C. Chauvigné and J. L. Coulet, approche par compétences : un nouveau paradigme pour la pédagogie universitaire ? Revue française de pédagogie Recherches en éducation, 15 juill, issue.172, pp.15-28, 2010.

T. De-l-'apprentissage-theories_apprentissage, pdf [Internet]. [cité 3 juin 2017 Disponible sur

L. Vygotsky, Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes, 1980.

P. Joëlle and . Bruner, Jérôme S.). ? Le Développement de l'enfant : savoir faire, savoir dire. Revue française de pédagogie, pp.79-80, 1985.

F. Bilotta, S. Werner, S. Bergese, and G. Rosa, Impact and Implementation of Simulation-Based Training for Safety, The Scientific World Journal, vol.79, issue.10, p.652956, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318254cf41

S. Boet, J. Granry, and G. Savoldelli, La simulation en santé: De la théorie à la pratique, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/978-2-8178-0469-9

, From Visual Simulation to Virtual Reality to Games [Internet]. [cité 12 juin 2017]. Disponible sur: https://www.researchgate.net/publication

C. Abt, . Serious, and . Games, , 0200.

C. Lelardeux, . Serious, . Game, and . Simulateur, Serious play : état de l'art pour la formation en santé (PDF Download Available) [Internet]. [cité 12 juin 2017]. Disponible sur: https://www.researchgate

L. Jeux, -. Les-hommes-folio-essais-folio, and . Gallimard,

, Simulation Versus Narrative: Introduction to Ludology [Internet]. ResearchGate. [cité 12 juin 2017]. Disponible sur

, Disponible sur: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283846840_Une_taxinomie_des_Serious_Gam es_dedies_au_secteur_de_la_sante?, Une taxinomie des Serious Games dédiés au secteur de la santé (PDF Download Available) [Internet]. [cité 12 juin 2017]

. La-simulation-en-ergonomie, . Connaître, A. Et-interagir-pascal-béguin, and C. Weill-fassina,

D. Gaba, S. Howard, K. Fish, B. Smith, and Y. Sowb, Simulation-Based Training in Anesthesia Crisis Resource Management (ACRM): A Decade of Experience, Simulation & Gaming, vol.39, issue.7, pp.175-93, 2001.
DOI : 10.1177/1046878192232006

A. Ziv, P. Wolpe, S. Small, and S. Glick, Simulation-Based Medical Education, Academic Medicine, vol.78, issue.8, pp.783-791, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00001888-200308000-00006

R. Bordier, L. Guérin, and J. Nussbaumer, Compte rendu du colloque sur l'ingénierie numérique organisé, le 25 novembre 2011, par l'Académie des Technologies, le Conseil Économique, Social et Environnemental et le Conseil général de l'Industrie, de l'Énergie et des Technologies, A synopsis of the symposium on digital engineering, organized on 25 November 2011 by the Académie des Technologies, the Conseil Général de l’Industrie, de l’Énergie et des Technologies and the Conseil &#201, pp.117-142

J. Clostermann, La Conduite du navire marchand: Facteurs humains dans une activité à risques, 2014.

B. Dunkin, G. Adrales, K. Apelgren, and J. Mellinger, Surgical simulation: a current review, Surgical Endoscopy, vol.86, issue.3, pp.357-66, 2007.
DOI : 10.1001/archsurg.1997.01430260098021

S. Kapoor, P. Arora, V. Kapoor, M. Jayachandran, and M. Tiwari, Haptics ??? Touchfeedback Technology Widening the Horizon of Medicine, JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, vol.8, issue.3, pp.294-303, 2014.
DOI : 10.7860/JCDR/2014/7814.4191

G. Buck, Development of simulators in medical education, Gesnerus, vol.48, issue.1, pp.7-28, 1991.

D. Escobar-castillejos, J. Noguez, L. Neri, A. Magana, and B. Benes, A Review of Simulators with Haptic Devices for Medical Training, Journal of Medical Systems, vol.2, issue.3, p.104, 2016.
DOI : 10.1109/WHC.2011.5945524

J. Le-traité-de-la-réalité-virtuellealain-berthoz and . Vercher,

J. Beaubien and D. Baker, The use of simulation for training teamwork skills in health care: how low can you go? Qual Saf Health Care, oct, vol.13, issue.1, pp.51-57, 2004.

, A Handbook of Flight Simulation Fidelity Requirements for Human Factors Research [Internet]. [cité 16 juin 2017] Disponible sur: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235206764_A_Handbook_of_Flight_Simulati on_Fidelity_Requirements_for_Human_Factors_Research 26 Simulation et jeu de simulation : outils éducatifs appliqués à la santé, Base documentaire | BDSP [Internet]. [cité 26 juin 2017]. Disponible sur

R. Scalese, V. Obeso, and S. Issenberg, Simulation Technology for Skills Training and Competency Assessment in Medical Education, Journal of General Internal Medicine, vol.91, issue.2, pp.46-55, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-010-0462-6_20

E. Cohen, J. Feinglass, J. Barsuk, C. Barnard, O. Donnell et al., Cost Savings From Reduced Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection After Simulation-Based Education for Residents in a Medical Intensive Care Unit, Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare, vol.5, issue.2, pp.98-102, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/SIH.0b013e3181bc8304

L. Sutherland, P. Middleton, A. Anthony, J. Hamdorf, P. Cregan et al., Surgical Simulation, Annals of Surgery, vol.243, issue.3, pp.291-300, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.sla.0000200839.93965.26

S. Perry, S. Bridges, and M. Burrow, A Review of the Use of Simulation in Dental Education, Simulation in Healthcare: Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare, vol.10, issue.1, pp.31-38, 2015.
DOI : 10.1097/SIH.0000000000000059

L. Sinistralité-en-implantologie-repart-fortement-À-la-hausse, Disponible sur: http://www.information-dentaire.fr/articles/2442/La-sinistralite-en- implantologie-repart-fortement-a-la-hausse, 2017.

E. Salas, J. Cannon-bowers, and E. Blickensderfer, Team Performance and Training Research: Emerging Principles, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, vol.83, issue.2, pp.81-106, 1993.

P. Rhienmora, P. Haddawy, P. Khanal, S. Suebnukarn, and M. Dailey, A Virtual Reality Simulator for Teaching and Evaluating Dental Procedures, Methods of Information in Medicine, vol.49, issue.4, pp.396-405, 2010.
DOI : 10.3414/ME9310

G. Gal, E. Weiss, N. Gafni, and A. Ziv, Preliminary assessment of faculty and student perception of a haptic virtual reality simulator for training dental manual dexterity, J Dent Educ. avr, vol.75, issue.4, pp.496-504, 2011.

J. Diego, The feasibility of capturing learner interactions based on logs informed by eye-tracking and remote observation studies Disponible sur: https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-feasibility-of-capturing-learner- interactions-based-on-logs-informed-by-eyetracking-and-remote-observation- studies, Journal of Interactive Media in Education, pp.0-33035, 2009.

D. Joseph, J. Jehl, P. Maureira, C. Perrenot, N. Miller et al., Relative Contribution of Haptic Technology to Assessment and Training in Implantology, BioMed Research International, vol.76, issue.10, p.413951, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1743-498X.2007.00138.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01292129

P. Pohlenz, A. Gröbe, A. Petersik, N. Sternberg, B. Pflesser et al., Virtual dental surgery as a new educational tool in dental school, Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, vol.38, issue.8, pp.560-564, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcms.2010.02.011

C. Luciano, P. Banerjee, and T. Defanti, Haptics-based virtual reality periodontal training simulator, Virtual Reality, vol.37, issue.Suppl, pp.69-85, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10055-009-0112-7

J. Rees, S. Jenkins, T. James, P. Dummer, S. Bryant et al., An initial evaluation of virtual reality simulation in teaching pre-clinical operative dentistry in a UK setting, Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. juin, vol.15, issue.2, pp.89-92, 2007.

J. Zheng, X. Cao, Y. Lin, J. Zhang, and X. Feng, An introduction of DentSim in preclinical dental training and practice], Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. déc, vol.23, issue.6, pp.749-54, 2014.

A. Welk, M. Maggio, J. Simon, M. Scarbecz, J. Harrison et al., Computerassisted learning and simulation lab with 40 DentSim units, Int J Comput Dent, vol.11, issue.1, pp.17-40, 2008.

W. Hollis, L. Darnell, and T. Hottel, Computer assisted learning: a new paradigm in dental education, J Tenn Dent Assoc, vol.91, issue.4, pp.14-18, 2011.

A. Welk, C. Splieth, M. Rosin, B. Kordass, and G. Meyer, DentSim -a future teaching option for dentists, Int J Comput Dent. avr, vol.7, issue.2, pp.123-153, 2004.

E. Wierinck, V. Puttemans, S. Swinnen, and D. Van-steenberghe, Effect of augmented visual feedback from a virtual reality simulation system on manual dexterity training, European Journal of Dental Education, vol.16, issue.1, pp.10-16, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-9457(97)00020-1

E. Wierinck, V. Puttemans, and D. Van-steenberghe, Effect of reducing frequency of augmented feedback on manual dexterity training and its retention, Journal of Dentistry, vol.34, issue.9, pp.641-648, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdent.2005.12.005

E. Wierinck, V. Puttemans, and D. Van-steenberghe, Effect of tutorial input in addition to augmented feedback on manual dexterity training and its retention, European Journal of Dental Education, vol.23, issue.1, pp.24-31, 2006.
DOI : 10.1037/0278-7393.16.4.706

H. Kikuchi, M. Ikeda, and K. Araki, Evaluation of a virtual reality simulation system for porcelain fused to metal crown preparation at Tokyo Medical and Dental University, J Dent Educ. juin, vol.77, issue.6, pp.782-92, 2013.

J. Buchanan, Experience with virtual reality-based technology in teaching restorative dental procedures, J Dent Educ. déc, vol.68, issue.12, pp.1258-65, 2004.

A. Welk, C. Splieth, D. Seyer, M. Rosin, M. Siemer et al., German dental faculty attitudes towards computer-assisted simulation systems correlated with personal and professional profiles, European Journal of Dental Education, vol.54, issue.2, pp.87-95, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.bdj.4800271a

M. Chen, Z. Su, T. Wu, T. Shieh, and C. Chiang, Influence of Dentistry Students??? e-Learning Satisfaction: A Questionnaire Survey, Journal of Medical Systems, vol.35, issue.8, pp.1595-603, 2011.
DOI : 10.1287/mnsc.35.8.982

M. Lackey, One year's experience with virtual reality preclinical laboratory simulation at the University of Tennessee, Int J Comput Dent. avr, vol.7, issue.2, pp.131-172, 2004.

Y. Yasukawa, The effectiveness of cavity preparation training using a virtual reality simulation system with or without feedback], Kokubyo Gakkai Zasshi. juin, vol.76, issue.2, pp.73-80, 2009.

R. Linke, A. Leichtle, F. Sheikh, C. Schmidt, H. Frenzel et al., Assessment of skills using a virtual reality temporal bone surgery simulator, Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica. août, vol.33, pp.273-81, 2013.

G. Reddy-kolanu and D. Alderson, Evaluating the effectiveness of the Voxel-Man TempoSurg virtual reality simulator in facilitating learning mastoid surgery, The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, vol.93, issue.3, pp.205-213, 2011.
DOI : 10.1308/003588411X56598

A. Arora, S. Khemani, N. Tolley, A. Singh, J. Budge et al., Face and Content Validation of a Virtual Reality Temporal Bone Simulator, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, vol.125, issue.3, pp.497-503, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/lary.21287

B. Tolsdorff, A. Petersik, B. Pflesser, A. Pommert, U. Tiede et al., Individual models for virtual bone drilling in mastoid surgery, Computer Aided Surgery, vol.2, issue.1, pp.21-28, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/01.mlg.0000248246.09498.b4

URL : http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/10929080903040540?needAccess=true

S. Arndt, R. Beck, C. Schild, T. D. Grauvogel, R. Laszig et al., Management of cochlear implantation in patients with malformations, Clinical Otolaryngology, vol.25, issue.Suppl.1, pp.220-227, 2010.
DOI : 10.1179/cim.2009.10.Supplement-1.14

S. Khemani, A. Arora, A. Singh, N. Tolley, and A. Darzi, Objective Skills Assessment and Construct Validation of a Virtual Reality Temporal Bone Simulator, Otology & Neurotology, vol.33, issue.7, pp.1225-1256, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31825e7977

K. Abou-elhamd, A. Al-sultan, and U. Rashad, Simulation in ENT medical education, The Journal of Laryngology & Otology, vol.39, issue.03, pp.237-241, 2010.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2001-15079

H. Francis, M. Malik, D. V. Varela, D. Barffour, M. Chien et al., Technical skills improve after practice on virtual-reality temporal bone simulator. The Laryngoscope, pp.1385-91, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/lary.22378

M. Zirkle, D. Roberson, R. Leuwer, and A. Dubrowski, Using a Virtual Reality Temporal Bone Simulator to Assess Otolaryngology Trainees. The Laryngoscope. 1 févr, pp.258-63, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/01.mlg.0000248246.09498.b4

A. Arora, C. Swords, S. Khemani, Z. Awad, A. Darzi et al., Virtual reality case-specific rehearsal in temporal bone surgery: A preliminary evaluation, International Journal of Surgery, vol.12, issue.2, pp.141-146, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijsu.2013.11.019

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2013.11.019

N. Von-sternberg, M. Bartsch, A. Petersik, J. Wiltfang, W. Sibbersen et al., Learning by doing virtually, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, vol.36, issue.5, pp.386-90, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijom.2006.12.016

S. Diego, J. Newton, T. Quinn, B. Cox, M. Woolford et al., Levels of agreement between student and staff assessments of clinical skills in performing cavity preparation in artificial teeth, European Journal of Dental Education, vol.89, issue.1, pp.58-64, 2014.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-199807000-00005

A. Steinberg, P. Bashook, J. Drummond, S. Ashrafi, and M. Zefran, Assessment of faculty perception of content validity of PerioSim, a haptic-3D virtual reality dental training simulator, J Dent Educ. déc, vol.71, issue.12, pp.1574-82, 2007.

T. Tanzawa, K. Futaki, C. Tani, T. Hasegawa, M. Yamamoto et al., Introduction of a robot patient into dental education, European Journal of Dental Education, vol.18, issue.1, pp.195-199, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/0300-5712(90)90025-A

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0579.2011.00697.x/pdf

V. Leblanc, A. Urbankova, F. Hadavi, and R. Lichtenthal, A preliminary study in using virtual reality to train dental students, J Dent Educ. mars, vol.68, issue.3, pp.378-83, 2004.

S. Koole, S. Vandeweghe, N. Mattheos, D. Bruyn, and H. , Europe: 5 years after the Association for Dental Education in Europe consensus report

, Eur J Dent Educ. 1 mars, vol.18, pp.43-51, 2014.

A. Plasschaert, M. Manogue, C. Lindh, J. Mcloughlin, H. Murtomaa et al., Curriculum content, structure and ECTS for European dental schools. Part II: methods of learning and teaching, assessment procedures and performance criteria, European Journal of Dental Education, vol.3, issue.3, pp.125-161, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0579.2005.00379.x

URL : https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1600-0579.2007.00445.x

Y. Okuda, E. Bryson, S. Demaria, . Jr, L. Jacobson et al., The Utility of Simulation in Medical Education: What Is the Evidence?, Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine, vol.15, issue.4, pp.330-373, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/01.AOG.0000265208.16659.c9

E. Eve, S. Koo, A. Alshihri, J. Cormier, M. Kozhenikov et al., Performance of Dental Students Versus Prosthodontics Residents on a 3D Immersive Haptic Simulator, J Dent Educ. 4 janv, vol.78, issue.4, pp.630-637, 2014.

G. Ben-gal, E. Weiss, N. Gafni, and A. Ziv, Testing manual dexterity using a virtual reality simulator: reliability and validity, European Journal of Dental Education, vol.70, issue.3, pp.138-142, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00464-005-0054-4

I. Marras, N. Nikolaidis, G. Mikrogeorgis, K. Lyroudia, and I. Pitas, A virtual system for cavity preparation in endodontics, J Dent Educ. avr, vol.72, issue.4, pp.494-502, 2008.

S. Suebnukarn, P. Haddawy, P. Rhienmora, P. Jittimanee, and P. Viratket, Augmented kinematic feedback from haptic virtual reality for dental skill acquisition, J Dent Educ. déc, vol.74, issue.12, pp.1357-66, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.joen.2009.09.020

P. Pohlenz, A. Gröbe, A. Petersik, N. Sternberg, B. Pflesser et al., Virtual dental surgery as a new educational tool in dental school, Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, vol.38, issue.8, pp.560-564, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcms.2010.02.011

D. Leong, H. Chan, C. Yeh, N. Takarakis, J. Fu et al., Risk of Lingual Plate Perforation During Implant Placement in the Posterior Mandible: A Human Cadaver Study, Implant Dentistry, vol.20, issue.5, pp.360-363, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/ID.0b013e3182263555

I. Ioannou, E. Kazmierczak, L. Stern, A. Smith, L. Wise et al., Towards defining dental drilling competence, part 1: a study of bone drilling technique, J Dent Educ. sept, vol.74, issue.9, pp.931-971, 2010.

I. Ioannou, L. Stern, E. Kazmierczak, A. Smith, and L. Wise, Towards defining dental drilling competence, part 2: a study of cues and factors in bone drilling, J Dent Educ. sept, vol.74, issue.9, pp.941-50, 2010.

C. Perrenot, M. Perez, N. Tran, J. Jehl, J. Felblinger et al., The virtual reality simulator dV-Trainer?? is a valid assessment tool for robotic surgical skills, Surgical Endoscopy, vol.17, issue.10, pp.2587-93, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2011.04.064

M. Perez, C. Perrenot, N. Tran, G. Hossu, J. Felblinger et al., Prior experience in micro-surgery may improve the surgeon's performance in robotic surgical training, The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, vol.6, issue.2, pp.351-359, 2013.
DOI : 10.1037/0003-066X.40.4.385

R. Fanning and D. Gaba, The Role of Debriefing in Simulation-Based Learning, Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare, vol.2, issue.2, pp.115-140, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/SIH.0b013e3180315539

URL : https://pdfs.journals.lww.com/simulationinhealthcare/2007/00220/The_Role_of_Debriefing_in_Simulation_Based.7.pdf?token=method|ExpireAbsolute;source|Journals;ttl|1517276741280;payload|mY8D3u1TCCsNvP5E421JYK6N6XICDamxByyYpaNzk7FKjTaa1Yz22MivkHZqjGP4kdS2v0J76WGAnHACH69s21Csk0OpQi3YbjEMdSoz2UhVybFqQxA7lKwSUlA502zQZr96TQRwhVlocEp/sJ586aVbcBFlltKNKo+tbuMfL73hiPqJliudqs17cHeLcLbV/CqjlP3IO0jGHlHQtJWcICDdAyGJMnpi6RlbEJaRheGeh5z5uvqz3FLHgPKVXJzdD3MPdd3FjhgKoW+anecJJEa5D7hltgETwTl0hbsToWoyCwLpcbA5Wsuiyl4tYco4;hash|f0BvCbkoBA0UQRc82fIJ2g==

M. Miller, EDUCATION, TRAINING, AND PROFICIENCY OF PROCEDURAL SKILLS, Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, vol.24, issue.2, pp.231-271, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0095-4543(05)70391-2

A. Derossis, G. Fried, M. Abrahamowicz, H. Sigman, J. Barkun et al., Development of a Model for Training and Evaluation of Laparoscopic Skills 11This work was supported by an educational grant from United States Surgical Corporation (Auto Suture Canada)., The American Journal of Surgery, vol.175, issue.6, pp.482-489, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9610(98)00080-4

A. Kalsi, H. Higham, M. Mcknight, and D. Dhariwal, Simulation training for dental foundation in oral and maxillofacial surgery ??? a new benchmark, British Dental Journal, vol.129, issue.11, pp.571-577, 2013.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-129-4-199808150-00007

M. Carr, R. Reznick, and D. Brown, Comparison of Computer-Assisted Instruction and Seminar Instruction to Acquire Psychomotor and Cognitive Knowledge of Epistaxis Management, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, vol.15, issue.4, pp.430-434, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00001888-199210000-00041

M. Kokoska and M. Citardi, Computer-Aided Surgical Reduction of Facial Fractures, Facial Plastic Surgery, vol.16, issue.02, pp.169-79, 2000.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2000-12577

J. Buchanan, Experience with virtual reality-based technology in teaching restorative dental procedures, J Dent Educ. déc, vol.68, issue.12, pp.1258-65, 2004.

A. Gallagher, K. Richie, N. Mcclure, and J. Mcguigan, Objective Psychomotor Skills Assessment of Experienced, Junior, and Novice Laparoscopists with Virtual Reality, World Journal of Surgery, vol.25, issue.11, pp.1478-83, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s00268-001-0133-1

A. Gallagher, A. Lederman, K. Mcglade, R. Satava, and C. Smith, Discriminative validity of the Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer in Virtual Reality (MIST-VR) using criteria levels based on expert performance, Surgical Endoscopy, vol.18, issue.4, pp.660-665, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00464-003-8176-z

K. Gallagher, J. Stephenson, R. Brown, C. Holmes, and P. Ballester, Exploiting 3D Spatial Sampling in Inverse Modeling of Thermochronological Data, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, vol.58, issue.1, pp.375-87, 2005.
DOI : 10.2138/rmg.2005.58.14

K. Moorthy, Y. Munz, S. Sarker, and A. Darzi, Objective assessment of technical skills in surgery, BMJ, vol.327, issue.7422, pp.1032-1039, 2003.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.327.7422.1032

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc261663?pdf=render

F. Quinn, P. Keogh, A. Mcdonald, and D. Hussey, A study comparing the effectiveness of conventional training and virtual reality simulation in the skills acquisition of junior dental students, European Journal of Dental Education, vol.71, issue.supplement, pp.164-173, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00001888-199810000-00028

E. Wierinck, V. Puttemans, S. Swinnen, and D. Van-steenberghe, Effect of augmented visual feedback from a virtual reality simulation system on manual dexterity training, European Journal of Dental Education, vol.16, issue.1, pp.10-16, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-9457(97)00020-1

E. Wierinck, V. Puttemans, S. Swinnen, and D. Van-steenberghe, Expert performance on a virtual reality simulation system, J Dent Educ. juin, vol.71, issue.6, pp.759-66, 2007.

O. A. Van-der-meijden and M. Schijven, The value of haptic feedback in conventional and robot-assisted minimal invasive surgery and virtual reality training: a current review, Surgical Endoscopy, vol.17, issue.6, pp.1180-90, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/rcs.16

J. Buchanan, Use of simulation technology in dental education, J Dent Educ. nov, vol.65, issue.11, pp.1225-1256, 2001.

J. Morton, A. Cumming, and H. Cameron, Performance-based assessment in undergraduate medical education. The Clinical Teacher. 1 mars, pp.36-41, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1743-498x.2007.00138.x

R. Cederberg, D. Bentley, R. Halpin, and J. Valenza, Use of virtual patients in dental education: a survey of U.S. and Canadian dental schools, J Dent Educ. oct, vol.76, issue.10, pp.1358-64, 2012.

W. Mcgaghie, S. Issenberg, E. Petrusa, and R. Scalese, A critical review of simulationbased medical education research, Med Educ. janv, vol.44, issue.1, pp.2003-200950, 2010.

D. Wang, T. Li, Y. Zhang, and J. Hou, Survey on multisensory feedback virtual reality dental training systems, European Journal of Dental Education, vol.72, issue.4, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcms.2013.07.004

H. Marcus, A. Hughes-hallett, T. Cundy, D. Marco, A. Pratt et al., Comparative Effectiveness of 3-Dimensional vs 2-Dimensional and High-Definition vs Standard-Definition Neuroendoscopy, Neurosurgery, vol.17, issue.9, pp.375-81, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s00464-002-9178-y

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4053590?pdf=render

J. Fraser, A. B. Anand, V. Schwartz, and T. , Three-dimensional Neurostereoendoscopy: Subjective and Objective Comparison to 2D, min - Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, vol.52, issue.01, pp.25-31, 2009.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0028-1104567

A. Lusch, P. Bucur, A. Menhadji, Z. Okhunov, M. Liss et al., Evaluation of the Impact of Three-Dimensional Vision on Laparoscopic Performance, Journal of Endourology, vol.28, issue.2, pp.261-267, 2014.
DOI : 10.1089/end.2013.0344

K. Votanopoulos, F. Brunicardi, J. Thornby, and C. Bellows, Impact of Three-Dimensional Vision in Laparoscopic Training, World Journal of Surgery, vol.351, issue.1, pp.110-118, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00268-007-9253-6

S. Bhayani and G. Andriole, Three-Dimensional (3D) Vision: Does It Improve Laparoscopic Skills? An Assessment of a 3D Head-Mounted Visualization System, Rev Urol, vol.7, issue.4, pp.211-215, 2005.

Y. Tanagho, G. Andriole, A. Paradis, K. Madison, G. Sandhu et al., 2D Versus 3D Visualization: Impact on Laparoscopic Proficiency Using the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery Skill Set, Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques, vol.22, issue.9, pp.865-70, 2012.
DOI : 10.1089/lap.2012.0220

URL : https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3727&context=open_access_pubs

C. Perrenot, M. Perez, N. Tran, J. Jehl, J. Felblinger et al., The virtual reality simulator dV-Trainer?? is a valid assessment tool for robotic surgical skills, Surgical Endoscopy, vol.17, issue.10, pp.2587-93, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2011.04.064

M. Lambooij, M. Fortuin, I. Heynderickx, and W. Ijsselsteijn, Visual Discomfort and Visual Fatigue of Stereoscopic Displays: A Review, Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, vol.53, issue.3, pp.30201-30202, 2009.
DOI : 10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2009.53.3.030201

URL : http://www.cs.sfu.ca/CourseCentral/820/li/material/source/papers/Visual-discomfort-09.pdf

T. Shibata, J. Kim, D. Hoffman, and M. Banks, The zone of comfort: Predicting visual discomfort with stereo displays, Journal of Vision, vol.11, issue.8, pp.11-11, 2011.
DOI : 10.1167/11.8.11

URL : http://jov.arvojournals.org/data/journals/jov/932800/jov-11-8-11.pdf

I. De-boer, P. Wesselink, and J. Vervoorn, Student performance and appreciation using 3D vs. 2D vision in a virtual learning environment, European Journal of Dental Education, vol.4297, issue.3, pp.142-149, 2016.
DOI : 10.1117/12.430852

B. Grigoresco, A. Mignon, and A. Tesniere, La simulation en santé, de la théorie à la pratique. La revue de l'infirmiere, pp.17-26, 2014.

O. Salamo, A. Ismayel, O. Rodríguez, R. Sánchez, R. Pena et al., Evaluation of surgical skills for laparoscopic surgery: study of movement patterns by means of accelerometers, VITAE Academia Biomédica Digital, issue.58, p.4945

A. Sánchez, O. Rodríguez, R. Sánchez, G. Benítez, R. Pena et al., Laparoscopic Surgery Skills Evaluation: Analysis Based on Accelerometers Disponible sur, 4254482.

S. Botden, F. Torab, S. Buzink, and J. Jakimowicz, The importance of haptic feedback in laparoscopic suturing training and the additive value of virtual reality simulation, Surgical Endoscopy, vol.19, issue.5, pp.1214-1236, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00464-005-0384-2

M. Dehabadi, B. Fernando, and P. Berlingieri, The use of simulation in the acquisition of laparoscopic suturing skills, International Journal of Surgery, vol.12, issue.4, pp.258-68, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.01.022

D. Joseph, J. Jehl, P. Maureira, C. Perrenot, N. Miller et al., Relative Contribution of Haptic Technology to Assessment and Training in Implantology, BioMed Research International, vol.76, issue.10, p.413951, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1743-498X.2007.00138.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01292129

M. Uemura, M. Yamashita, M. Tomikawa, S. Obata, R. Souzaki et al., Objective assessment of the suture ligature method for the laparoscopic intestinal anastomosis model using a new computerized system, Surgical Endoscopy, vol.16, issue.2
DOI : 10.1197/jamia.M2748

L. Richstone, M. Schwartz, C. Seideman, J. Cadeddu, S. Marshall et al., Eye Metrics as an Objective Assessment of Surgical Skill, Annals of Surgery, vol.252, issue.1, pp.177-82, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181e464fb

C. Hanson, P. Mossey, and M. Macluskey, The assessment of suturing skills of dental undergraduates, European Journal of Dental Education, vol.27, issue.Suppl. 3, pp.113-120, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0579.2009.00600.x

H. Niitsu, N. Hirabayashi, M. Yoshimitsu, T. Mimura, J. Taomoto et al., Using the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) global rating scale to evaluate the skills of surgical trainees in the operating room, Surgery Today, vol.98, issue.4, pp.271-276, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/bjs.7478

B. Scott, D. Evans, J. Drummond, P. Mossey, and D. Stirrups, An investigation into the use of a structured clinical operative test for the assessment of a clinical skill, European Journal of Dental Education, vol.5, issue.1, pp.31-38, 2001.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0579.2001.005001031.x

S. Haque and S. Srinivasan, A Meta-Analysis of the Training Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Surgical Simulators, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol.10, issue.1, pp.51-59, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/TITB.2005.855529

J. Abraham, D. Wade, O. Connell, K. Desharnais, S. Jacoby et al., The Use of Simulation Training in Teaching Health Care Quality and Safety: An Annotated Bibliography, American Journal of Medical Quality, vol.72, issue.3, pp.229-267, 2011.
DOI : 10.1353/pbm.2008.0003

R. Fanning and D. Gaba, The Role of Debriefing in Simulation-Based Learning, Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare, vol.2, issue.2, pp.115-140, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/SIH.0b013e3180315539

URL : https://pdfs.journals.lww.com/simulationinhealthcare/2007/00220/The_Role_of_Debriefing_in_Simulation_Based.7.pdf?token=method|ExpireAbsolute;source|Journals;ttl|1517276741280;payload|mY8D3u1TCCsNvP5E421JYK6N6XICDamxByyYpaNzk7FKjTaa1Yz22MivkHZqjGP4kdS2v0J76WGAnHACH69s21Csk0OpQi3YbjEMdSoz2UhVybFqQxA7lKwSUlA502zQZr96TQRwhVlocEp/sJ586aVbcBFlltKNKo+tbuMfL73hiPqJliudqs17cHeLcLbV/CqjlP3IO0jGHlHQtJWcICDdAyGJMnpi6RlbEJaRheGeh5z5uvqz3FLHgPKVXJzdD3MPdd3FjhgKoW+anecJJEa5D7hltgETwTl0hbsToWoyCwLpcbA5Wsuiyl4tYco4;hash|f0BvCbkoBA0UQRc82fIJ2g==

, Connectes-pour-apprendre-les-eleves-et-les-nouvelles-technologies-principauxresultats .pdf [Internet]. [cité 24 août 2017, Disponible sur