool for Air Quality Management in Less Developed Countries, p.21, 2008.

P. Degobert, Automobile et pollution, Editions OPHRYS, 1995.

A. Degré, D. Verhève, and C. Debouche, Emissions gazeuses en élevage porcin et modes de réduction : revue bibliographique, Biotechnol. Agron. Société Environ, vol.5, issue.3, pp.135-143, 2001.

G. Deletraz, Géographie des risques environnementaux liés aux transports routiers en montagne: Incidences des emissions d'oxydes d'azote en vallées d'Aspe et de Biriatou (Pyrénées), 2002.

C. Demay, Y. Richard, and M. Diop, La pollution de l'air à Dakar, 2011.

E. Denis and F. Moriconi-ebrard, La croissance urbaine en Afrique de l'Ouest, Chron. CEPED, issue.57, pp.1-5, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00371263

S. M. Denison, M. A. Maslin, C. Boot, R. D. Pancost, and V. J. Ettwein, Precession-forced changes in south west African vegetation during marine isotope stages 101-100 ( 2.56-2.51 Ma), Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol, vol.220, issue.3, pp.375-386, 2005.

C. Denjean, T. Bourrianne, F. Burnet, A. Deroubaix, J. Brito et al., Impact of long-range transport pollution on aerosol properties over West Africa: observations during the DACCIWA airborne campaign, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, vol.19, p.13404, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01660660

N. Diaf, M. Bouchaour, L. Merad, and B. Benyoucef, Paramètres influençant la dispersion des polluants gazeux, REV ENERG REN ICPWE, pp.139-142, 2003.

J. Djossou, A. Akpo, J. Afféwé, V. Donnou, C. Liousse et al., Dynamics of the Inter Tropical Front and Rainy Season Onset in Benin, Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol, vol.24, issue.2, pp.1-15, 2017.

J. Djossou, J. Léon, C. Liousse, A. Akpo, V. Yoboué et al., Mass concentration, optical depth and carbon composition of particulate matter in the major Southwestern Africa cities of Cotonou (Benin) and Abidjan, Atmos Chem Phys Discuss, pp.1-29, 2017.

J. Djossou, J. Léon, A. B. Akpo, C. Liousse, V. Yoboué et al., Mass concentration, optical depth and carbon composition of particulate matter in the major southern West African cities of Cotonou (Benin) and Abidjan, Atmospheric Chem. Phys, vol.18, issue.9, pp.6275-6291, 2018.

K. Dongo, F. K. Kouamé, B. Koné, J. Biém, M. Tanner et al., Analyse de la situation de l'environnement sanitaire des quartiers défavorisés dans le tissu urbain de Yopougon a Abidjan, VertigO -Rev. Électronique En Sci. Environ, vol.8, 2009.

E. H. Doumbia, C. Liousse, C. Galy-lacaux, S. A. Ndiaye, B. Diop et al., Real time black carbon measurements in West and Central Africa urban sites, Atmos. Environ, vol.54, pp.529-537, 2012.

J. Duan, J. Tan, L. Yang, S. Wu, and J. Hao, Concentration, sources and ozone formation potential of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during ozone episode in Beijing, Atmospheric Res, vol.88, issue.1, pp.25-35, 2008.

J. Emery, La qualité de l'air liée au transport routier en milieu urbain, 2012.

A. K. Ernest, S. Nagnin, S. Gbombélé, L. Théophile, O. M. Solange et al., Groundwater Pollution in Africans Biggest Towns: Case of the Town of Abidjan, vol.20, pp.302-316, 2005.

F. Fattore, T. Bertolini, S. Materia, S. Gualdi, M. Thongo et al., Seasonal trends of dry and bulk concentration of nitrogen compounds over a rain forest in Ghana, Biogeosciences, vol.11, issue.11, pp.3069-3081, 2014.

A. O. Fayiga, M. O. Ipinmoroti, and T. Chirenje, Environmental pollution in Africa, Environ. Dev. Sustain, vol.20, issue.1, pp.41-73, 2018.

M. Ferm, A Sensitive Diffusional Sampler, 1991.

M. Ferm, A. Lindskog, P. A. Svanberg, and C. A. Boström, New measurement technique for air pollutants, Kem. Tidskr, vol.1, pp.30-32, 1994.

A. H. Fink, M. Maranan, P. Knippertz, J. Ngamini, and S. Francis, The DACCIWA 2016 radiosonde campaign in southern West Africa, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, vol.19, p.12121, 2017.

L. Fourn and E. B. Fayomi, Pollution atmosphérique en milieu urbain à Cotonou et à Lokossa, Bull Soc Pathol Exot, vol.99, issue.4, pp.264-268, 2006.

T. R. Fousséni, Les inégalités écologiques à l'aune du choléra : étude dans la ville de Cotonou au Bénin, 2017.

A. Gac, F. Béline, and T. Bioteau, Inventaire national des émissions gazeuses (CH4, N2O, NH3) liées à la gestion des déjections : les données bibliographiques et les résultats pour l'élevage avicole, vol.14, 2007.

J. N. Galloway, J. D. Aber, J. W. Erisman, S. P. Seitzinger, R. W. Howarth et al., The nitrogen cascade, AIBS Bull, vol.53, issue.4, pp.341-356, 2003.

J. N. Galloway, A. R. Townsend, J. W. Erisman, M. Bekunda, Z. Cai et al., Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and potential solutions, vol.320, pp.889-892, 2008.

C. Galy-lacaux and A. Modi, Precipitation chemistry in the Sahelian savanna of Niger, Africa, J. Atmospheric Chem, vol.30, issue.3, pp.319-343, 1998.

J. Goldemberg, J. Martinez-gomez, A. Sagar, and K. Smith, Household air pollution, health, and climate change-clearing the air, Environ. Res. Lett, 2018.

A. N. Golly and A. M. Koffi-didia, Logique de dispersion des espaces d'élevage dans la souspréfecture de Songon, Syllabus Rev, vol.6, issue.1, pp.175-200, 2015.

G. Bi and H. , Actualité Auto.ci | Transport terrestre en Côte d'Ivoire :Un parc national de plus de 423500 véhicules, 2011.

T. Gorecki and J. Namiesnik, Passive sampling, vol.21, pp.276-291, 2002.

H. Guo, T. Wang, and P. K. Louie, Source apportionment of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons in Hong Kong, Environ. Pollut, vol.129, issue.3, pp.489-498, 2004.

A. K. Gupta, K. Karar, S. Ayoob, and K. John, Spatio-temporal characteristics of gaseous and particulate pollutants in an urban region of Kolkata, India, Atmospheric Res, vol.87, issue.2, pp.103-115, 2008.

A. Hagenbjörk, E. Malmqvist, K. Mattisson, N. J. Sommar, and L. Modig, The spatial variation of O3, NO, NO2 and NOx and the relation between them in two Swedish cities, Environ. Monit. Assess, vol.189, issue.4, p.161, 2017.

M. Hanke, B. Umann, J. Uecker, F. Arnold, and H. Bunz, Atmospheric measurements of gas-phase HNO 3 and SO 2 using chemical ionization mass spectrometry during the MINATROC field campaign 2000 on Monte Cimone, Atmospheric Chem. Phys, vol.3, issue.2, pp.417-436, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295250

G. W. Harris, G. I. Mackay, T. Iguchi, H. I. Schiff, and D. Schuetzle, Measurement of NO2 and HNO3 in diesel exhaust gas by tunable diode laser absorption spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.21, issue.3, pp.299-304, 1987.

S. K. Hassan, A. A. El-abssawy, and M. I. Khoder, Characteristics of gas-phase nitric acid and ammonium-nitrate-sulfate aerosol, and their gas-phase precursors in a suburban area in Cairo, Egypt, Atmospheric Pollut. Res, vol.4, issue.1, pp.117-129, 2013.

J. He, H. Xu, R. Balasubramanian, C. Y. Chan, and C. Wang, Comparison of NO2 and SO2 Measurements Using Different Passive Samplers in Tropical Environment, Aerosol Air Qual. Res, vol.14, issue.1, pp.355-363, 2014.

R. E. Hodgkins, C. M. Grzywacz, and R. L. Garrell, An improved ion chromatography method for analysis of acetic and formic acid vapours, E-Preserv. Sci. E-PS, vol.8, pp.74-80, 2011.

F. C. Ibe, P. C. Njoku, J. I. Alinnor, and A. I. Opara, Spatial variation of NO2 and SO2 in the ambient environment of Imo State, Int. J. Sci. Environ. Technol, vol.5, pp.33-46, 2016.

M. Z. Ibrahim, M. Ismail, and Y. K. Hwang, Mapping the Spatial Distribution of Criteria Air Pollutants in Peninsular Malaysia Using Geographical Information System (GIS), 2012.

, IMF: World Economic Outlook Update, ICI: Investir en Côte d'Ivoire: Réhabilitation des zones industrielles d'Abidjan, ici2014.com, 2014.

M. Inchaouh, M. Tahiri, and B. E. Abboubi, State of ambient air quality in Marrakech city (Morocco) over the period, Int. J, vol.12, issue.29, pp.99-106, 2009.

, Principaux résultats du RGPH, 2014.

I. A. Istrate, T. Oprea, E. C. Rada, and V. Torretta, Noise and air pollution from urban traffic, WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ, vol.191, pp.1381-1389, 2014.

M. M. Jackson, Air pollution in southern Africa: The case of motor vehicle exhaust contribution in Dar Es Salaam city, J. Build. Land Dev, vol.12, issue.1-3, pp.1-19, 2005.

D. J. Jacob, E. G. Heikes, S. Fan, J. A. Logan, D. L. Mauzerall et al., Origin of ozone and NOx in the tropical troposphere: A photochemical analysis of aircraft observations over the South Atlantic basin, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, vol.101, issue.D19, pp.24235-24250, 1996.

D. K. Jha, M. Sabesan, A. Das, N. V. Vinithkumar, and R. Kirubagaran, Evaluation of Interpolation Technique for Air Quality Parameters in Port Blair, India., Univers. J. Environ. Res. Technol, vol.1, issue.3, 2011.

M. Josipovic, H. J. Annegarn, M. A. Kneen, J. J. Pienaar, and S. J. Piketh, Concentrations, distributions and critical level exceedance assessment of SO2, NO2 and O3 in South Africa, Environ. Monit. Assess, vol.171, issue.1-4, pp.181-196, 2010.

B. M. Kaboro, Assessment of levels of Urban Air Pollutants and Trace Elements in Roadside Soils; A case Study in Eastleigh Area, 2006.

H. F. Kaiser, The Application of Electronic Computers to Factor Analysis, Educ. Psychol. Meas, vol.20, issue.1, pp.141-151, 1960.

M. Kampa and E. Castanas, Human health effects of air pollution, Environ. Pollut, vol.151, issue.2, pp.362-367, 2008.

H. Kchih and S. Cherif, Distribution spatiale des O3, NOx et SO2 et évaluation des interactions troposphériques sur la ville de Tunis (Tunisie), pp.2268-3798, 2015.

M. A. Khafaie, C. S. Yajnik, S. S. Salvi, and A. Ojha, Critical review of air pollution health effects with special concern on respiratory health, J. Air Pollut. Health, vol.1, issue.2, pp.123-136, 2016.

H. A. Khogali, Impact Of Khartoum Refinery Gaseous By-Products On The Environment, 2017.

B. J. Kirenga, Q. Meng, F. Van-gemert, H. Aanyu-tukamuhebwa, N. Chavannes et al., The state of ambient air quality in two Ugandan cities: a pilot cross-sectional spatial assessment, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, vol.12, issue.7, pp.8075-8091, 2015.

P. Knippertz, H. Coe, J. C. Chiu, M. J. Evans, A. H. Fink et al., The DACCIWA Project Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc, vol.96, issue.9, pp.1451-1460, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01113343

L. Konate, B. H. Kouadio, B. K. Djè, G. E. Ake, V. H. Bi et al., )/[Heavy daily rainfall characterization and flooding repeating: contribution of three (3) days sliding total to the purposefulness of threshold amount rainfall inducing flooding (Abidjan district, Int. J. Innov. Appl. Stud, vol.17, issue.3, p.990, 2016.

C. Kouadio, Abidjan: plus de 300 000 véhicules en circulation | Actualité | Acturoutes.info, Acturoutes.info, 2014.

I. K. Kouame, D. L. Gone, I. Savane, E. A. Kouassi, K. Koffi et al., Mobilité relative des métaux lourds issus de la décharge d'Akouédo et risque de contamination de la nappe du Continental Terminall, vol.2, 2006.

G. Krysztofiak-tong, V. Brocchi, V. Catoire, G. Stratmann, D. Sauer et al., Atmospheric Pollution from Shipping and Oil platforms of West Africa (APSOWA) observed during the airborne DACCIWA campaign, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, vol.19, p.7901, 2017.

M. Krzyzanowski and A. Cohen, Update of WHO air quality guidelines, Air Qual. Atmosphere Health, vol.1, issue.1, pp.7-13, 2008.

R. Kumar, A. Gupta, K. M. Kumari, and S. S. Srivastava, Simultaneous measurements of SO2, NO2, HNO3 and NH3: seasonal and spatial variations, Curr. Sci, vol.87, issue.8, pp.1108-1115, 2004.

V. A. Lanz, M. R. Alfarra, U. Baltensperger, B. Buchmann, C. Hueglin et al., Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols at an urban site by factor analytical modelling of aerosol mass spectra, Atmospheric Chem. Phys, vol.7, issue.6, pp.1503-1522, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296174

D. Laouali, C. Galy-lacaux, B. Diop, C. Delon, D. Orange et al., Long term monitoring of the chemical composition of precipitation and wet deposition fluxes over three Sahelian savannas, Atmos. Environ, vol.50, pp.314-327, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00766827

C. Liousse and C. Galy-lacaux, Pollution urbaine en Afrique de l'Ouest, La Météorologie, pp.45-49, 2010.

C. Liousse, E. Assamoi, P. Criqui, C. Granier, and R. Rosset, Explosive growth in African combustion emissions from, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.9, issue.3, p.35003, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01317163

F. Lohou, N. Kalthoff, B. Brooks, G. Jegede, B. Adler et al., Overview of the DACCIWA ground-based field campaign in southern West Africa, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, vol.19, p.14418, 2017.

A. R. Longhurst, Review of oceanographiy of Gulf of Guinea, Bull. IFAN, vol.24, pp.633-663, 1962.

A. S. Lourens, J. P. Beukes, P. G. Van-zyl, G. D. Fourie, J. W. Burger et al., Spatial and temporal assessment of gaseous pollutants in the Highveld of South Africa, South Afr, J. Sci, vol.107, issue.1-2, pp.1-8, 2011.

D. Mama, B. Dimon, M. Aina, J. Adounkpe, M. Ahomadegbe et al., Transport urbain au Benin et pollution atmosphérique: évaluation quantitative de certains polluants chimiques de Cotonou, vol.7, pp.377-386, 2013.

E. A. Marais, D. J. Jacob, A. Guenther, K. Chance, T. P. Kurosu et al., Improved model of isoprene emissions in Africa using Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite observations of formaldehyde: implications for oxidants and particulate matter, Atmospheric Chem. Phys, vol.14, issue.15, pp.7693-7703, 2014.

J. J. Martins, R. S. Dhammapala, G. Lachmann, C. Galy-lacaux, and J. J. Pienaar, Long-term measurements of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, nitric acid and ozone in southern Africa using passive samplers, South Afr, J. Sci, vol.103, issue.7-8, pp.336-342, 2007.

A. Messou, L. Coulibaly, L. Doumbia, and G. Gourene, Plants diversity and phytoaccumulators identification on the Akouedo landfill, vol.12, 2013.

, Ministry of Transport: Ministère des Transports -Republique de, 2012.

A. I. Modi, G. Kouadio, V. Yoboue, and J. Lacaux, Emissions atmosphériques de composés gazeux carbonés et azotés par les feux de bois du Sahel, vol.13, pp.145-54, 2002.

A. Morlière and J. Rebert, Doc. Sci. Cent. Rech. Océan. Abidj, vol.3, issue.2, pp.1-30, 1972.

E. Morris and M. Evans, Simulation of West African air pollution during the DACCIWA experiment with the GEOS-Chem West African regional model, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, vol.19, p.16091, 2017.

F. Murray, Air pollution and respiratory disease, World Health Organ, 2001.

B. Nanaa, O. Sanogob, P. Savadogoa, T. Dahoa, M. Boudad et al., Air Quality Study in Urban Centers: Case Study of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, FUTY J. Environ, vol.7, issue.1, 2012.

K. Newell, C. Kartsonaki, K. B. Lam, and O. P. Kurmi, Cardiorespiratory health effects of particulate ambient air pollution exposure in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet Planet. Health, vol.1, issue.9, pp.368-380, 2017.

R. Norman, B. Barnes, A. Mathee, and D. Bradshaw, Estimating the burden of disease attributable to indoor air pollution from household use of solid fuels in South Africa in 2000, S. Afr. Med. J, vol.97, issue.8, pp.764-771, 2007.

E. O. Obanijesu, F. M. Adebiyi, J. A. Sonibare, and O. A. Okelana, Air-borne SO2 pollution monitoring in the upstream petroleum operation areas of Niger-Delta, Energy Sources Part A, vol.31, issue.3, pp.223-231, 2009.

W. K. Okamoto, R. A. Gorse, and W. R. Pierson, Nitric Acid in Diesel Exhaust, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc, vol.33, issue.11, pp.1098-1100, 1983.

A. Olahan, Agriculture urbaine et stratégies de survie des ménages pauvres dans le complexe spatial du district d'Abidjan, VertigO-Rev, Électronique En Sci. Environ, vol.10, issue.2, 2010.

M. A. Oliver and R. Webster, Kriging: a method of interpolation for geographical information systems, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst, vol.4, issue.3, pp.313-332, 1990.

F. Paulot, D. Paynter, P. Ginoux, V. Naik, S. Whitburn et al., Gas-aerosol partitioning of ammonia in biomass burning plumes: Implications for the interpretation of spaceborne observations of ammonia and the radiative forcing of ammonium nitrate, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.44, issue.15, 2017.

C. Perrino, M. Catrambone, . Di-menno-di, A. Bucchianico, and I. Allegrini, Gaseous ammonia in the urban area of Rome, Italy and its relationship with traffic emissions, Atmos. Environ, vol.36, issue.34, pp.5385-5394, 2002.

E. P. Petkova, D. W. Jack, N. H. Volavka-close, and P. L. Kinney, Particulate matter pollution in African cities, Air Qual. Atmosphere Health, vol.6, issue.3, pp.603-614, 2013.

I. Pope, C. A. Dockery, and D. W. , Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc, vol.56, issue.6, pp.709-742, 2006.

I. Pope, C. A. Burnett, R. T. Thun, M. J. Calle, E. E. Krewski et al., Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution, JAMA, vol.287, issue.9, pp.1132-1141, 2002.

A. S. Prevot, M. Elser, I. El-haddad, M. Maasikmets, C. Bozzetti et al., Spatial variability and sources of ammonia in three European cities, vol.19, p.11902, 2017.

A. M. Raheem, F. A. Adekola, and I. O. Obioh, The Seasonal Variation of the Concentrations of Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, and Nitrogen Oxides in Two Nigerian Cities, Environ. Model. Assess, vol.14, issue.4, pp.497-509, 2009.

L. O. Rivera-gonzalez, Z. Zhang, B. N. Sanchez, K. Zhang, D. G. Brown et al., An assessment of air pollutant exposure methods in Mexico City, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc, vol.65, issue.5, pp.581-591, 2015.

J. A. Rodriguez and J. Hrbek, Interaction of sulfur with well-defined metal and oxide surfaces: Unraveling the mysteries behind catalyst poisoning and desulfurization, Acc. Chem. Res, vol.32, issue.9, pp.719-728, 1999.

R. Rana, The cost of air pollution in Africa, p.56, 2016.

Y. Sadanaga, M. Sengen, N. Takenaka, and H. Bandow, Analyses of the Ozone Weekend Effect, Regime of Oxidant (O3 + NO2) Production, vol.12, pp.161-168, 2012.

A. A. Salem, A. A. Soliman, and I. A. El-haty, Determination of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and ammonia in ambient air using the passive sampling method associated with ion chromatographic and potentiometric analyses, Air Qual. Atmosphere Health, vol.2, issue.3, pp.133-145, 2009.

F. Saly-giocanti, Philippe Cibois, Les méthodes d'analyse d'enquêtes. Paris, puf, « Que sais-je ?, Hist. Mes, vol.3782, pp.192-194, 2007.

A. Sapek, Ammonia Emissions from Non-Agricultural Sources, Pol. J. Environ. Stud, vol.22, issue.1, pp.63-70, 2013.

J. H. Seinfeld and S. N. Pandis, Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, +air+pollution+to+climate+change&ots=gRF8EOocbI&sig=4lGHk8PQHENUjWhfU3Vn-AQ4DFc, 2016.

H. Sleiman, Pollution atmosphérique: plombémie et trafic routier à Beyrouth, pp.2268-3798, 2016.

N. Soltys, Procédés de traitement des COV ou composés organiques volatils, vol.3, p.928, 1998.

N. Soro, T. Lasm, B. H. Kouadio, G. Soro, and K. E. Ahoussi, Variabilité du régime pluviométrique du Sud de la Côte d'Ivoire et son impact sur l'alimentation de la nappe d'Abidjan, 2006.

F. E. Speizer, B. Ferris, Y. M. Bishop, and J. Spengler, Respiratory disease rates and pulmonary function in children associated with NO2 exposure, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis, vol.121, issue.1, pp.3-10, 1980.

G. Stratmann, H. Schlager, D. Sauer, V. Brocchi, V. Catoire et al., Anthropogenic plumes from metropolitan areas and biomass burning emissions in West Africa during DACCIWAairborne measurements on board the DLR Falcon, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, vol.20, p.17272, 2017.

W. A. Suk, H. Ahanchian, K. A. Asante, D. O. Carpenter, F. Diaz-barriga et al., Environmental pollution: an under-recognized threat to children's health, especially in low-and middle-income countries, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.124, issue.3, p.41, 2016.

B. Sultan and S. Janicot, The West African monsoon dynamics. Part II: The "preonset" and "onset" of the summer monsoon, J. Clim, vol.16, issue.21, pp.3407-3427, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00155510

K. Sun, L. Tao, D. J. Miller, D. Pan, L. M. Golston et al., Vehicle Emissions as an Important Urban Ammonia Source in the United States and China, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.51, issue.4, pp.2472-2481, 2017.

M. A. Sutton, U. Dragosits, Y. S. Tang, and D. Fowler, Ammonia emissions from non-agricultural sources in the UK, Atmos. Environ, vol.34, issue.6, pp.855-869, 2000.

P. S. Tam, J. R. Kittrell, and J. W. Eldridge, Desulfurization of fuel oil by oxidation and extraction. 1. Enhancement of extraction oil yield, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, vol.29, issue.3, pp.321-324, 1990.

J. Taylor, K. Bower, M. Flynn, S. Haslett, I. Crawford et al., Properties of low-level clouds during the DACCIWA aircraft campaign derived from remote sensing and airborne measurements, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, vol.19, p.6615, 2017.

X. Teng, Q. Hu, L. Zhang, J. Qi, J. Shi et al., Identification of major sources of atmospheric NH3 in an urban environment in northern China during wintertime, Environ. Sci. Technol, issue.8, 2017.

C. D. Thorncroft and M. Blackburn, Maintenance of the African easterly jet, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc, vol.125, issue.555, pp.763-786, 1999.

F. Tocquer, C. Mari, M. Leriche, and D. Team, UNDP: United Nations development Programme: Etude NAMA (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action) sur le charbon de bois durable en Côte d'Ivoire, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, vol.19, p.6999, 2015.

S. Val, C. Liousse, E. H. Doumbia, C. Galy-lacaux, H. Cachier et al., Physico-chemical characterization of African urban aerosols (Bamako in Mali and Dakar in Senegal) and their toxic effects in human bronchial epithelial cells: description of a worrying situation, Part. Fibre Toxicol, vol.10, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00818453

A. Van-der, R. J. Eskes, H. J. Boersma, K. F. Van-noije, T. P. Van-roozendael et al., Trends, seasonal variability and dominant NO x source derived from a ten year record of NO 2 measured from space, J. Geophys. Res, vol.113, issue.D4, 2008.

R. Van-dingenen, F. J. Dentener, F. Raes, M. C. Krol, L. Emberson et al., The global impact of ozone on agricultural crop yields under current and future air quality legislation, Atmos. Environ, vol.43, issue.3, pp.604-618, 2009.

F. Vienne and W. Eyer, La combustion du bois et de la matière organique, Serv. Forets Faune SFF, 2007.

S. Whitburn, M. Van-damme, J. W. Kaiser, G. R. Van-der-werf, S. Turquety et al., Ammonia emissions in tropical biomass burning regions: Comparison between satellite-derived emissions and bottom-up fire inventories, Atmos. Environ, vol.121, pp.42-54, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01128022

J. D. Whitehead, I. D. Longley, and M. W. Gallagher, Seasonal and diurnal variation in atmospheric ammonia in an urban environment measured using a quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer, Water. Air. Soil Pollut, vol.183, issue.1-4, pp.317-329, 2007.

E. Who, Air quality guidelines: global update 2005 : particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, 2006.

D. W. Wong, L. Yuan, and S. A. Perlin, Comparison of spatial interpolation methods for the estimation of air quality data, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol, vol.14, issue.5, pp.404-415, 2004.

Q. C. Yao-kouassi, A la recherche d'une synergie pour la gestion des déchets ménagers en Côte d'Ivoire: cas du district d'Abidjan, Le Mans, 2010.

A. Yapi-diahou, A. Koffi-didia, B. Koffi, and . Others, Les périphéries abidjanaises: territoires de redistribution et de relégation, Métrop. Sud Vues Leurs Périphéries Graf, pp.107-122, 2011.

B. Zanou, Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitation de, RGPH-98), 1998.

E. Zoro, Apport de l'information géographique dans l'élaboration d'un indicateur de développement urbain: Abidjan et l'Île de Montréal, 2001.

, SA1 17, vol.46, p.21, 0104.

, SA18, vol.35, issue.18, p.3, 0150.