. Crumbles, New York Times, 2008.

L. Nahmias, D. Goldberg, and N. Prakash, The wrecking of a blue-chip New York nonprofit, March 13 th, 2015.

R. Mccambridge, The FEGS Autopsy: Bad Nonprofit Business in a Tough Operating Environment. Nonprofit Quarterly, 2016.

J. Nathan-kazis, FEGS Execs Got Fat Payouts as Bankruptcy Loomed Amid Rampant Mismanagement. Forward, 2015.

R. L. Swarns, Nonprofit's Chief During Its Fall Seeks $1.2 Million Payday, and Outrage Ensues, New York Times, p.320, 2013.

C. Rodriguez, To Create Housing for Homeless, Landlords Evict Paying Tenants. WNYC News, 2013.

C. Flatbed, The Scandal Down the Block, The Q at Parkside, 2012.

N. Tempey, Residents Fight For Right To Remain In Notorious Brooklyn Homeless Shelter, gothamist, 2015.

J. Bosman, City Seeks New Powers in Its Stalled Fight Against Homelessness, 2009.

C. J. Levy, Here, Life Is Squalor and Chaos, 2002.

N. Tempey, Nearly 9 Out Of 10 Family Homeless Shelters In NYC Have An "Immediately Hazardous" Problem, gothamist, 2016.

W. Hu, Review of New York Shelter System Finds Hundreds of Violations, New York Times, 2015.

, New York City Department of Investigation, vol.2015, pp.5-6

J. Goodman and . David, Tensions Over New York's Homeless Shelters Explode After Disputed Rape Accusation, New York Times, 2016.

C. Campanile and J. Schram, Cuomo demands probe into alleged 'gang rape, 2016.

&. Bellevue-men and . Shelter,

C. Flatbed, The Scandal Down the Block, The Q at Parkside, 2012.

, NYC Independent Budget Office, issue.2, 2014.

P. Markee, Guest column: Municipal shelter system in New York City fails to meet the needs of homeless individuals, 2015.

P. Markee, Guest column: Municipal shelter system in New York City fails to meet the needs of homeless individuals, 2015.

C. Alcorn, M. Crane-newman, E. Durkin, and J. Fermino, Horror stories show why NYC's homeless resist shelters despite frigid temperatures. Daily News, 2016.

H. Baxter, , 1982.

N. Tempey, Residents Fight For Right To Remain In Notorious Brooklyn Homeless Shelter, gothamist, 2015.

C. ;. Flatbed and R. Teixeira, The Decline of the White Working Class and the Rise of a Mass Upper-Middle Class, Political Science Quarterly, vol.124, issue.3, pp.391-422, 2009.

A. Alesina and E. L. Glaeser, Fighting poverty in the U.S. and in Europe: a world of difference, 2004.

M. Alexander, The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness, 2010.

S. W. Allard, Out of Reach. Place, Poverty, and the New American Welfare State, 2009.

S. A. Allegretto, M. Doussard, D. Graham-squire, K. Jacobs, D. Thompson et al., Fast food, poverty wages: The public cost of low-wage jobs in the fast-food industry, 2013.

E. Anderson, Code of the Street, 1999.

A. B. Atkinson, , 2015.

M. J. Austin, The changing relationship between nonprofit organizations and public social service agencies in the era of welfare reform. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, vol.32, pp.97-114, 2003.

D. H. Autor, D. Dorn, and G. Hanson, When work disappears: manufacturing decline and the falling marriage-market value of men, p.23173, 2017.

D. H. Autor, L. F. Katz, and M. S. Kearney, The polarization of the US labor market (No. w11986), National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

D. H. Autor, L. F. Katz, and M. S. Kearney, Trends in US wage inequality: Revising the revisionists, Review of economics and statistics, vol.90, issue.2, pp.300-323, 2008.

D. H. Autor, A. Manning, and C. L. Smith, The contribution of the minimum wage to US wage inequality over three decades: a reassessment, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, vol.8, issue.1, pp.58-99, 2016.

R. Balko, Rise of the warrior cop: The militarization of America's police forces, 2013.

V. Barker, Nordic Exceptionalism revisited: Explaining the paradox of a Janus-faced penal regime, Theoretical criminology, vol.17, issue.1, pp.5-25, 2013.

E. P. Baumer and K. T. Wolff, Evaluating contemporary crime drop(s) in America, Justice Quarterly, vol.31, issue.1, pp.5-38, 2014.

E. Baxter and K. Hopper, The new mendicancy: homeless in, vol.52, pp.393-408, 1982.

G. Beaumont, A. De, ;. De-tocqueville, L. Carey, B. Becker et al., On the Penitentiary System in the United States and Its Application in France, Journal of Political Economy, vol.76, issue.2, pp.169-217, 1833.

K. Beckett, Making crime pay: Law and order in contemporary American politics, 1999.

K. Beckett and S. Herbert, Dealing with disorder. Social control in the post-industrial city, Theoretical Criminology, vol.12, issue.1, pp.5-30, 2008.

K. Beckett and B. Western, Governing social marginality welfare, incarceration, and the transformation of state policy, vol.3, pp.43-59, 2001.

B. Bell, A. Bindler, and S. Machin, Crime scars: recessions and the making of career criminals. Discussion Paper 1284, 2014.

L. Benjaminsen, Homelessness in a Scandinavian welfare state: The risk of shelter use in the Danish adult population, Urban Studies, vol.53, issue.10, pp.2041-2063, 2016.

L. Benjaminsen and . Dyb, The Effectiveness of Homeless Policies-Variations among the Scandinavian Countries, European Journal of Homeless, vol.2, pp.45-67, 2008.

T. Besley and S. Coate, Workfare versus welfare: Incentive arguments for work requirements in poverty-alleviation programs, American Economic Review, vol.82, issue.1, pp.249-261, 1992.

M. Blaug, The myth of the old poor law and the making of the new, Journal of Economic History, vol.23, issue.02, pp.151-184, 1963.

F. Block and M. Somers, In the shadow of Speenhamland: social policy and the old poor law, Politics & Society, vol.31, issue.2, pp.283-323, 2003.

N. D. Bloom, Learning From New York: America's Alternative HighRise Public Housing Model, Journal of the American Planning Association, vol.78, issue.4, pp.418-431, 2012.

A. Blumstein, The crime drop in America: An exploration of some recent crime trends, Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, vol.7, issue.S1, pp.17-35, 2006.

A. Blumstein and K. Nakamura, Redemption in the Presence of Widespread Criminal Background Checks, Criminology, vol.47, issue.2, pp.327-359, 2009.

A. Blumstein and R. Rosenfeld, Explaining recent trends in US homicide rates, J. Crim. L. & Criminology, vol.88, issue.2, pp.1175-1216, 1998.

B. Bosworth, G. Burtless, and K. Zhang, Later retirement, inequality in old age, and the growing gap in longevity between rich and poor. Economic Studies at Brookings, p.87, 2016.

F. Bourguignon, Revisiting the Debate on Inequality and Economic Development. Revue d'économie politique, vol.125, pp.633-663, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01307779

A. R. Bowser, One Strike and You're out-or Are You: Rucker's Influence on Future Eviction Proceedings for Section 8 and Public Housing. Penn State Law Review, vol.108, p.611, 2003.

G. R. Boyer, An economic history of the English poor law, pp.1750-1850, 1990.

D. Brady, Rich democracies, poor people: How politics explain poverty, 2009.

D. Brady and A. Bostic, Paradoxes of Social Policy Welfare Transfers, Relative Poverty, and Redistribution Preferences, American Sociological Review, vol.80, issue.2, pp.268-298, 2015.

D. Brady, A. Blome, and H. Kleider, How Politics and Institutions Shape Poverty and Inequality. The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty, pp.117-140, 2016.

D. Brady, R. M. Finnigan, and S. Hübgen, Rethinking the risks of poverty: a framework for analyzing prevalences and penalties, American Journal of Sociology, vol.123, issue.3, pp.740-786, 2017.

W. J. Bratton and S. W. Malinowski, Police performance management in practice: taking COMPSTAT to the next level, Policing, vol.2, issue.3, pp.259-265, 2008.

E. Z. Brodkin, Bureaucracy redux: Management reformism and the welfare state, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, vol.17, issue.1, pp.1-17, 2007.

E. Z. Brodkin, Policy work: Street-level organizations under new managerialism, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, vol.21, issue.2, pp.253-277, 2011.

K. B. Bucklen and G. Zajac, But some of them don't come back (to prison!): Resource deprivation and thinking errors as determinants of parole success and failure, Prison Journal, vol.89, issue.3, pp.239-264, 2009.

S. M. Butler, The Privatization Option: A Strategy to Shrink the Size of Government, vol.42, 1985.

T. D. Calabrese, The accumulation of nonprofit profits: A dynamic analysis. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, vol.41, pp.300-324, 2012.

M. C. Campbell and H. Schoenfeld, The Transformation of America's Penal Order: A Historicized Political Sociology of Punishment, American Journal of Sociology, vol.118, issue.5, pp.1375-1423, 2013.

J. A. Canela-cacho, A. Blumstein, and J. Cohen, Relationship between the offending frequency (?) of imprisoned and free offenders, Criminology, vol.35, issue.1, pp.133-176, 1997.

J. Carré, V. Paris, A. Case, and A. Deaton, Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century, La prison des pauvres. L'expérience des workhouses en Angleterre, vol.112, pp.15078-15083, 2015.

A. Case and A. Deaton, Mortality and morbidity in the 21st century, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, pp.23-24, 2017.

R. Castel, M. Fayard-cavadino, and J. Dignan, Les métamorphoses de la question sociale, Criminology and Criminal Justice, vol.6, issue.4, pp.435-456, 1995.

D. Cefaï, L'enquête de terrain. Paris : La Découverte/MAUSS. Center for NYC Neighborhoods, Center for NYC, 2003.

A. Charette, C. Herbert, A. Jakabovics, E. T. Marya, and D. T. Mccue, Whither the turn? The ambiguous nature of nonprofits' commercial revenue, Projecting Trends in Severely Cost-Burdened Renters: 2015-2025. Harvard University: Joint Center for Housing Studies Child, C, vol.89, pp.145-161, 2010.

L. Chioda, J. M. De-mello, and R. R. Soares, Spillovers from conditional cash transfer programs: Bolsa Família and crime in urban Brazil, Economics of Education Review, vol.54, pp.306-320, 2016.

T. G. Chiricos, Rates of crime and unemployment: An analysis of aggregate research evidence, Social problems, vol.34, issue.2, pp.187-212, 1987.

G. Clark, The condition of the working class in England, Journal of Political Economy, vol.113, issue.6, pp.1307-1340, 2005.

A. Clarno, Beyond the state: policing precariousness in South Africa and Palestine/Israel, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol.37, issue.10, pp.1725-1731, 2014.

S. Cohen, The Punitive City: Notes on the Dispersal of Social Control, vol.3, pp.339-63, 1979.

S. Cohen, Visions of social control: Crime, punishment and classification, 1985.

D. Cooper and T. Kroeger, Employers steal billions from workers' paychecks each year, Economic Policy Institute, 2017.

N. F. Crafts, English Workers' Living Standards during the Industrial Revolution: Some Remaining Problems, Journal of Economic History, vol.45, issue.1, pp.139-183, 1985.

M. Cragg and B. A. O'flaherty, Measuring the Incentive to be Homeless, 1994.

D. P. Culhane and S. Metraux, Rearranging the deck chairs or reallocating the lifeboats? Homeless assistance and its alternatives, J. Am. Plan. Assoc, vol.74, pp.111-132, 2008.

D. P. Culhane, S. Metraux, and T. Byrne, A prevention-centered approach to homelessness assistance: a paradigm shift, Housing Policy Debate, vol.21, pp.295-315, 2011.

D. P. Culhane, S. Metraux, and T. Hadley, Public service reductions associated with placement of homeless persons with severe mental illness in supportive housing. Housing policy debate, vol.13, pp.107-163, 2002.

D. P. Culhane, S. Metraux, and S. M. Wachter, Homelessness and public shelter provision in New York City. Housing and Community Development, Facing the Future, pp.203-235, 1999.

D. P. Culhane, S. Metraux, J. M. Park, M. Schretzman, and J. Valente, Testing a typology of family homelessness based on patterns of public shelter utilization in four US jurisdictions: Implications for policy and program planning. Housing Policy Debate, vol.18, pp.1-28, 2007.

J. Currie, The Take-up of Social Benefits, Poverty, the Distribution of Income, and Public Policy, pp.80-148, 2006.

D. Sandra and K. , The decline of cash welfare and implications for social policy and poverty, Annual Review of Sociology, vol.36, pp.523-545, 2010.

S. Danziger, R. Haveman, and R. Plotnick, How income transfer programs affect work, savings, and the income distribution: A critical review, Journal of Economic Literature, vol.19, issue.3, pp.975-1028, 1981.

G. F. Davis, After the corporation, Politics & Society, vol.41, issue.2, pp.283-308, 2013.

M. C. Dawson, The hollow shell: Loïc Wacquant's vision of state, race and economics, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol.37, issue.10, pp.1767-1775, 2014.

A. De-giorgi, Re-thinking the political economy of punishment: Perspectives on post-Fordism and penal politics, 2006.

A. De-giorgi, Toward a political economy of post-Fordist punishment, Critical Criminology, vol.15, issue.3, pp.243-265, 2007.

A. De-giorgi, Immigration control, post-Fordism, and less eligibility A materialist critique of the criminalization of immigration across, Europe. Punishment & Society, vol.12, issue.2, pp.147-167, 2010.

J. De-maillard, Police performance regimes and police activity: Compstat in Paris and London compared, European Journal of Criminology, 2018.

A. De-swaan, In care of the state: Health care, education, and welfare in Europe and the USA in the modern era, 1988.

C. Deiana, The bitter side of trade shocks: Local labour market conditions and crime in the US. Working paper, Associazione Italiana Economisti del Lavoro, 2016.

M. Desmond, Welfare and punishment in comparative perspective, Perspective on punishment: The contours of control, pp.133-154, 1977.

M. Draca and S. Machin, Crime and economic incentives, Annual Review of Economics, vol.7, issue.1, pp.389-408, 2015.

M. R. Duffield, Global governance and the new wars: the merging of development and security, 2001.

C. Durham and . Johnson, Homelessness Prevention, Intake, and Shelter for Single Adults and Families. Urban Institute Duvoux, Les oubliés du rêve américain: philanthropie, État et pauvreté urbaine aux États-Unis, 2014.

R. E. Dwyer, The care economy? Gender, economic restructuring, and job polarization in the US labor market, American Sociological Review, vol.78, issue.3, pp.390-416, 2013.

N. Eberstadt, Men Without Work: America's Invisible Crisis, 2016.

K. J. Edin and H. L. Shaefer, Making ends meet: How single mothers survive welfare and low-wage work, 1997.

K. Edin and M. Kefalas, Chain reaction: The impact of race, rights, and taxes on American politics, 1992.

M. A. Eger, Even in Sweden: the effect of immigration on support for welfare state spending, European Sociological Review, vol.26, issue.2, pp.203-217, 2010.

I. Ehrlich, Crime, Punishment and the Market for Offenses, Journal of Economic Perpectives, vol.10, issue.1, pp.43-67, 1996.

I. O. Ekunwe and R. S. Jones, Finnish Criminal Policy: From Hard Time to Gentle Justice, Journal of Prisoners on Prisons, vol.21, issue.1/2, pp.173-189, 2012.

I. G. Ellen, K. M. Horn, and D. Reed, Has Falling Crime Invited Gentrification, 2016.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.2930242

I. G. Ellen, J. Lacoe, and C. A. Sharygin, Do foreclosures cause crime?, Journal of Urban Economics, vol.74, pp.59-70, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jue.2012.09.003

URL : http://furmancenter.org/files/publications/Ellen_Lacoe_Sharygin_ForeclosuresCrime_aug31_Furman_Copy_1.pdf

R. C. Ellickson, The homelessness muddle, The Public Interest, issue.99, pp.45-60, 1990.

H. Entorf and H. Spengler, Socio-economic and demographic factors of crime in Germany: evidence from panel data of the German states, International Review of Law and Economics, vol.20, pp.75-106, 2000.

G. Esping-andersen, The three worlds of welfare capitalism, 1990.

G. Esping-andersen, J. ;. Myles, N. Tilley, and A. Tseloni, The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality, Crime and Justice, vol.43, issue.1, pp.421-490, 2009.

F. Faucher-king and P. Galès, The New Labour experiment: change and reform under Blair and Brown, 2010.

C. H. Feinstein, Pessimism perpetuated: real wages and the standard of living in Britain during and after the industrial revolution, Journal of Economic History, pp.625-658, 1998.

L. Feler and M. Z. Senses, Trade shocks and the provision of local public goods, IZA Discussion Papers, p.10231, 2016.

J. Ferguson, The anti-politics machine:'Development', depoliticization and bureaucratic power in Lesotho, 1990.

H. Finseraas, Immigration and preferences for redistribution: An empirical analysis of European survey data, Comparative European Politics, vol.6, issue.4, pp.407-431, 2008.

W. F. Fisher, Doing good? The politics and antipolitics of NGO practices. Annual review of anthropology, pp.439-464, 1997.

M. W. Flamm, Law and order. Street crime, civil unrest, and the crisis of liberalism in the 1960s, 2005.

R. Floud, K. Wachter, and A. G. Height, Health and History: Nutritional Status in the United Kingdom, 1750-1980, 1990.

H. Foster and J. Hagan, The mass incarceration of parents in America: Issues of race/ethnicity, collateral damage to children, and prisoner reentry, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.623, issue.1, pp.179-194, 2009.

D. Fougère, F. Kramarz, and J. Pouget, Youth unemployment and crime in France, Journal of the European Economic Association, vol.7, issue.5, pp.909-938, 2009.

J. A. Fox and M. W. Zawitz, Homicide trends in the US Washington, 2007.

H. Frankfurt, Equality as a moral ideal, Ethics, vol.98, issue.1, pp.21-43, 1987.

R. B. Freeman, The economics of crime, Handbook of labor economics, vol.3, pp.3529-3571, 1999.

J. F. Gainsborough, To devolve or not to devolve? Welfare reform in the states, Policy studies journal, vol.31, issue.4, pp.603-623, 2003.

H. J. Gans, The ghetto rebellions and urban class conflict, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, vol.29, issue.1, p.42, 1968.

D. Garland, Punishment and welfare. A history of penal strategies, 1985.

D. Garland, Punishment and modern society: A study in social theory, 1990.

D. Garland, The welfare state: A fundamental dimension of modern government, European Journal of Sociology, vol.51, issue.3, pp.327-364, 2001.

E. E. Garrow, Racial and ethnic composition of the neighborhood and the disbanding of nonprofit human service organizations, Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, vol.12, issue.01, pp.161-185, 2015.

A. Geller and M. A. Curtis, A sort of homecoming: Incarceration and the housing security of urban men, Social Science Research, vol.40, issue.4, pp.1196-1213, 2011.

K. Gerardi, A. H. Shapiro, and P. Willen, Subprime outcomes: Risky mortgages, homeownership experiences, and foreclosures. Federal Reserve of Boston Working Paper No, pp.7-15, 2007.

B. Geremek, Lito?? i szubienica, French translation La potence ou la pitié: l'Europe et les pauvres du moyen âge à nos jours, Gallimard, « Bibliothèque des Histoires », 1987. English translation Poverty: A History, 1978.

M. Gilens, Why Americans hate welfare: Race, media, and the politics of antipoverty policy, 2009.

A. M. Girth, A. Hefetz, J. M. Johnston, and M. E. Warner, Outsourcing public service delivery: Management responses in noncompetitive markets, Public Administration Review, vol.72, issue.6, pp.887-900, 2012.

A. Goffman, On the run: Wanted men in a Philadelphia ghetto, American sociological review, vol.74, issue.3, pp.339-357, 2009.

A. Goffman, On the run: Fugitive life in an American city, 2014.

A. Goffman, When police knocks your door in, in Auyero, pp.212-247, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190221447.003.0010

H. Goldstein, Improving policing: a problem oriented approach, Crime and delinquency, vol.25, issue.2, pp.236-258, 1979.
DOI : 10.1177/001112877902500207

M. Gottschalk, The prison and the gallows: The politics of mass incarceration in America, 2006.

M. Gottschalk, Caught: The prison state and the lockdown of American politics, 2015.

P. Gottschalk and R. Moffitt, The rising instability of US earnings, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.23, issue.4, pp.3-24, 2009.
DOI : 10.1257/jep.23.4.3

E. D. Gould, B. A. Weinberg, and D. B. Mustard, Crime rates and local labor market opportunities in the United States: 1979-1997, Review of Economics and statistics, vol.84, issue.1, pp.45-61, 2002.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.121969

URL : http://www.terry.uga.edu/%7Edmustard/labor.pdf

G. A. Greenberg and R. A. Rosenheck, Jail incarceration, homelessness, and mental health: A national study, Psychiatric Services, vol.59, issue.2, pp.170-177, 2008.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ps.59.2.170

M. Greenberg, New York: The police and the protesters, New York Review of Books, vol.11, pp.58-61, 2012.

M. Greenberg, Tenants Under Siege: Inside New York City's Housing Crisis, New York Review of Books, 2017.

R. Greenstein, Losing faith in 'Losing Ground'. New Republic, pp.12-17, 1985.

O. Grinstead, B. Faigeles, C. Bancroft, and B. Zack, The financial cost of maintaining relationships with incarcerated African American men: A survey of women prison visitors, Journal of African American Men, vol.6, issue.1, pp.59-70, 2001.

J. Grogger, Market wages and youth crime, Journal of labor Economics, vol.16, issue.4, pp.756-791, 1998.
DOI : 10.3386/w5983

URL : https://doi.org/10.3386/w5983

H. Grönqvist, Youth unemployment and crime: lessons from longitudinal population records. Unpublished manuscript, Swedish Institute for Social Research, Demography, vol.53, issue.2, pp.393-418, 2013.

J. Grunberg and P. F. Eagle, Shelterization: How the homeless adapt to shelter living, Psychiatric Services, issue.5, pp.521-525, 1990.
DOI : 10.1176/ps.41.5.521

B. Guo, Charity for profit? Exploring factors associated with the commercialization of human service nonprofits. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, vol.35, pp.123-138, 2006.

K. Gustafson, The criminalization of poverty, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, vol.99, issue.3, pp.643-716, 2009.
DOI : 10.18574/nyu/9780814732311.003.0003

URL : https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7330&context=jclc

J. S. Hacker, Privatizing risk without privatizing the welfare state: The hidden politics of social policy retrenchment in the United States, American Political Science Review, vol.98, issue.02, pp.243-260, 2004.

P. A. Hall and D. W. Soskice, Varieties of capitalism: The institutional foundations of comparative advantage, pp.1-71, 2001.

S. Halpern-meekin, K. Edin, L. Tach, and J. Sykes, It's not like I'm poor: How working families make ends meet in a post-welfare world, 2015.

L. Hannon and J. Defronzo, The truly disadvantaged, public assistance, and crime, Social Problems, vol.45, issue.3, pp.383-392, 1998.
DOI : 10.2307/3097192

H. B. Hansmann, The role of nonprofit enterprise, Yale Law Journal, vol.89, issue.5, pp.835-901, 1980.

D. J. Harding, Collateral consequences of violence in disadvantaged neighborhoods, Social Forces, vol.88, issue.2, pp.757-784, 2009.

D. J. Harding, Living the drama: Community, conflict, and culture among inner-city boys, 2010.

Y. Hasenfeld, What exactly is human services management, Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, vol.39, issue.1, pp.1-5, 2015.
DOI : 10.1080/23303131.2015.1007773

Y. Hasenfeld and E. E. Garrow, Nonprofit human-service organizations, social rights, and advocacy in a neoliberal welfare state, Social Service Review, vol.86, issue.2, pp.295-322, 2012.

Y. Hasenfeld, T. Ghose, and K. Larson, The logic of sanctioning welfare recipients: An empirical assessment, Social Service Review, vol.78, issue.2, pp.304-319, 2004.

K. Healy, Fuck nuance. Sociological Theory, vol.35, pp.118-127, 2017.
DOI : 10.1177/0735275117709046

J. Heathcote, F. Perri, and G. L. Violante, Unequal we stand: An empirical analysis of economic inequality in the United States, Review of Economic dynamics, vol.13, issue.1, pp.15-51, 2010.

T. Hebert, The invisible tenant: Living in federally assisted housing after prison, 2005.

E. Helland and A. Tabarrok, Does three strikes deter? A nonparametric estimation, Journal of Human Resources, vol.42, issue.2, pp.309-330, 2007.
DOI : 10.3368/jhr.xlii.2.309

A. P. Hellegers, Reforming HUD's" One-Strike" Public Housing Evictions Through Tenant Participation, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, pp.323-362, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/1144167

URL : https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7041&context=jclc

S. Herbert, Citizens, cops, and power: Recognizing the limits of community, 2009.

K. Hermans, The Dutch Strategy to Combat Homelessness: From Ambition to Window Dressing?, European Journal of Homelessness, vol.6, issue.2, 2012.

E. Hinton, From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America, 2016.

J. R. Hipp, A dynamic view of neighborhoods: The reciprocal relationship between crime and neighborhood structural characteristics, Social Problems, vol.57, issue.2, pp.205-230, 2010.

A. R. Hirsch, Making the second ghetto: Race and housing in Chicago 1940-1960, 1983.

F. Hirsch, Social limits to growth, 1977.

A. O. Hirschman, Rival interpretations of market society: civilizing, destructive, or feeble?, Journal of economic literature, vol.20, issue.4, pp.1463-1484, 1977.

E. J. Hobsbawm, The British standard of living 1790-1850, Economic History Review, vol.10, issue.1, pp.46-68, 1957.

A. Hochschild, Our Awful Prisons: How They Can Be Changed, New York Review of Books, 2016.

M. Hollister, Employment stability in the US labor market: Rhetoric versus reality, Annual Review of Sociology, vol.37, pp.305-324, 2011.

C. Hood, A public management for all seasons, Public administration, vol.69, pp.3-19, 1991.

K. Hopper, J. Jost, T. Hay, S. Welber, and G. Haugland, Homelessness, Severe Mental Illness, and the Institutional Circuit, Psychiatric Services, vol.48, issue.5, pp.659-664, 1997.

C. Howard, The hidden side of the American welfare state, Political Science Quarterly, vol.108, issue.3, pp.403-436, 1993.

C. Howard, The Hidden Welfare State: Tax Expenditures and Social Policy in the United States, Journal of Public Economics, vol.96, issue.1-2, pp.151-162, 1997.

P. Huck, Infant mortality and living standards of English workers during the industrial revolution, The Journal of Economic History, vol.55, issue.03, pp.528-550, 1995.

, No second chance: people with criminal records denied access to public housing, Human Rights Watch, 2004.

, Lethal Force. Police Violence and Public Security in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Human Services Council Commission, 2009.

S. P. Huntington, Political order in changing societies, 1968.

D. S. Hyra, Racial Uplift? Intra-Racial Class Conflict and the Economic Revitalization of Harlem and Bronzeville, City & Community, vol.5, issue.1, pp.71-92, 2006.

D. Immergluck, Too little, too late, and too timid: The federal response to the foreclosure crisis at the five-year mark. Housing Policy Debate, vol.23, pp.199-232, 2013.

B. A. Jacobs and R. Wright, Street justice: Retaliation in the criminal underworld, 2006.

D. Jacobs and A. L. Jackson, On the politics of imprisonments: A review of systematic findings, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, vol.6, pp.129-149, 2010.

D. Jennings, Necessary evil: The business of nonprofits. Indy Week, 2006.

B. Jessop, Towards a Schumpeterian workfare state? Preliminary remarks on post-Fordist political economy. Studies in political economy, vol.40, pp.7-39, 1993.

F. Jobard, Propositions sur la théorie de la police, Champ pénal/Penal field, vol.9, 2012.

J. Jones and J. Schmitt, Update on Low-wage Workers, CEPR Blog, Center for Economic Policy and Research, 2014.

D. Kaeble, L. M. Maruschak, and T. P. Bonczar, Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Probation and Parole in the United States, 2014.

A. L. Kalleberg, B. F. Reskin, and K. Hudson, Bad jobs in America: Standard and nonstandard employment relations and job quality in the United States, American sociological review, pp.256-278, 2000.

M. Kasy, Who wins, who loses? Identification of the welfare impact of changing wages. Unpublished manuscript, 2017.

L. F. Katz and A. B. Krueger, The rise and nature of alternative work arrangements in the United States, 1995.

I. Katznelson, When affirmative action was white: An untold history of racial inequality in twentieth-century America, 2005.

J. Keller and A. .. Pearce, This small Indiana county sends more people to prison than San Francisco and Durham, N.C., combined. Why?, New York Times, 2016.

R. D. Kelley, Hammer and hoe: Alabama communists during the great depression, 1990.

G. L. Kelling and W. J. Bratton, Declining crime rates: Insiders' views of the New York City story, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, vol.88, issue.4, pp.1217-1232, 1973.

L. Kenworthy, Do Social-Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty ? A CrossNational Assessment, Social Forces, vol.77, issue.3, pp.1119-1139, 1999.

L. Kenworthy, Jobs with equality, 2008.

L. Kenworthy, Progress for the Poor, 2011.

L. Kenworthy and I. Marx, Work Poverty in the United States (No. 10638). IZA Discussion Papers, 2017.

M. Kleiman, When brute force fails: How to have less crime and less punishment, 2009.

J. Kohler-hausmann, Guns and butter: The welfare state, the carceral state, and the politics of exclusion in the postwar United States, Journal of American History, vol.102, issue.1, pp.87-99, 2015.

J. Kohler-hausmann, Getting Tough: Welfare and Imprisonment in 1970s America, 2017.

M. Konczal, The Hidden Welfare State and Private Sector Spending Coalitions. Rortybomb, 2011.

M. Konczal, The Violence of Eviction, Dissent. Summer, 2016.

W. Korpi, The democratic class struggle, 1983.

W. Korpi and J. Palme, The paradox of redistribution and strategies of equality: Welfare state institutions, inequality, and poverty in the Western countries, American sociological review, vol.63, issue.5, pp.661-687, 1998.

P. B. Kraska and V. E. Kappeler, Militarizing American police: The rise and normalization of paramilitary units, Social problems, vol.44, issue.1, pp.1-18, 1997.

M. Krause, The good project: humanitarian relief NGOs and the fragmentation of reason, 2014.

J. Krinsky and M. Simonet, Who Cleans the Park?: Public Work and Urban Governance, 2017.

N. Lacey, The prisoners' dilemma: political economy and punishment in contemporary democracies, 2008.

N. Lacey, Punishment, (Neo)Liberalism And Social Democracy, 2012.

N. Lacey and D. Soskice, Why are the Truly Disadvantaged American, When the UK is Bad Enough? A Political Economy Analysis of Local Autonomy in Criminal Justice, Education, Residential Zoning, LSE Legal Studies Working Paper, issue.11, 2013.

N. Lacey, D. Soskice, and D. Hope, Understanding the determinants of penal policy: crime, culture, and comparative political economy, Annual Review of Criminology, vol.1, pp.195-217, 2018.

G. Lafree, Declining Violent Crime Rates in the 1990s: Predicting Crime Booms and Busts, Annual Review of Sociology, vol.25, pp.145-68, 1999.

M. Lamotte, Du non-profit au for profit: vers un « floutage » de la notion de public, Lien social et Politiques, issue.76, pp.253-271, 2016.

T. Lappi-seppälä, Trust, welfare, and political culture: Explaining differences in national penal policies, Crime and Justice, vol.37, issue.1, pp.313-387, 2008.

T. Lappi-seppälä, Explaining imprisonment in Europe, European Journal of Criminology, vol.8, issue.4, pp.303-328, 2011.

T. Lappi-seppälä and M. Tonry, Crime, criminal justice, and criminology in the Nordic countries, Crime and Justice, vol.40, issue.1, pp.1-32, 2011.

B. A. Lee, K. A. Tyler, and J. D. Wright, The new homelessness revisited, Annual Review of Sociology, vol.36, p.501, 2010.

C. S. Lee and I. H. Koo, The welfare states and poverty. The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty, pp.709-732, 2016.

L. Lein, S. K. Danziger, H. L. Shaefer, and A. Tillotson, The Oxford handbook of the social science of poverty, pp.733-750

A. E. Lerman and V. Weaver, Staying out of sight? Concentrated policing and local political action, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.651, issue.1, pp.202-219, 2014.

C. Levi-strauss, The structural study of myth, Structural Anthropology, pp.206-231, 1963.

S. D. Levitt, Understanding why crime fell in the 1990s: Four factors that explain the decline and six that do not, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.18, issue.1, pp.163-190, 2004.

S. D. Levy, Collateral Consequences of Seeking Order through Disorder: New York's Narcotics Eviction Program, The. Harv. CRCLL Rev, vol.43, p.539, 2008.

R. C. Lieberman, Shifting the color line: Race and the American welfare state, 1998.

R. V. Liedka, A. M. Piehl, and B. Useem, The crime-control effect of incarceration: Does scale matter?, Criminology & Public Policy, vol.5, issue.2, pp.245-276, 2006.

E. N. Lindblom, Toward a comprehensive homeless-prevention strategy, Housing Policy Debate, vol.2, issue.3, pp.957-1025, 1991.

P. H. Lindert, Growing public: Volume 1, the story: Social spending and economic growth since the eighteenth century, vol.1, 2004.

P. H. Lindert and J. G. Williamson, English workers' living standards during the industrial revolution: a new look, Economic History Review, vol.36, issue.1, pp.1-25, 1983.

M. Lipsky and S. R. Smith, Nonprofits for hire: the welfare state in the age of contracting, 1993.

A. E. Liska and P. E. Bellair, Violent-crime rates and racial composition: Convergence over time, American journal of sociology, vol.101, issue.3, pp.578-610, 1995.
DOI : 10.1086/230754

J. Lu, Which nonprofit gets more government funding, Nonprofit Management and Leadership, vol.25, issue.3, pp.297-312, 2015.
DOI : 10.1002/nml.21124

S. Lubet, Interrogating Ethnography: Why Evidence Matters, 2017.

W. Luksetich, Government funding and nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, vol.37, pp.434-442, 2008.
DOI : 10.1177/0899764007310415

S. Machin and C. Meghir, Crime and economic incentives, Journal of Human Resources, vol.39, issue.4, pp.958-979, 2004.

J. Mahler, Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bronx is Burning: 1977, Baseball, Politics, and the Battle for the Soul of a City, 2006.

T. Main, Hard lessons on homelessness. The education of David Dinkins, City Journal. Summer, 1993.

K. Mallik-kane and C. A. Visher, Health and prisoner reentry: How physical, mental, and substance abuse conditions shape the process of reintegration, p.82, 2008.

H. Mannheim, Community policing as a drama of control. Community policing: Rhetoric or reality, Greene, pp.27-45, 1939.

P. K. Manning, Theorizing policing: The drama and myth of crime control in the NYPD, Theoretical criminology, vol.5, issue.3, pp.315-344, 2001.

F. Marical, M. M. Ercole, M. Vaalavuo, and G. Verbist, Publiclyprovided Services and the Distribution of Resources, Employment and Migration Working Papers, issue.45, 2006.

N. Marta, D. Perry, and A. Charlotte, The First Month Out: PostIncarceration Experiences, 1999.

N. P. Marwell, Privatizing the welfare state: Nonprofit Community based organizations as political actors, American Sociological Review, vol.69, pp.265-91, 2004.

N. P. Marwell, Bargaining for Brooklyn: Community Organizations in the Entrepreneurial City, 2007.

N. P. Marwell and A. Gullickson, Inequality in the spatial allocation of social services: Government contracts to nonprofit organizations in New York City, Social Service Review, vol.87, issue.2, pp.319-353, 2013.

N. P. Marwell and P. B. Mcinerney, The nonprofit/for-profit continuum: Theorizing the dynamics of mixed-form markets. Nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly, vol.34, pp.7-28, 2005.

I. Marx, S. Marchal, and B. Nolan, Mind the gap: net incomes of minimum wage workers in the EU and the US. Minimum income protection in the Flux. Discussion Paper series, Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit, issue.6510, 2012.

I. Marx, L. Salanauskaite, and G. Verbist, For the Poor, but Not Only the Poor: On Optimal Pro-Poorness in Redistributive Policies, Social Forces, vol.95, issue.1, pp.1-24, 2016.

K. Marx, , vol.1, 1867.

S. D. Mastrofski, Community policing: A skeptical view. Police innovation. Contrasting perspectives, pp.44-73, 2006.

W. Mcallister and G. Berlin, Policymaking and Caseload Dynamics: Homeless Shelters, ISERP Working Papers, pp.4-04, 2004.

D. Mcdowall and C. Loftin, Are US crime rate trends historically contingent?, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, vol.42, issue.4, pp.359-383, 2005.

D. Mcdowall and C. Loftin, Do US city crime rates follow a national trend? The influence of nationwide conditions on local crime patterns, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, vol.25, issue.3, pp.307-324, 2009.

A. H. Meltzer and S. F. Richard, A rational theory of the size of government, The Journal of Political Economy, vol.89, issue.5, pp.914-927, 1981.

D. O. Meltzer and Z. Chen, The impact of minimum wage rates on body weight in the United States, Economic aspects of obesity, pp.17-34, 2011.

S. F. Messner and E. P. Baumer, Stop, Question, and Assess: Comments on Rosenfeld and Fornango, Justice Quarterly, vol.31, issue.1, pp.123-128, 2014.

S. F. Messner and R. Rosenfeld, Political restraint of the market and levels of criminal homicide: A cross-national application of institutional-anomie theory, Social Forces, vol.75, issue.4, pp.1393-1416, 1997.

S. Metraux and C. , Homeless shelter use and reincarceration following prison release, Criminology & Public Policy, vol.3, issue.2, pp.139-160, 2004.

S. Metraux and D. P. Culhane, Recent incarceration history among a sheltered homeless population, Crime & Delinquency, vol.52, issue.3, pp.504-517, 2006.

S. Mettler, The submerged state: How invisible government policies undermine American democracy, 2011.

B. Milanovic, Global inequality, 2016.

R. Milkman, A. L. González, and P. Ikeler, Wage and hour violations in urban labour markets: a comparison of Los Angeles, Industrial Relations Journal, vol.43, issue.5, pp.378-398, 2012.

R. J. Miller, Devolving the carceral state: Race, prisoner reentry, and the micro-politics of urban poverty management, Punishment & Society, vol.16, issue.3, pp.305-335, 2014.

L. Mishel, J. Bivens, E. Gould, and H. Shierholz, The state of working America, 2012.

D. Mitchell, The annihilation of space by law: the roots and implications of anti-homeless laws in the United States, Antipode, vol.29, issue.3, pp.303-335, 1997.

N. H. Mock, Punishing the innocent: no-fault eviction of public housing tenants for the actions of third parties, Texas Law Review, vol.76, p.1495, 1997.

R. A. Moffitt and G. Pauley, Trends in the Distribution of Social Safety Net Support After the Great Recession, Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality, 2018.

R. Moffitt, Incentive effects of the US welfare system: A review, Journal of Economic Literature, vol.30, issue.1, pp.1-61, 1992.

R. A. Moffitt, Welfare programs and labor supply, Handbook of Public Economics, vol.4, pp.2393-2430, 2002.

L. Morsy and R. Rothstein, Mass incarceration and children's outcomes, 2016.

P. Moskos, Cop in the hood: My year policing Baltimore's eastern district, 2008.

J. E. Mosley, Keeping the lights on: How government funding concerns drive the advocacy agendas of nonprofit homeless service providers, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, vol.22, issue.4, pp.841-866, 2012.

D. P. Moynihan, The politics of a guaranteed income: The Nixon administration and the family assistance plan, 1973.

N. Murakawa, The first civil right: How liberals built prison America, 2014.

D. S. Nagin, The dynamics of disability: Measuring and monitoring disability for social security programs, Annual Review of Economics, vol.5, issue.1, pp.83-105, 2002.

D. Nelken, Denouncing the penal state, Criminology and Criminal Justice, vol.10, issue.4, pp.331-340, 2010.

N. , The Low-Wage Recovery: Industry Employment and Wages Four Years into the Recovery. National Employment Law Project data brief, Probe of Department of Homeless Services' Shelters for Families with Children Finds Serious Deficiencies, 2014.

, A Look at Why Families Were Granted Shelter, the Housing They Had Lived in & Where They Came From, 2002.

S. Nicholas and R. H. Steckel, Heights and living standards of English workers during the early years of industrializations, Journal of Economic History, vol.51, issue.04, pp.937-957, 1991.

, Stop-and-frisk during the Bloomberg administration, 2014.

J. O'connor, The Fiscal Crisis of the State, Journal of Urban Economics, vol.68, issue.3, pp.215-230, 1973.

A. Oberschall, The Los Angeles riot of, Social Problems, vol.15, issue.3, pp.322-341, 1965.

C. Offe, Contradictions of the Welfare State, 1984.

P. Oliver, Education, Poverty, and Rural vs, 2017.

D. Pager, The mark of a criminal record, American Journal of Sociology, vol.108, issue.5, pp.937-975, 2003.

D. Pager, B. Western, and N. Sugie, Sequencing disadvantage: Barriers to employment facing young black and white men with criminal records, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.623, issue.1, pp.195-213, 2009.

M. Parker, Against management: Organization in the age of managerialism, 2002.

M. Pattillo, Negotiating blackness, for richer or for poorer, Ethnography, vol.4, issue.1, pp.61-93, 2003.

M. Pattillo-mccoy, Church culture as a strategy of action in the black community, American Sociological Review, vol.63, issue.6, pp.767-784, 1998.

H. Périvier-timbeau, 10 ans après la réforme du Welfare américain. Lettre de l'OFCE, pp.1-4, 2007.

H. Périvier, Travaillez ou mariez-vous!. Travail, genre et sociétés, pp.45-62, 2012.

C. Perrow, A Society of Organizations, Theory and Society, vol.20, issue.6, pp.725-762, 1991.

J. Pfaff, Locked In: The True Causes of Mass Incarceration-and How to Achieve Real Reform, 2017.

M. S. Phelps, Rehabilitation in the punitive era: The gap between rhetoric and reality in US prison programs, Law & Society Review, vol.45, issue.1, pp.33-68, 2011.

K. Phillips-fein, Fear City: New York's Fiscal Crisis and the Rise of Austerity Politics, 2017.

J. R. Pierce and P. K. Schott, The surprisingly swift decline of US manufacturing employment, The American Economic Review, vol.106, issue.7, pp.1632-1662, 2016.

J. R. Pierce and P. K. Schott, Trade liberalization and mortality: Evidence from US counties (No. w22849), National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016.

T. Piketty, Collateral consequences of criminal convictions: Confronting issues of race and dignity, New York University Law Review, vol.85, p.457, 2010.

F. F. Piven and R. Cloward, Regulating the poor: The functions of public welfare, 1971.

K. Polanyi, The great transformation, 1944.

D. G. Pope and J. C. Pope, Crime and property values: Evidence from the 1990s crime drop, Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol.42, issue.1, pp.177-188, 2012.

R. A. Posner, An economic theory of the criminal law, Columbia Law Review, vol.85, issue.6, pp.1193-1231, 1985.

J. Pratt, Scandinavian exceptionalism in an era of penal excess part I: the nature and roots of scandinavian exceptionalism, British Journal of Criminology, vol.48, issue.2, pp.119-137, 2008.

J. Pratt and A. Eriksson, Contrasts in punishment. An explanation of Anglophone excess and Nordic exceptionalism, 2002.

G. Procacci, Gouverner la misère. La question sociale en France, pp.1789-1848, 1993.

M. Ravallion, The idea of antipoverty policy (No. w19210), 2013.

J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice, 1971.

C. A. Reich, Midnight welfare searches and the Social Security Act, Yale Law Journal, vol.72, issue.7, pp.1347-1360, 1963.

C. A. Reich, The New Property, Yale Law Journal, vol.73, issue.5, pp.733-787, 1964.

C. M. Renzetti, One Strike and You're Out" Implications of a Federal Crime Control Policy for Battered Women, Violence Against Women, vol.7, issue.6, pp.685-698, 2001.

J. Rieder, Canarsie. The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against Liberalism, 1985.

V. M. Rios, Punished: Policing the lives of Black and Latino boys, 2011.

D. Roberts, How Cruel was the Victorian Poor Law?, Historical Journal, vol.6, issue.01, pp.97-107, 1963.

R. S. Rodney, Am I my Mother's Keeper-The Case against the Use of Juvenile Arrest Records in One-Strike Public Housing Evictions, Northwestern University Law Review, vol.98, issue.2, pp.739-772, 2003.

F. Römer, Generous to all or 'insiders only'? The relationship between welfare state generosity and immigrant welfare rights, Journal of European Social Policy, vol.27, issue.2, pp.173-196, 2017.

R. Rosenfeld and R. Fornango, The impact of police stops on precinct robbery and burglary rates in, vol.31, pp.96-122, 2003.

P. H. Rossi, Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness, 1991.

J. Rothstein, Is the EITC as Good as an NIT? Conditional Cash Transfers and Tax Incidence, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, vol.2, pp.177-208, 2010.

J. S. Rugh and D. S. Massey, Racial segregation and the American foreclosure crisis, American sociological review, vol.75, issue.5, pp.629-651, 2010.

G. Rusche, Prison revolts or social policy lessons from America, Crime and social justice, issue.13, pp.41-44, 1930.

G. Rusche, Labor market and penal sanction: Thoughts on the sociology of criminal justice, Crime and Social Justice, issue.10, pp.2-8, 1933.

G. Rusche and O. Kirchheimer, Punishment and social structure, 1939.

D. Sabbagh, Equality and Transparency: A Strategic Perspective on Affirmative Action in American Law, 2007.

L. M. Salamon, Of market failure, voluntary failure, and third-party government: Toward a theory of government-nonprofit relations in the modern welfare state. Nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly, vol.16, pp.29-49, 1987.

R. J. Sampson, Great American city: Chicago and the enduring neighborhood effect, 2012.

D. A. Sandoval, M. R. Rank, and T. A. Hirschl, The increasing risk of poverty across the American life course, Demography, vol.46, issue.4, pp.717-737, 2009.

J. Savage, R. R. Bennett, and M. Danner, Economic assistance and crime: A cross-national investigation, European Journal of Criminology, vol.5, issue.2, pp.217-238, 2008.

E. S. Savas, Competition and Choice in New York City's Social Services, Public Administration Review, vol.62, issue.1, pp.82-91, 2002.

J. J. Savelsberg, Knowledge, domination, and criminal punishment, American Journal of Sociology, vol.99, issue.4, pp.911-943, 1994.

W. Scheidel, The great leveler: Violence and the history of inequality from the stone age to the twenty-first century, 2017.

N. Scheper-hughes, Death without weeping. The violence of everyday life in Brazil, 1992.

N. Scheper-hughes, Death Squads and Vigilante Politics of Violence in Democratic Northeast Brazil. Pp. 266-304 in Violence at the Urban Margins, 2015.

M. D. Schlager and K. Robbins, Does Parole Work?-Revisited Reframing the Discussion of the Impact of Postprison Supervision on Offender Outcome, Prison Journal, vol.88, issue.2, pp.234-251, 2008.

H. Schmid, The role of nonprofit human service organizations in providing social services: A prefatory essay, Administration in Social Work, vol.28, issue.3-4, pp.1-21, 2004.

J. Schmitt, K. Warner, and S. Gupta, The high budgetary cost of incarceration, 2010.

E. Schnapper, Affirmative action and the legislative history of the Fourteenth Amendment, Virginia Law Review, vol.71, issue.5, pp.753-798, 1985.

J. Schuetz, V. Been, and I. G. Ellen, Neighborhood effects of concentrated mortgage foreclosures, Journal of Housing Economics, vol.17, issue.4, pp.306-319, 2008.

A. E. Schwartz, S. Susin, and I. Voicu, Has falling crime driven New York City's real estate boom?, Journal of Housing Research, vol.14, issue.1, p.101, 2003.

A. Sen, Poor, relatively speaking, vol.35, pp.153-169, 1983.

C. Shapiro and M. Schwartz, Coming home: Building on family connections, Corrections Management Quarterly, vol.5, issue.3, pp.52-61, 2001.

P. Sharkey, Uneasy Peace: The Great Crime Decline, the Renewal of City Life, and the Next War on Violence, Journal of Urban Economics, vol.102, pp.22-33, 2017.

P. Sharkey, G. Torrats-espinosa, and D. Takyar, Community and the Crime Decline: The Causal Effect of Local Nonprofits on Violent Crime, American Sociological Review, vol.82, issue.6, pp.1214-1240, 2017.

A. B. Shlay and P. H. Rossi, Social science research and contemporary studies of homelessness, Annual Review of Sociology, vol.18, pp.129-160, 1992.

E. W. Sieh, Less eligibility: The upper limits of penal policy, Criminal Justice Policy Review, vol.3, issue.2, pp.159-183, 1989.

J. Simon, Poor discipline. Parole and the social control of the underclass, pp.1890-1990, 1993.

M. L. Small, De-Exoticizing Ghetto Poverty: On the Ethics of Representation in Urban Ethnography, City & Community, vol.14, issue.4, pp.352-358, 2015.

P. S. Smith, A critical look at Scandinavian exceptionalism: welfare state theories, penal populism and prison conditions in Denmark and Scandinavia, 2011.

P. M. Solar, Poor relief and English economic development before the industrial revolution, Economic History Review, vol.48, issue.1, pp.1-22, 1995.

M. R. Somers and F. Block, From poverty to perversity: Ideas, markets, and institutions over 200 years of welfare debate, American Sociological Review, vol.70, issue.2, pp.260-287, 2005.

J. Soss, R. C. Fording, and S. Schram, Disciplining the poor: Neoliberal paternalism and the persistent power of race, 2011.

J. Soss and V. Weaver, Learning from Ferguson Welfare, Criminal Justice, and the Political Science of Race and Class, The Double Bind: The Politics of Racial and Class Inequalities in the Americas, A Report of the Task Force on Racial and Social Class, 2016.

A. Stanziani, Serfs, slaves, or wage earners? The legal status of labour in Russia from a comparative perspective, from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century, Journal of Global History, vol.3, issue.2, pp.183-202, 2008.

A. Stanziani, The Traveling Panopticon: Labor Institutions and Labor Practices in Russia and Britain in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol.51, issue.4, pp.715-741, 2009.

J. I. Stowell, S. F. Messner, K. F. Mcgeever, and L. E. Raffalovich, Immigration and the recent violent crime drop in the united states: a pooled, cross-sectional time-series analysis of metropolitan areas, Criminology, vol.47, issue.3, pp.889-928, 2009.

F. Stuart, Becoming "Copwise": Policing, Culture, and the Collateral Consequences of Street-Level Criminalization, Law & Society Review, vol.50, issue.2, pp.279-313, 2016.

T. J. Sugrue, The origins of the urban crisis: Race and inequality in postwar Detroit, 1996.

E. Sullivan, M. Mino, K. Nelson, and J. Pope, Families as a resource in recovery from drug abuse: An evaluation of La Bodega de la Familia, 2002.

J. Surowiecki, The Pay is Too Damn Low, 2013.

B. L. Sykes and A. Geller, Mass Incarceration and the Underground Economy in America, unpublished manuscript, 2016.

L. Tach and K. Edin, The Social Safety Net after Welfare Reform: Recent Developments and Consequences for Household Dynamics, Annual Review of Sociology, vol.43, pp.541-561, 2017.

J. Tenbroek, California's dual system of family law: Its origin, development, and present status, Stanford Law Review, vol.17, pp.257-317, 1964.

W. Thabit, How East New York Became a Ghetto, 2003.

D. Thacher, The rise of criminal background screening in rental housing, Law & Social Inquiry, vol.33, issue.1, pp.5-30, 2008.

G. Therborn, The killing fields of inequality, 2014.

C. Thery, Larry's clique. The informal side of the housing market in low-income minority neighborhoods, PhD Dissertation, Journal of American History, vol.97, issue.3, pp.703-734, 2010.

R. M. Titmuss, , 1950.

M. Tonry, Explanations of American punishment policies: A national history, Punishment & Society, vol.11, issue.3, pp.377-394, 2009.

M. Tonry, Why crime rates are falling throughout the Western world, Crime and Justice, vol.43, issue.1, pp.1-63, 2014.

M. H. Tonry, Sentencing fragments: Penal reform in America, pp.1975-2025, 2016.

R. Trojanowicz, An Evaluation of the Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program in Flint, 1982.

S. Tsemberis and R. F. Eisenberg, Pathways to housing: Supported housing for street-dwelling homeless individuals with psychiatric disabilities, Psychiatric services, vol.51, issue.4, pp.487-93, 2000.

T. R. Tyler, Policing in black and white: Ethnic group differences in trust and confidence in the police, Police quarterly, vol.8, issue.3, pp.322-342, 2005.

, National Compensation Survey: Employee Benefits in the United States, Bulletin, vol.2785, 2016.

, Penal exceptionalism?: Nordic prison policy and practice, 2011.

C. Uggen and J. Manza, Democratic contraction? Political consequences of felon disenfranchisement in the United States, American Sociological Review, vol.67, issue.6, pp.777-803, 2002.

J. D. Unnever and S. L. Gabbidon, A theory of African American offending: Race, racism, and crime, 2011.

M. H. Van-leeuwen, Logic of charity: poor relief in preindustrial Europe, Journal of interdisciplinary history, pp.589-613, 1994.

W. Van-oorschot, Non-take-up of social security benefits in Europe, Journal of European social policy, vol.1, issue.1, pp.15-30, 1991.

P. Van-parijs and Y. Vanderborght, Basic income: A radical proposal for a free society and a sane economy, 2017.

M. B. Vélez and K. Richardson, The political economy of neighbourhood homicide in Chicago: The role of bank investment, British Journal of Criminology, vol.52, issue.3, pp.490-513, 2012.

A. Villarreal, Fear and spectacular drug violence in Monterrey, pp.135-161, 2015.

C. A. Visher and J. Travis, Transitions from prison to community: Understanding individual pathways, Annual review of sociology, vol.29, pp.89-113, 2003.

V. Hoffman and A. , House by house, block by block: the rebirth of America's urban neighborhoods, 2004.

L. Wacquant, Deadly symbiosis: When ghetto and prison meet and mesh, vol.3, pp.95-133, 1999.

L. Wacquant, The penalisation of poverty and the rise of neo-liberalism, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, vol.9, issue.4, pp.401-412, 2001.

L. Wacquant, Punishing the poor: The neoliberal government of social insecurity, 2009.

L. Wacquant, Prisoner reentry as myth and ceremony, Dialectical Anthropology, vol.34, issue.4, pp.605-620, 2010.

L. J. Wacquant, Three pernicious premises in the study of the American ghetto, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol.21, issue.2, pp.341-353, 1997.

T. Wadsworth, Is immigration responsible for the crime drop? An assessment of the influence of immigration on changes in violent crime between, Social Science Quarterly, vol.91, issue.2, pp.531-553, 1990.

R. D. Waldinger, Still the promised city?: African-Americans and new immigrants in postindustrial, 1996.

R. Waldinger and M. I. Lichter, How the other half works: Immigration and the social organization of labor, 2003.

J. Waldron, Homelessness and the issue of freedom, UCLA Law Review, vol.39, pp.295-324, 1991.

D. A. Ward, Inmate rights and prison reform in Sweden and Denmark, Criminology, and Police Science, vol.63, issue.2, pp.240-255, 1972.

P. Warin, Le non-recours au RSA : des éléments de comparaison, Odenore, 2011.

S. C. Watkins, A. Swidler, and T. Hannan, Outsourcing social transformation: development NGOs as organizations, Annual Review of Sociology, vol.38, pp.285-315, 2012.

V. M. Weaver, Frontlash: Race and the development of punitive crime policy. Studies in American political development, vol.21, pp.230-265, 2007.

P. Wehner and Y. Levin, Crime, Drugs, Welfare-and Other Good News, Commentary, vol.124, issue.5, pp.19-24, 2007.

B. A. Weisbrod, The nonprofit economy, 1988.

B. A. Weisbrod, The voluntary nonprofit sector: An economic analysis, 1977.

D. Weisburd, C. W. Telep, and B. A. Lawton, Could innovations in policing have contributed to the New York City crime drop even in a period of declining police strength?: The case of stop, question and frisk as a hot spots policing strategy, Justice Quarterly, vol.31, issue.1, pp.129-153, 2014.

D. Weisburd, A. Wooditch, S. Weisburd, and S. M. Yang, Do Stop, Question, and Frisk Practices Deter Crime?, Criminology & Public Policy, vol.15, issue.1, pp.31-56, 2016.
DOI : 10.1111/1745-9133.12172

H. Wen, J. M. Hockenberry, and J. R. Cummings, The effect of Medicaid expansion on crime reduction: Evidence from HIFA-waiver expansions, Journal of Public Economics, vol.154, pp.67-94, 2017.

B. Western, The impact of incarceration on wage mobility and inequality, American Sociological Review, pp.526-546, 2002.

B. Western and K. Beckett, How unregulated is the US labor market? The penal system as a labor market institution, American Journal of Sociology, vol.104, issue.4, pp.1030-60, 1999.

B. Western and J. Rosenfeld, Unions, norms, and the rise in US wage inequality, American Sociological Review, vol.76, issue.4, pp.513-537, 2011.

B. Western, D. Bloome, B. Sosnaud, and L. Tach, Economic insecurity and social stratification, Annual Review of Sociology, vol.38, pp.341-359, 2012.

A. White, Creating Collective Capacity: New York City's Social Infrastructure and Neighborhood-Centered Services, Toward a 21st Century City for All: Progressive Policies for New York City in 2013 and Beyond, 2013.

M. D. White, The New York City Police Department, its crime control strategies and organizational changes, Justice Quarterly, vol.31, issue.1, pp.74-95, 1970.

J. Q. Whitman, Harsh justice: Criminal punishment and the widening divide between America and Europe, 2003.

C. Wildeman, Parental imprisonment, the prison boom, and the concentration of childhood disadvantage, Demography, vol.46, issue.2, pp.265-280, 2009.

R. G. Wilkinson and K. Pickett, The spirit level: Why more equal societies almost always do better, 2009.

M. R. Williams, J. E. Holcomb, T. V. Kovandzic, and S. Bullock, Policing for profit: The abuse of civil asset forfeiture, 2010.

W. James, J. Stephen, D. Mastrofski, and D. Weisburd, Making Sense of COMPSTAT: A Theory-Based Analysis of Organizational Change in Three Police Departments, Law and Society Review, vol.41, issue.1, pp.147-188, 2007.

J. Q. Wilson, Thinking About Crime, Vintage, 1975.

J. Q. Wilson and G. Kelling, Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety, Atlantic Monthly, vol.249, issue.3, pp.29-38, 1982.

W. J. Wilson, The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and social policy, 1987.

W. J. Wilson and R. Aponte, Urban poverty, Annual Review of Sociology, vol.11, pp.231-258, 1985.

Y. L. Wong, D. P. Culhane, and R. Kuhn, Predictors of exit and reentry among family shelter users in New York City, Social Service Review, vol.71, issue.3, pp.441-462, 1997.

E. Wyly, K. Newman, A. Schafran, and E. Lee, Displacing New York, Environment and Planning A, vol.42, issue.11, pp.2602-2623, 2010.

F. E. Zimring, The city that became safe: New York's lessons for urban crime and its control, 2011.

M. Zmora, Between Rucker and a Hard Place: The Due Process Void for Section 8 Voucher Holders in No-Fault Evictions, Northwestern University Law Review, vol.103, issue.4, pp.1961-1991, 2009.