G. B. Alexander, Process for producing sols of 5-8 millimicron silica particles, and product, 1954.

C. Allain and L. Limat, Regular patterns of cracks formed by directional drying of a colloidal suspension, Physical Review Letters, vol.74, pp.2981-2984, 1995.

L. H. Allen and E. Matijevic, Stability of colloidal silica: I. Effect of simple electrolytes, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.31, issue.3, pp.420-429, 1969.

D. Ashkin, R. A. Haber, and J. B. Wachtman, Elastic Properties of Porous Silica Derived from Colloidal Gels, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.73, pp.3376-3381, 1990.

M. Barlet, Hardness and toughness of sodium borosilicate glasses via Vickers indentations, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, pp.66-79, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-01366698

M. A. Biot, General theory of three-dimensional consolidation, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.12, pp.155-164, 1941.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01368635

, Mechanics of Deformation and Acoustic Propagation in Porous Media, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.33, pp.1482-1498, 1962.

N. Birk-braun, Generation of strength in a drying film: How fracture toughness depends on dispersion properties, Physical Review E, vol.95, issue.2, p.22610, 2017.

J. H. De-boer, The influence of van der Waals' forces and primary bonds on binding energy, strength and orientation, with special reference to some artificial resins, Transactions of the Faraday Society, vol.32, pp.10-37, 1936.

F. Boulogne, L. Pauchard, and F. Giorgiutti-dauphiné, Effect of a nonvolatile cosolvent on crack patterns induced by desiccation of a colloidal gel, Soft Matter, vol.8, issue.32, pp.8505-8510, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01873264

F. Boulogne, F. Giorgiutti-dauphiné, and L. Pauchard, How to Reduce the Crack Density in Drying Colloidal Material?, In: Oil Gas Sci. Technol. -Rev. IFP Energies nouvelles, vol.69, pp.397-404, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01933384

, Surface patterns in drying films of silica colloidal dispersions, Soft Matter 11.1, pp.102-108, 2015.

C. Brinker and G. Scherer, Sol-Gel Science, 1990.

S. Brisard, L. Dormieux, and D. Kondo, Hashin-Shtrikman bounds on the bulk modulus of a nanocomposite with spherical inclusions and interface effects, Computational Materials Science, vol.48, pp.589-596, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00904517

, Hashin-Shtrikman bounds on the shear modulus of a nanocomposite with spherical inclusions and interface effects, Computational Materials Science, vol.50, pp.403-410, 2010.

D. A. Bruggeman, Berechnung verschiedener physikalischer Konstanten von heterogenen Substanzen. I. Dielektrizitätskonstanten und Leitfähigkeiten der Mischkörper aus isotropen Substanzen, Annalen der Physik, vol.416, pp.636-664, 1935.

B. Budiansky, On the elastic moduli of some heterogeneous materials, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.13, pp.223-227, 1965.

B. Cabane, Hiding in Plain View: Colloidal Self-Assembly from Polydisperse Populations, Physical Review Letters, vol.116, issue.20, p.208001, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01343403

B. D. Caddock and D. Hull, Influence of humidity on the cracking patterns formed during the drying of sol-gel drops, Journal of Materials Science, vol.37, pp.825-834, 2002.

T. F. Chan and L. A. Vese, Active contours without edges, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 10, vol.2, pp.266-277, 2001.

M. Chekchaki, Détermination théorique et expérimentale des contraintes mécaniques induisant les fractures lors du séchage de suspensions colloïdales, 2011.

M. Chekchaki and V. Lazarus, Mechanical stresses induced by evaporation in consolidated colloidal suspensions of hard particles. Poroelasticity theory versus experiments, Transport in Porous Media 100.1, pp.143-157, 2013.

M. Chekchaki, J. Frelat, L. , and V. , Analytical and 3D finite element study of the deflection of an elastic cantilever bilayer plate, Transactions of the ASME, vol.78, p.11008, 2011.

R. C. Chiu, T. J. Garino, and M. J. Cima, Drying of Granular Ceramic Films: I, Effect of Processing Variables on Cracking Behavior, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.76, issue.9, pp.2257-2264, 1993.

R. F. Cook and G. M. Pharr, Direct Observation and Analysis of Indentation Cracking in Glasses and Ceramics, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.73, issue.4, pp.787-817, 1990.

. Corning, HPFS Fused Silica Standard Grade, 2003.

P. Coussot, Scaling approach of the convective drying of a porous medium, The European Physical Journal B, vol.15, pp.557-566, 2000.

S. C. Cowin, Bone poroelasticity, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.32, pp.217-238, 1999.

R. D. Deegan, Capillary flow as the cause of ring stains from dried liquid drops, Nature, vol.389, pp.827-829, 1997.

J. Depasse and A. Watillon, The stability of amorphous colloidal silica, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.33, issue.3, pp.430-438, 1970.

B. Derjaguin and L. D. Landau, Theory of the Stability of Strongly Charged Lyophobic Sols and of the Adhesion of Strongly Charged Particles in Solutions of Electrolytes, Acta Physicochimica U.R.S.S, vol.14, pp.633-662, 1941.

L. Dormieux, D. Kondo, and F. Ulm, , 2006.

J. Dutta and H. Hofmann, Self Organization of Colloidal Nanoparticles, Encyclopedia of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, vol.9, pp.617-640, 2004.

J. D. Eshelby, The determination of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal inclusion, and related problems, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, vol.241, pp.376-396, 1957.

L. A. Feigin and D. I. Svergun, Structure Analysis by Small-Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering, 1987.

D. Fennell-evans and H. Wennerstrom, The Colloidal Domain, 1994.

G. Gauthier, V. Lazarus, and L. Pauchard, Alternating crack propagation during directional drying, Langmuir 23, pp.4715-4718, 2007.

, Shrinkage star-shaped cracks: Explaining the transition from 90 degrees to 120 degrees, Europhysics Letters), vol.89, p.26002, 2010.

F. Giorgiutti-dauphiné and L. Pauchard, Painting cracks: A way to investigate the pictorial matter, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.120, p.65107, 2016.

E. Giuseppe, Rheological and mechanical properties of silica colloids: from Newtonian liquid to brittle behaviour, Rheologica Acta, vol.51, pp.451-465, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01007258

L. Goehring, Desiccation cracks and their patterns: Formation and modelling in Science and Nature, 2015.

L. Goehring, W. J. Clegg, and A. F. Routh, Plasticity and Fracture in Drying Colloidal Films, Physical Review Letters, vol.110, p.24301, 2013.

G. N. Greaves, Poisson's ratio and modern materials, Nature Materials, vol.10, pp.823-837, 2011.

A. A. Griffith, VI. The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.221, pp.163-198, 1921.

A. Groisman and E. Kaplan, An Experimental Study of Cracking Induced by Desiccation, EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol.25, p.415, 1994.

W. B. Haines, Studies in the physical properties of soil. V. The hysteresis effect in capillary properties, and the modes of moisture distribution associated therewith, The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol.20, pp.97-116, 1930.

H. C. Hamaker, The London -van der Waals attraction between spherical particles, pp.1058-1072, 1937.

R. Hill, A self-consistent mechanics of composite materials, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.13, pp.213-222, 1965.

, The essential structure of constitutive laws for metal composites and polycrystals, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.15, pp.79-95, 1967.

R. J. Hunter, Foundations of Colloid Science, 1979.

G. R. Irwin, Analysis of stresses and strains near the end of a crack traversing a plate, In: Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol.24, pp.361-364, 1957.

J. N. Israelachvili, Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 2011.

J. P. Jernot, M. Coster, and J. L. Chermant, Model to Describe the Elastic Modulus of Sintered Materials, Physica Status Solidi, issue.1, pp.325-332, 1982.

K. L. Johnson, K. Kendall, and A. D. Roberts, Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids, Proceedings of the Royal Society A, vol.324, pp.301-313, 1971.

K. Kendall, Molecular Adhesion and Its Applications, Powder Metallurgy, vol.31, issue.1, pp.28-31, 1988.

K. Kendall, N. M. Alford, and J. D. Birchall, Elasticity of Particle Assemblies as a Measure of the Surface Energy of Solids, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, vol.325, pp.269-283, 1843.

S. Kirkpatrick, Classical Transport in Disordered Media: Scaling and Effective-Medium Theories, vol.27, pp.1722-1725, 1971.

L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Theory of Elasticity, 1970.

R. Landauer, The Electrical Resistance of Binary Metallic Mixtures, Journal of Applied Physics 23, vol.7, pp.779-784, 1952.

B. R. Lawn, A. G. Evans, and D. B. Marshall, Elastic/Plastic Indentation Damage in Ceramics: The Median/Radial Crack System, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.63, pp.574-581, 1980.

B. Lawn, Fracture of Brittle Solids, 1993.

V. Lazarus, Fracture spacing in tensile brittle layers adhering to a rigid substrate, EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol.117, p.24002, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01904342

V. Lazarus and L. Pauchard, From craquelures to spiral crack patterns: influence of layer thickness on the crack patterns induced by desiccation, Soft Matter, issue.6, pp.2552-2559, 2011.

A. Lesaine, Highly porous layers of silica nanospheres sintered by drying: scaling up of the elastic properties of the beads to the macroscopic mechanical properties, Soft Matter, vol.14, p.3987, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01904335

H. Li and R. C. Bradt, The indentation load/size effect and the measurement of the hardness of vitreous silica, In: Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol.146, pp.197-212, 1992.

K. A. Loftman and J. R. Thereault, Aqueous dispersions of pyrogenic silica, 1957.

Y. R. Luo, Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, 2007.

J. Mandel, Plasticité classique et viscoplasticité, Courses and lectures (International Centre for Mechanical Sciences, p.97, 1972.

C. Maurini, Crack patterns obtained by unidirectional drying of a colloidal suspension in a capillary tube: experiments and numerical simulations using a two-dimensional variational approach, International Journal of Fracture, vol.184, pp.75-91, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01667024

E. Moeendarbary, The cytoplasm of living cells behaves as a poroelastic material, Nature Materials, vol.12, pp.253-261, 2013.

T. Mori and K. Tanaka, Average stress in matrix and average elastic energy of materials with misfitting inclusions, Acta Metallurgica 21, vol.5, pp.571-574, 1973.

S. Moro, Elaboration de matériaux poreux par agrégation et consolidation de suspensions de silices hydrophobées, 2013.

C. Noirjean, Dynamics and ordering of weakly Brownian particles in directional drying, Phyical Review Materials, vol.1, issue.6, p.65601, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01685624

W. C. Oliver and G. M. Pharr, An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments, Journal of Materials Research, issue.6, pp.1564-1583, 1992.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01518596

L. Pauchard, F. Parisse, A. , and C. , Influence of salt content on crack patterns formed through colloidal suspension desiccation, Physical Review E, vol.59, pp.3737-3740, 1999.

J. S. Pedersen, Analysis of small-angle scattering data from colloids and polymer solutions: modeling and least-squares fitting, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, vol.70, pp.171-210, 1997.

L. Peng, Investigation of the states of water and OH groups on the surface of silica, Colloids and Surfaces A, vol.334, pp.112-115, 2009.

K. Piroird, Role of evaporation rate on the particle organization and crack patterns obtained by drying a colloidal layer, EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol.113, p.38002, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01279544

P. Castaneda and P. , Heterogeneous materials. Ecole Polytechnique, 2004.

C. B. Ponton and R. D. Rawlings, Vickers indentation fracture toughness test, part 1: Review of literature and formulation of standardised indentation toughness equations, Materials Science and Technology, vol.5, pp.865-872, 1989.

C. L. Rountree and D. Bonamy, Method for measuring the tenacity of a material, 2014.

A. F. Routh, Drying of thin colloidal films, Reports on Progress in Physics 76, vol.4, p.46603, 2013.

A. F. Routh and W. B. Russel, Deformation Mechanisms during Latex Film Formation: Experimental Evidence". In: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 40, vol.20, pp.4302-4308, 2001.

T. Rouxel, Elastic Properties and Short-to Medium-Range Order in Glasses, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.90, pp.3019-3039, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01148242

T. Sarlat, Frozen capillary waves on glass surfaces: an AFM study, The European Physical Journal B -Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, vol.54, pp.121-126, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00110648

G. W. Scherer, Drying gels: VIII. Revision and review, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol.109, issue.2-3, pp.171-182, 1989.

, Theory of Drying, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.73, issue.1, pp.3-14, 1990.

, Crack-tip stress in gels, In: Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol.144, pp.210-216, 1992.

N. Shahidzadeh-bonn, Delayed Fracture in Porous Media, Physical Review Letters, vol.95, p.175501, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01982951

T. K. Sherwood, The Drying of solids-II, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol.21, pp.976-980, 1929.

A. L. Sibrant and L. Pauchard, Effect of the particle interactions on the structuration and mechanical strength of particulate materials, EPL (Europhysics Letters) 116, vol.4, p.49002, 2016.

W. Stöber, A. Fink, and E. Bohn, Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.26, pp.62-69, 1968.

G. G. Stoney, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 82, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, vol.553, pp.172-175, 1909.

J. Thiery, Water transfer and crack regimes in nanocolloidal gels, Physical Review E, vol.91, issue.4, p.42407, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01223737

C. Thornton, On the relationship between the modulus of particulate media and the surface energy of the constituent particles, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.26, p.1587, 1993.

R. Toei and M. Okazaki, Drying mechanism of capillary-porous bodies, Journal of Engineering Physics, vol.19, issue.3, pp.1123-1131, 1970.

M. Vannoni, A. Sordini, and G. Molesini, Relaxation time and viscosity of fused silica glass at room temperature, The European Physical Journal E, vol.34, p.92, 2011.

E. J. Verwey and J. T. Overbeek, Theory of the Stability of Lyophobic Colloids, 1949.

G. Vigil, Interactions of Silica Surfaces, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.165, issue.2, pp.367-385, 1994.

W. Voigt, Ueber die Beziehung zwischen den beiden Elasticitätsconstanten isotroper Körper, Annalen der Physik, vol.274, pp.573-587, 1889.

H. F. Wang, Theory of Linear Poroelasticity with Applications to Geomechanics and Hydrogeology, 2000.

L. R. White, Capillary rise in powders, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.90, issue.2, pp.536-538, 1982.

J. R. Willis, Randomly inhomogeneous media". In: Homogenization Techniques for Composite Media, 1987.

Z. C. Xia and J. W. Hutchinson, Crack patterns in thin films, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.48, pp.1107-1131, 2000.

P. Xu, A. S. Mujumdar, Y. , and B. , Drying-Induced Cracks in Thin Film Fabricated from Colloidal Dispersions, Drying Technology 27, vol.5, pp.636-652, 2009.

H. N. Yow, Effect of film thickness and particle size on cracking stresses in drying latex films, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.352, pp.542-548, 2010.

L. T. Zhuravlev, Surface characterization of amorphous silica -a review of work from the former USSR, Colloids and Surfaces A 74.1, pp.71-90, 1993.

, The surface chemistry of amorphous silica. Zhuravlev model, Colloids and Surfaces A 173, pp.1-38, 2000.