D. L. Bibliographie-lexander and W. Kern, The Economic Determinants of Professional Sports Franchise Values, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.5, issue.1, pp.51-66, 2004.

J. Allouche and S. Soulez, La cotation des clubs de football anglais. Une analyse différenciée des facteurs explicatifs de fluctuations de cours, 2005.

W. Andreff, Economie politique du sport: Dalloz-Sirey, 1989.

W. Andreff, Economie du sport: EPS interroge Wladimir Andreff, Revue EPS, vol.223, pp.79-89, 1990.

W. Andreff, The Financial Crisis in French Soccer: About a French Senate report, 7th Annual Conference of the International Association of Sport Economists, 2005.

W. Andreff, New perspectives in sports economics: a european view, Joint Annual Meeting 2006 of the International and German-Speaking Associations of Sports Economists (IASE and AK):New Perspectives in Sports Economics, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00274640

W. Andreff, R??gulation et institutions en ??conomie du sport, Revue de la r??gulation, issue.1, 2007.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.243756

W. Andreff and J. Nys, Economie du Sport, 1986.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00747810

W. Andreff and P. D. Staudohar, The Evolving European Model of Professional Sports Finance, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.37, issue.13, pp.257-276, 2000.
DOI : 10.1177/152700250000100304

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00274661

W. Andreff and S. Szymanski, Handbook On The Economics Of Sport, 2006.
DOI : 10.4337/9781847204073

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00270122

F. Archontakis and E. Osborne, Playing It Safe? A Fibonacci Strategy for Soccer Betting, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.36, issue.3, pp.295-308, 2007.
DOI : 10.2307/2987938

G. Ascari and P. Gagnepain, How inefficient are football clubs? An evaluation of the Spanish arms race, Dipartimento di economia politica e metodi quantitativi. Quaderni di Dipartimento #152, pp.2-03, 2003.

J. Augustin, Sport, géographie et aménagement La formation de l'esprit scientifique, 1938.

A. Bailly, Concepts de la géographie humaine, 2004.

D. V. Baim, The Rational Behavior Behind NFL Relocations, pp.443-458, 1999.

J. Bale, Geographical Diffusion and the Adoption of Professionalism in Football in England and Wales, Geography. Journal of the Geographical Association, vol.63, issue.3, pp.188-197, 1978.

J. Bale, The Adoption of Football in Europe: An Historical-Geographic Perspective, Canadian Journal of History of Sport and Physical Education, vol.11, issue.2, pp.56-66, 1980.
DOI : 10.1123/cjhspe.11.2.56

J. Bale, International Sports History as Innovation Diffusion, Canadian Journal of History of Sport, vol.15, issue.1, pp.38-63, 1982.
DOI : 10.1123/cjhs.15.1.38

J. Bale, Sports Geography, 1989.
DOI : 10.4324/9780203478677

J. Bale, Sport, Space and the City, 1993.

J. Bale, Pour une théorie géographique du football, Football, jeu et société, pp.371-383, 1999.

J. Bale and O. Moen, The Stadium and the City, 1995.

A. Banos, About exploratory data analysis, Cybergeo, vol.197, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00010694-199206000-00011

E. Barget and A. Rouger, De l'utilité de la mesure de l'équilibre compétitif, 2000.

C. P. Barros, Transatlantic Sport, 2002.
DOI : 10.4337/9781843767367

A. Barr-smith, E. Payne, and L. Sennett, Franchise United': The Beginning of 'Franchise Football'? The Relocation by Wimbledon F.C. The International Sports Law Journal, pp.12-15, 2003.

J. L. Bast, Sports Stadium Madness. Why It Started -How To Stop It, Heartland Policy Study, issue.85, 1998.

J. M. Benoit, P. Benoit, and D. Pucci, La révolution de la proximité, 2002.

D. J. Berri, M. B. Schmidt, and S. L. Brook, The Wages of Wins. Taking Measure of the Many Myths in Modern Sport, 2006.

C. J. Bertrand, Sport et médias aux États-Unis, Esprit, issue.4, pp.211-219, 1987.

J. S. Black and M. G. Lloyd, Home or Away? Stadia redevelopment and relocation in Scotland, Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol.11, issue.1, pp.45-49, 1992.
DOI : 10.1080/00369229218736842

F. Bolotny, La nouvelle flambée des droits TV du football français? Revue juridique et économique du sport, pp.121-132, 2005.

F. Bolotny, La nouvelle télé-dépendance du football français, Revue juridique et économique du sport, pp.113-129, 2005.

X. Bonnafy and V. Riffaud, Impact économique et médiatique d'un club de basketball sur une ville, un département et une région, 1989.

M. Bouet, Signification du sport: L'Harmattan, 1968.

P. Bourdieu, Programme pour une sociologie du sport, Choses dites, pp.203-216, 1987.

J. Bourg, Les sports collectifs professionnels en Europe: Quel modèle économique, Le sport professionnel après l'arrêt Bosman: Une analyse économique internationale, pp.43-60, 2004.

J. Bourg and J. Gouguet, Analyse economique du sport, 1998.

J. Bourg and J. Gouguet, Economie du sport, 2001.

J. Bourg and J. Gouguet, Economie politique du sport professionnel, 2007.

S. E. Branvold, D. W. Pan, and T. E. Gabert, Effects of Winning Percentage and Market Size on Attendance in Minor League Baseball, Sport Marketing Quarterly, vol.6, issue.4, pp.35-42, 1997.

C. Bromberger, Le match de football : ethnologie d'une passion partisane à Marseille, Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1995.
DOI : 10.4000/books.editionsmsh.4077

G. Bronner and M. Brown, L'incertitude. Paris: Que sais je ? Relocation? Your Team's Not Going Anywhere, 1997.

T. H. Bruggink and J. M. Zamparelli, Emerging Markets in Baseball: An Econometric Model for Predicting the Expansion Teams' New Cities, 1999.

R. Brunet, R. Ferras, and H. Thery, Les mots de la géographie, dictionnaire critique, 1993.

B. Buraimo and R. Simmons, Market size and attendance in English Premier League football, International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, vol.6, issue.2, p.3, 2006.
DOI : 10.1504/IJSMM.2009.028802

URL : http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/48823/4/EnglishPremierLeague.pdf

J. D. Burger and S. J. Walters, Market Size, Pay, and Performance, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.4, issue.2, pp.108-125, 2003.
DOI : 10.2307/1061097

M. R. Butler, Competitive Balance in Major League Baseball, The American Economist, vol.42, issue.1, pp.46-52, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0148-6195(86)90021-4

L. Buzzacchi, S. Szymanski, and T. M. Valletti, Static versus Dynamic Competitive Balance: Do teams win more in Europe or in the US? Imperial College Management School, Economics Group Discussion Paper Series, p.3, 2001.

L. Buzzacchi, S. Szymanski, and T. M. Valletti, Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Outcome: Open Leagues, Closed Leagues and Competitive Balance, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, vol.2002, issue.3, pp.167-186, 2003.
DOI : 10.1177/0003603X9704200306

J. Agan and N. , Field of schemes : How the Great Stadium Swindle turns public money into private profit, 1998.

J. Cairns, The Demand for Professional Team Sports, British Review of Economics Issues, vol.12, issue.28, pp.1-20, 1990.

J. Cairns, N. Jennett, and P. J. Sloane, The Economics of Professional Team Sports: A Survey of Theory and Evidence, Journal of Economic Studies, vol.72, issue.1, pp.1-80, 1986.
DOI : 10.1086/261332

J. Carrière, Une réflexion sur la construction du polycentrisme en Europe : apports et limites du rapport Potentials for polycentric development in Europe, Territoires, vol.2030, issue.1, pp.47-64, 2005.

M. J. Cavagnac, comme Jeux (théorie) Revue juridique et économique du sport, pp.111-120, 2006.

M. Cavagnac and J. Gouguet, Talent sportif et équilibre compétitif Une approche par la théorie des jeux, pp.7-31, 2006.

A. Chandler, Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise, 1962.

W. Christaller, Die zentralen Orte in Süddeutschland, 1933.

R. Coase, The Problem of Social Cost, Journal of Law and Economics, issue.3, pp.1-44, 1960.

A. Cocco and J. C. Jones, On going south: the economics of survival and relocation of small market NHL franchises in Canada, Applied Economics, vol.38, issue.11, pp.29-1537, 1997.
DOI : 10.1080/01621459.1962.10480664

C. Collinet and S. Payré, Les acteurs de la recherche en STAPS, La recherche en STAPS, pp.85-129, 2003.

J. C. Comer and T. H. Newsome, Recent Patterns of Professional Sports Facility Construction in North America, pp.22-39, 1996.

D. Conn, A. Aly, and A. Kawaguchi, The Football Business: Fair Game in the '90s? : Mainstream Publishing Competitive Balance in Australian and Japanese Sport, The Otemon Journal of Australian Studies, vol.30, pp.23-36, 1998.

G. Daly and W. J. Moore, EXTERNALITIES, PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES IN MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL, Economic Inquiry, vol.9, issue.1, pp.77-94, 1981.
DOI : 10.3998/mpub.7687

M. N. Danielson, Home Team, Professional Sports and the American Metropolis: University Presses of California, 2001.

A. Dawson and P. Downward, Measuring Short-Run Uncertainty of Outcome in Sporting Leagues, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.4, issue.2, pp.303-313, 2005.
DOI : 10.1177/1527002503004002006

J. Defrance, L'autonomisation du champ sportif, 1890-1970. Sociologie et sociétés, pp.15-31, 1995.

J. Defrance, )). Sociologie du sport, 1995.

T. Dejonghe, De Noodzaak aan Exogeen Oplegde Economisch-geografische Principes bij het Professionaliseren van het door Endogene Factoren Ontstane Wereldsportstelsel. Gevalstudie:het Lokalisatievraagstuk van het Topvoetbal in België, 2001.

T. Dejonghe, Restructuring the Belgian Professional Football League: A Location- Allocation Solution. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, pp.73-88, 2004.

X. De-la-porte, La controverse pied/main : hypothèses sur l'histoire du football, 2006.

N. Dermit-richard, R??gulation financi??re et sport professionnel??: les conditions de l'ind??pendance du r??gulateur, Staps, vol.76, issue.2, pp.91-106, 2007.
DOI : 10.3917/sta.076.0091

M. Desbordes, Marketing and Football: An International Perspective, 2006.

M. Desbordes, F. Ohl, and G. Tribou, Marketing du sport, 1999.

J. Dewailly, Tourisme et loisirs dans le Nord-Pas-de-Calais: approche géographique de la récréation dans une région urbaine et industrielle de l'Europe du Nord-Ouest, 1985.

S. Dobson and J. Goddard, The Economics of Football, 2001.

S. Dobson and J. Goddard, Regression models for forecasting goals and match results in association football, International Journal of Forecasting, issue.21, pp.331-340, 2005.

P. Downward and A. Dawson, The Economics of Professional Team Sports, 2000.

C. Durand, Dysfonctionnement et crise des clubs sportifs professionnels : le système où les acteurs ? Sport et management : de l'éthique à la pratique, Paris: Revue EP.S, 1993.

C. Durand, A propos de la cotation en bourse des clubs sportifs professionnels, Supplément 2 au n° 80 de la Revue Juridique et Economique du Sport, pp.1-2, 2006.

C. Durand and L. Ravenel, Clubs sportifs professionnels : influence stratégique du potentiel local, Le financement du sport, pp.168-188, 2002.

C. Durand and L. Ravenel, Structures urbaines et sports professionnels dans le sud-ouest. Sud-Ouest Européen, Revue Géographique des Pyrénées et du Sud- Ouest, issue.13, pp.11-24, 2002.

C. Durand and L. Ravenel, Soutien des collectivités locales aux sports professionnels et demande de la population: la position des villes moyennes face à l'influence croissante des potentiels locaux, 2003.

C. Durand, L. Ravenel, and E. Bayle, The strategic and political consequences of using demographic criteria for the organization of European leagues, European Journal of Sport Science, vol.324, issue.4, pp.167-180, 2005.
DOI : 10.1080/00420988620080241

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00272068

C. Durand, L. Ravenel, and B. Helleu, Géomarketing du sport professionnel en France : potentiels locaux et concurrence: rapport FFBB-CETAPS n°2, pp.non-publié, 2002.

C. Durand, L. Ravenel, and B. Helleu, Basket professionnel en France: approche stratégique et géomarketing, 2005.

E. Durkheim, De la division du travail social Baseball's Blue Ribbon Report: Solutions in Search of a Problem, Paris: PUF. ckard, E. W. Journal of Sports Economics, vol.2, issue.3, pp.213-227, 1978.

E. W. Eckard, The Anova-Based Competitive Balance Measure, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.4, issue.1, pp.74-80, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1011851917409

F. Egon, Beyond Market Power: Efficiency Explanation for the Basic Structures of North America Major League Organizations, European Sport Management Quarterly, vol.3, issue.4, pp.221-239, 2003.

A. Ehrenberg, Le culte de la performance, 1991.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00585599

M. El-hodiri and J. Quirk, An Economic Model of a Professional Sports League, Journal of Political Economy, vol.79, issue.6, pp.1302-1319, 1971.
DOI : 10.1086/259837

J. Alter and C. Pérignon, Demand for football and intramatch winning probability : an essay on the glorious uncertainty of sports, Applied Economics, issue.32, pp.1757-1765, 2000.

R. M. Fernquist, Geographical relocation, suicide, and homicide: An exploratory analysis of the geographic relocation of professional sports teams in three U.S. areas and the impact on suicide and homicide rates. sosol -Sociology of Sport Online, 2001.

F. M. Fisher, C. Maxwell, and E. S. Schouten, The Economics of Sports Leagues and the Relocation of Teams: The Case of the St. Louis Rams, Marquette Sports Law Journal, vol.10, issue.2, pp.193-218, 2000.

M. A. Flynn and R. J. Gilbert, The Analysis of Professional Sports Leagues as Joint Ventures, The Economic Journal, vol.111, issue.469, pp.27-46, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-0297.00597

M. Fonteneau, The Organisation of Sport in Europe, Consultation Conference with the European Sport Movement on the Role of Sport in Europe, 2006.

D. Forrest and R. Simmons, Outcome uncertainty and attendance demand in sport: the case of English soccer, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series D (The Statistician), vol.58, issue.2, pp.229-241, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/01621459.1963.10480681

D. Forrest and R. Simmons, Team Salaries and Playing Success in Sports: A Comparative Perspective, Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft, vol.72, issue.4, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-663-07711-4_12

R. Fort, European and North American Sports Differences(?), Scottish Journal of Political Economy, vol.47, issue.4, pp.1-25, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-9485.00172

R. Fort, Sports Economics, 2002.

R. Fort, Thinking (Some more) about Competitive Balance, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.4, issue.4, pp.280-283, 2003.
DOI : 10.1177/1527002503257322

R. Fort and J. Fizel, International Sports Economics Comparisons, 2004.

R. Fort and J. Maxcy, The Demise of African American Baseball Leagues, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.2, issue.1, pp.35-49, 2001.
DOI : 10.1177/152700250100200104

R. Fort and J. Maxcy, ???Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues: An Introduction???, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.4, issue.2, pp.154-160, 2003.
DOI : 10.1177/152700250200300201

R. Fort and J. Quirk, Cross-Subsidization, Incentives, and Outcomes in Professional Team Sports Leagues, Journal of Economic Literature XXXIII, issue.3, pp.1265-1299, 1995.

R. Fort and J. Quirk, Owner Objectives and Competitive Balance, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.5, issue.1, pp.20-32, 2004.
DOI : 10.2307/1060735

B. Frick and J. Prinz, Bernd: Revenue Sharing Arrangements and the Survival of Promoted Teams: Empirical Evidence from the Major European Soccer Leagues, International Sports Economics Comparisons, pp.141-156, 2004.

D. Funk, C. Haugtvedt, and D. Howard, Contemporary Attitude Theory in Sport: Theoretical Considerations and Implications, Sport Management Review, vol.3, issue.2, pp.125-144, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70082-9

D. Funk and J. James, The Psychological Continuum Model: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding an Individual's Psychological Connection to Sport, Sport Management Review, vol.4, issue.2, pp.119-150, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1

D. Funk and J. James, The Fan Attitude Network (FAN) Model: Exploring Attitude Formation and Change among Sport Consumers, Sport Management Review, vol.7, issue.1, pp.1-26, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70043-1

Y. Alily and K. Sheard, Cultural Imperialism and Sport: The Americanization of Israeli Basketball, Sport in Society, vol.5, issue.2, pp.55-78, 2002.

J. Garcia and P. Rodriguez, The Determinants of Football Match Attendance Revisited, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.6, issue.1, pp.18-38, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/00036849500000015

C. Gerena and B. J. Nash, Playing to win : minor league sports score, Region Focus, pp.13-19, 2000.

J. Goddard, Regression models for forecasting goals and match results in association football, International Journal of Forecasting, vol.21, issue.2, pp.331-340, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2004.08.002

J. Gouguet, Le sport professionnel après l'arrêt Bosman: une analyse économique internationale, 2004.

J. Gouguet, Les deux modèles d'organisation des sports profesionnels - Eléments de comparaison Le sport professionnel après G Bibliographie 294/368 l'arrêt Bosman: une analyse économique internationale, Limoges: Presses Universitaires de Limoges, pp.11-28, 2004.

G. Long and J. , Full Count, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.33, issue.2, pp.119-143, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00513.x

M. J. Greenberg, Stadium Financing and Franchise Relocation Act of 1999, Marquette Sports Law Journal, vol.10, issue.Spring, pp.383-399, 2000.

K. B. Grier and R. D. Tollison, The rookie draft and competitive balance: The case of professional football, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, vol.25, issue.2, pp.293-298, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-2681(94)90016-7

J. Groot and L. Groot, The Competitive Balance of French Football, Économie Appliquée, LVI, issue.4, pp.91-113, 1945.

L. Groot, Roger Caillois, Games of Chance and the Superstar. Diogenes: An International Review of Philosophy and Humanistic Studies, pp.33-42, 0190.

M. Guérois and F. Paulus, Commune centre, agglomération, aire urbaine : quelle pertinence pour l'étude des villes ? Cybergeo : Revue européenne de Géographie, 2002.

B. S. Guerrien, S. Szymanski, and A. Zimbalist, La Théorie des Jeux Testing Causality Between Team Performance and Payroll: The Cases of Major League Baseball and English Soccer. Imperial College Management School, Paris: Economica. all, Economics Group Discussion Paper Series, p.1, 2001.

B. Heimermann, Les gladiateurs du nouveau monde. Histoire des sports aux États- Unis, 1990.

B. Helleu, Un outil d'aide à la décision pour une gestion marketing optimisée du public abonné: l'exemple du Stade Malherbe de Caen, mémoire de DESS Management des Organisations Sportives, 2000.

B. Helleu and C. Durand, Mesurer l'équilibre compétitif des ligues ouvertes européennes. Une analyse démographique des promotions/relégations : Performances vs présences, 2005.

B. Helleu and C. Durand, Des délocalisations "à l'américaine" en Europe ? Revue juridique et économique du sport, pp.127-142, 2007.

J. R. Hill and P. A. Groothuis, The New NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement, the Median Voter Model, and a Robin Hood Rent Redistribution, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.64, issue.2, pp.131-144, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1465-7295.1986.tb01841.x

T. Hoehn and S. Szymanski, The Americanization of European Football, Economic Policy, issue.28, pp.205-240, 1999.

R. Horak, Moving to Suburbia: Stadium Relocation and Modernization in Vienna, 1995.

I. Horowitz, Market Entrenchment and the Sports Broadcasting Act, American Behavioral Scientist, vol.49, issue.3, pp.415-430, 1978.
DOI : 10.1086/258962

N. Hourcade, Bordeaux et Toulouse: Des supporters de football en terre de rugby, pp.25-32, 2002.

J. Huizinga, Homo ludens. Essai sur la fonction sociale du jeu, 1938.

B. R. Humphreys, Alternative Measures of Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.33, issue.2, pp.133-148, 2002.
DOI : 10.2307/1912934

B. R. Humphreys, The Anova-Based Competitive Balance Measure, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.4, issue.1, pp.81-82, 2003.
DOI : 10.1177/152700250200300203

B. R. Humphreys, Comments on ???Thinking about Competitive Balance???, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.4, issue.4, pp.284-287, 2003.
DOI : 10.1177/1527002503257323

S. Nglis, League Football and the men who made it, 1988.

D. Irani, Public Subsidies to Stadiums: Do the Costs Outweigh The Benefits? Public Finance Review, pp.238-253, 1997.

A. T. Johnson, Municipal Administration and the Sports Franchise Relocation Issue, Public Administration Review, vol.43, issue.6, pp.519-528, 1983.
DOI : 10.2307/975919

A. T. Johnson, Professional Baseball at the Minor League Level: Considerations for Cities Large and Small. State and Local Government Review, pp.90-96, 1990.

B. K. Johnson and J. C. Whitehead, Value of public goods from sports stadiums: the CVM approach, Contemporary Economic Policy, vol.32, issue.2, pp.48-58, 2000.
DOI : 10.9783/9780812209150

F. Jozsa and J. Guthrie, Relocating Teams and Expanding Leagues in Professional Sports: How the Major Leagues Respond to Market Conditions, 1999.

L. H. Ahane, Comments on "Thinking about Competitive Balance, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.4, issue.4, pp.288-291, 2003.

L. M. Kahn, Sports League Expansion and Consumer Welfare, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.2002, issue.3, pp.115-138, 2007.
DOI : 10.2307/1061047

S. Kesenne, League Management in Professional Team Sports with Win Maximizing Clubs, European Journal of Sport Management, vol.2, issue.2, pp.14-22, 1996.

S. Kesenne, Player market regulation and competitive balance in a win maximizing scenario, Competition Policy in Professional Sports: Europe after the Bosman Case, pp.117-131, 1999.

S. Kesenne, Revenue Sharing and Competitive Balance in Professional Team Sports, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.11, issue.1, pp.56-65, 2000.
DOI : 10.2307/1060735

S. Kesenne, Competitive Balance and Revenue Sharing, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.5, issue.2, pp.206-212, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/02692179700000008

S. Kesenne, Revenue Sharing and Competitive Balance, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.33, issue.4, pp.98-106, 2005.
DOI : 10.2307/1060735

A. King, The New Symbols of European Football, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, vol.39, issue.10, pp.323-336, 2004.
DOI : 10.1177/1012690204045599

G. Knowles, K. Sherony, and M. Haupert, The Demand for Major League Baseball: A Test of the Uncertainty of Outcome Hypothesis, The American Economist, vol.36, issue.2, pp.72-80, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02299864

L. Kochman and R. Goodwin, Underdogs are Man???s Best Friend, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.5, issue.4, pp.387-391, 2004.
DOI : 10.2307/1061582

C. Korr, Liberté de contrat et ligue majeure américaine de base-ball, Les cahiers de l'INSEP n°25. Football: jeu et société, pp.229-244, 1999.

R. S. Kraus, Minor League Baseball: Community Building Through Hometown Sports, 2003.

M. Kringstad and B. Gerrard, Competitive Balance in a Modern League Structure, 2007.

T. Kuypers, The Beautiful Game? An Econometric Study of Why People Watch English Football. Discussion Paper in Economics 96-01, 1996.

A. Arsen, The Impact of Free Agency and the Salary Cap on Competitive Balance in the National Football League, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.26, issue.4, pp.374-390, 2006.
DOI : 10.1177/152700250200300201

P. Latour and J. Le-floc-'h, Géomarketing. Principes, méthodes et applications, 2001.

M. Lavoie, Avantage numérique, l'argent et la ligue nationale de hockey. Hull: éditions vents d'ouest, 1997.

M. Lavoie, Faut-il transposer à l'Europe les instruments de régulation du sport professionnel nord-américain, Le sport professionnel après l'arrêt Bosman. Une analyse économique internationale. Limoges: Presses Universitaires de Limoges, 2004.

D. E. Lazaroff, The Antitrust Implications of Franchise Relocation Restrictions in Professional Sports, Fordham Law Review, vol.LIII, issue.2, pp.157-220, 1984.

J. I. Leib, Going, Going, Gone: Minor League Baseball Franchise Relocations in the Northeast. Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers, pp.89-97, 1989.

J. I. Leib, The Historical Geography of Minor League Baseball in Pennsylvania, 1902-1989. Pennsylvania Geographer, pp.3-14, 1990.

S. Leroy, S??mantiques de la m??tropolisation, Espace g??ographique, vol.29, issue.1, 2000.
DOI : 10.3406/spgeo.2000.1969

L. Lestrelin, L'autre public des matches de football. Sociologie du supportérisme à distance, 2006.

R. C. Levin, G. J. Mitchell, P. A. Volcker, and G. F. Will, The Report of the Independent Members of the Commissioner's Blue Ribbon Panel on Baseball Economics, 2000.

L. Jr and A. , Independent Review of the Combined Financial results of the NHL, 2002.

J. Levy, Le tournant géographique. Penser l'espace pour lire le monde, 1999.

A. Loret, Génération glisse, 1996.

A. Loret and M. Desbordes, Le marketing du sport :fondements constitutifs du champ en Staps, pp.9-56, 2004.

C. Lucifora and R. Simmons, Superstar Effects in Sport, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.4, issue.1, pp.35-55, 2003.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-0270.00036

A. Marshall, Principes d'Economie Politique, 1890.

K. E. Martens, Fair Or Foul? The Survival Of Small-Market Teams In Major League Baseball, Marquette Sports Law Journal, vol.4, issue.2, pp.323-374, 1994.

D. Mathieu and J. Praicheux, Esquisse de la diffusion d'une pratique sportive: le volley-ball en Franche-Comté, pp.23-32, 1985.

R. Meir, Fan Reaction to the Match Day Experience: A Case Study in English Professional Rugby League Football, Sport Marketing Quarterly, vol.9, issue.1, pp.34-42, 2000.

C. Michie and J. Oughton, Competitive Balance in Football: Trends and Effects: Sport Nexus, 2004.

C. Miège, Le sport à l'épreuve du droit commun: la fin d'une exception, 2001.

C. Miège and J. Lapouble, Sport et Organisations Internationales, 2004.

P. Mignon, La passion du football, 1998.

J. P. Minquet and -. , Sports, football et finance, Revue fran??aise de gestion, vol.30, issue.150, pp.141-160, 2004.
DOI : 10.3166/rfg.150.141-160

F. Moriconi-ebrad, Géopolis. Pour comparer les villes du monde, 1995.

E. Morin, 30 avril -2 mai) Réforme de pensée, transdisciplinarité, réforme de l'Université. Quelle Université pour demain ? Vers une évolution transdisciplinaire de l, 1997.

S. Morrow, Atltantic League or North Altantic Drift? Singer & Friedlander's Review, pp.43-45, 2000.

P. Murphy, Banking on Success: Examining the Links between Performance and the Increasing Concentration of Wealth in English Elite Football, Singer & Friedlander Annual Football Review, pp.37-44, 1998.

W. C. Eale, The Peculiar Economics of Professional Sport: A Contribution to the Theory of the Firm in Sporting Competition and in Market Competition, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.78, issue.1, pp.1-14, 1964.

T. H. Newsome and J. C. Comer, Changing Intra-Urban Location Patterns of Major League Sports Facilities, The Professional Geographer, vol.52, issue.1, pp.105-120, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/0033-0124.00209

B. Nicolescu, La transdisciplinarité -Manifeste, Éditions du Rocher, 1996.

R. G. Noll, Professional Basketball, Stanford University Studies in Industrial Economics, 1988.

R. G. Noll, Competition Policy in European Sports after the Bosman Case, Competition Policy in Professional Sports: Europe after the Bosman Case, pp.17-43, 1999.

R. G. Noll, The Economics of Promotion and Relegation in Sports Leagues, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.3, issue.2, pp.169-203, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/152700250200300204

R. G. Noll, The Organization of Sports Leagues, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol.19, issue.4, pp.530-551, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/oxrep/19.4.530

R. G. Noll and A. Zimbalist, Sports, Jobs and Taxes, 1997.

J. Nys, Les clubs à la croisée des logiques sportives et économiques, 2002.

S. 'brien, The Canadian Football League: The Phoenix of Professional Sports Leagues, 2004.

S. J. Overman, Winning isn't Everything. It's the Only Thing': The Origin, Attributions and Influence of a Famous Football Quote, Football Studies, vol.2, issue.2, 1999.

J. G. Owen, The Stadium Game, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.4, issue.3, pp.183-202, 2003.
DOI : 10.1177/152700250100200102

P. Arlebas, Éléments de sociologie du sport, 1986.

R. J. Paul and A. P. Weinbach, Bettor Misperceptions in the NBA, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.36, issue.5, pp.390-400, 2005.
DOI : 10.2307/1061582

D. Peel and D. Thomas, OUTCOME UNCERTAINTY and THE DEMAND FOR FOOTBALL: AN ANALYSIS OF MATCH ATTENDANCES IN THE ENGLISH FOOTBALL LEAGUE, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, vol.35, issue.3, pp.242-249, 1988.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-9485.1988.tb01049.x

D. Peel and D. Thomas, The demand for football: Some evidence on outcome uncertainty, Empirical Economics, vol.64, issue.2, pp.323-331, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01206291

D. Peel and D. Thomas, Handicaps, outcome uncertainty and attendance demand, Applied Economics Letters, vol.2, issue.9, pp.567-570, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/261332

C. Pociello, Sports et sciences sociales. Histoire, sociologie et prospective, 1999.

J. Praicheux, Contribution à l'analyse des espaces du sport, document de synthèse pour le diplôme d'habilitation à diriger des recherches, 1993.

D. Primault, Le sport collectif professionnel américain est économiquement libéral, Revue juridique et économique du sport, pp.103-105, 2004.

J. Uirk, An Economic Analysis of Team Movements in Professional Sports, Journal of Law and Contemporary Problems, pp.42-66, 1973.

J. Quirk and M. Hodiri, The economic theory of a professional sports leagues, Government and the Sports Business, 1974.

J. Quirk and R. Fort, Pay Dirt: The Business of Professional Team Sports, 1992.

J. Quirk and R. Fort, Hard Ball: The Abuse of Power in Pro Team Sports, 1999.

D. Ascher, A Test of the Optimal Positive Production Network Externality in Major League Baseball, Sports Economics: Current Research, pp.27-45, 1999.

D. Rascher and H. Rascher, NBA Expansion and Relocation: A Viability Study of Various Cities, Journal of Sport Management, vol.18, issue.3, pp.274-295, 2004.
DOI : 10.1123/jsm.18.3.274

L. Ravenel, La diffusion du football de haut niveau en France, Mappemonde, issue.2, pp.14-18, 1996.

L. Ravenel, Le football de haut niveau en France : espaces et territoires, 1997.

L. Ravenel, Hi??rarchies urbaines, hi??rarchies sportives : quand le football fran??ais s'??carte de la norme europ??enne, Espace g??ographique, vol.27, issue.4, 1998.
DOI : 10.3406/spgeo.1998.1189

URL : http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/spgeo_0046-2497_1998_num_27_4_1189.pdf

L. Ravenel, La géographie du football en France, 1998.

R. G. Reeves, Franchise blackmail and the NFL: what a city can do to keep its home team, Texas Entertainment and Sports Law Journal, vol.5, issue.3, pp.6-11, 1996.

D. Reisman and R. Denny, Football in America: A Study in Culture Diffusion, Sport, Culture and Society, 1969.
DOI : 10.2307/3031463

L. Renneboog and P. Vanbrabant, Share price reactions to sporty performance of soccer clubs listed on the London stock exchange and the AIM. Working Paper, pp.2000-2019, 2000.

M. Robinson and T. Descriver, Consumer Differences Acros Large and Small Market Teams in the National Professional Soccer League, Sport Marketing Quarterly, vol.12, issue.2, pp.80-87, 2003.

M. Roncayolo and T. Paquot, Villes & civilisations urbaines. XVIIIe -XXe siècle, 1992.

J. F. Rooney, Up from the Mines and Out from the Prairies: Some Geographical Implications of Football in the United States, Geographical Review, vol.59, issue.4, pp.471-492, 1969.
DOI : 10.2307/213858

J. F. Rooney, A Geography of American Sport: from Cabin Creek to Anaheim, 1974.

J. F. Rooney, The Time for Minor League Football and Basketball Is Now, pp.17-21, 1990.

M. S. Rosentraub and D. Swindell, "Just Say no?" The Economic and Political Realities of a Small City's Investment in Minor League Baseball, Economic Development Quarterly, vol.5, issue.2, pp.152-167, 1991.
DOI : 10.1177/089124249100500206

S. F. Ross, Antitrust Options to Redress Anticompetitive Restraints and Monopolistic Practices by Professional Sports Leagues, Case Western Reserve Law Review, vol.52, issue.1, pp.133-171, 2001.

S. Rottenberg, The Baseball Players' Labor Market, Journal of Political Economy, vol.64, issue.3, pp.242-258, 1956.
DOI : 10.1086/257790

A. Rouger, La régulation des championnats de sports collectifs professionnels : entre équilibre compétitif et équilibre concurrentiel, Thèse de Doctorat ès Sciences économiques, 2000.

A. R. Anderson, The Many Dimensions of Competitive Balance, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.1, issue.1, pp.204-228, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/323930

A. R. Sanderson and J. J. Siegfried, Baseball Economics, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.4, issue.4, pp.253-254, 2003.
DOI : 10.1177/1527002503257320

A. R. Sanderson and J. J. Siegfried, Thinking about Competitive Balance, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.4, issue.4, pp.255-279, 2003.
DOI : 10.1177/152700250200300201

R. Sandy, P. J. Sloane, and M. S. Rosentraub, The Economics of Sports. An international Perspective, 2004.

N. Scelles, Equilibre compétitif intra-match: essai de construction théorique et méthodologique. Le cas de la Ligue 1 française de foobtall professionnel. Unpublished mémoire pour l'obtention du Master "Savoirs et Expertises de l'Activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Rouen, 2006.

J. Scheibling, Qu-est-ce que la géographie? Paris: Hachette supérieur, 1994.

M. B. Schmidt and D. J. Berri, Competitive Balance and Attendance, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.42, issue.1, pp.145-167, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02299864

M. B. Schmidt and D. J. Berri, Competitive Balance and Market Size in Major League Baseball: A Response to Baseball's Blue Ribbon Panel, Review of Industrial Organization, vol.21, issue.1, pp.41-54, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1016045011186

M. B. Schmidt and D. J. Berri, On the Evolution of Competitive Balance: The Impact of an Increasing Global Search, Economic Inquiry, vol.2, issue.2, pp.692-704, 2003.
DOI : 10.4159/harvard.9780674063396

G. W. Scully, Pay and Performance in Major League Baseball, American Economic Review, vol.64, issue.6, pp.915-930, 1974.

G. W. Scully, The Business of Major League Baseball, 1989.

G. W. Scully, The Market Structure of Sports, 1995.

G. W. Scully, Sports, Economics of, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp.938-914, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02303-2

M. Shank, Sports Marketing : A strategic Perspective, 1999.

K. L. Shropshire, Opportunistic Sports Franchise Relocations: Can Punitive Damages in Actions Based upon Contract Strike A Balance? Loyola of, Los Angeles Law Review, vol.22, pp.569-602, 1989.

J. J. Siegfried and J. D. Eisenberg, The demand for minor league baseball, Atlantic Economic Journal, vol.79, issue.2, pp.59-69, 1980.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02299864

J. J. Siegfried and T. Peterson, Who is Sitting in the Stands? The Income Level of Sports Fans The Economics of Sports: Winners and Losers, 2000.

P. J. Sloane, The Economics of Professional Football: the football club as Utility Maximiser, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, vol.17, issue.2, pp.121-146, 1971.

P. J. Sloane, Rottenberg and the Economics of Sport after 50 years: An Evaluation, Joint Annual Meeting 2006 of the International and German- Speaking Associations of Sports Economists (IASE and AK): New Perspectives in Sports Economics, 2006.

A. Smith, Recherche sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations, 1990.
DOI : 10.1522/cla.sif.sma.rec6

H. A. Solberg and C. Gratton, Would European soccer clubs benefit from playing in a Super League?, Soccer & Society, vol.5, issue.1, pp.61-81, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/14660970512331391004

A. Sonntag, Le football, image de la nation, Géopolitique du football. Bruxelles: Editions Complexe, 1998.

B. Stewart, A. Smith, and M. Nicholson, Sport Consumer Typologies: A critical Review, Sport Marketing Quarterly, vol.12, issue.4, pp.206-216, 2003.

D. G. Surdam, Television and Minor League Baseball, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.50, issue.1, pp.61-77368, 2005.
DOI : 10.1177/1527002503262640

D. G. Surdam, The Coase Theorem and Player Movement in Major League Baseball, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.53, issue.4, pp.201-221, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/257790

S. Szymanski, Income Inequality, Competitive Balance and the Attractiveness of Team Sports: Some Evidence and a Natural Experiment from English Soccer, The Economic Journal, vol.111, issue.469, pp.69-84, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-0297.00599

S. Szymanski, The Economic Design of Sporting Contests, Journal of Economic Literature, XLI, pp.1137-1187, 2003.

S. Szymanski, Sporting Contests and the Coase Theorem Advances in the Theory of Contests and Tournaments, 2005.

S. Szymanski, L. Buzzachi, and T. M. Valletti, Equality of opportunity and equality of outcome: open leagues, closed leagues and Competitive Balance, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, vol.3, issue.3, pp.167-186, 2003.

S. Szymanski and S. Kesenne, Competitive balance and gate revenue sharing in team sports, Journal of Industrial Economics, LII, issue.1, 2004.

S. Szymanski and T. Kuypers, Winners and Losers: The Business Strategy of Football, 1999.

S. Szymanski and S. F. Ross, Open Competition in League Sports, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2002.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.243756

S. Szymanski and A. Zimbalist, National Pastime: How Americans Play Baseball and the Rest of the World Plays Soccer, Sport und Gesellschaft, vol.2, issue.3, 2005.
DOI : 10.1515/sug-2005-0308

K. Allec-marston, G. Huerta, C. E. Ferreira, and P. Ducrey, UEFA and Football Governance: A new Model, 2003.

F. Tenreiro, Données empiriques pour une analyse économique de l'équilibre compétitif dans les coupes de l'UEFA : le cas des clubs des petits pays, 2002.

G. Trail, J. Fink, and D. Anderson, Sport Spectator Consumption Behavior, Sport Marketing Quarterly, vol.12, issue.1, pp.8-17, 2003.

S. Treder, Minor League Workhorses: 1961-1965, 2006.

J. W. Tukey, Exploratory data analysis Des hommes et des records, 1964.

J. Utt and R. Fort, Pitfalls to Measuring Competitive Balance With Gini Coefficients, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.3, issue.4, pp.367-373, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/152700250100200204

W. Amplew, The Economics of a Sports Industry: Scottish Gate-Money Football, Economic History Review, vol.35, pp.1890-1914, 1982.

L. Van-leeuwen, S. Quick, and K. Daniel, The Sport Spectator Satisfaction Model: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Satisfaction of Spectators, Sport Management Review, vol.5, issue.2, pp.99-128, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70063-6

Y. Vargas, Sur le sport, 1992.

M. Vigneault, La Diffusion du Hockey a Montreal, 1895-1910, Canadian Journal of History of Sport, vol.17, issue.1, pp.60-74, 1986.
DOI : 10.1123/cjhs.17.1.60

J. Von-thünen, Economie et espace, 1994.

J. Vrooman, A General Theory of Professional Sports Leagues, Southern Economic Journal, vol.61, issue.4, pp.971-990, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/1060735

J. Vrooman, The Economics of American Sports Leagues, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, vol.47, issue.4, pp.364-398, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-9485.00169

J. Vrooman and B. Alker, THEORY OF THE BEAUTIFUL GAME: THE UNIFICATION OF EUROPEAN FOOTBALL, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, vol.54, issue.3, pp.314-354, 1986.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-9485.00169

J. Williams, English Football Stadiums after Hillsborough The Stadium and the City, pp.219-253, 1995.

A. Wohl, Die Gesellschaftlich-historischen Grundlagen des bürgerlichen Sports, Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der D.H.F.K, 1964.

M. Womack, Why athletes need ritual, Sport and Religion, pp.191-202, 1992.

P. Onnet, Systèmes des sports, 1998.

P. Yonnet, Huit leçons sur le sport The Economics of Baseball, Paris: Gallimard. imbalist, A, 1992.

A. Zimbalist, Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.3, issue.1, pp.111-121, 2002.
DOI : 10.2307/1060735

A. Zimbalist, Symposium: Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.3, issue.2, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/152700250200300201

A. Zimbalist, Labor Relations in Major League Baseball, Journal of Sports Economics, vol.4, issue.4, pp.332-355, 2003.
DOI : 10.1177/1527002503257388

A. Zimbalist, Les sports dans l'économie américaine, 2003.

A. Zimbalist, May The Best Team Win, 2003.

L. Cadre-de-la-recherche and .. , Table des matières Chapitre liminaire : le constat, la question

.. Fondements-socioculturels-de-la-glorieuse-incertitude-du-sport, 41 a) David contre Goliath : l'expectative déjouée, p.41

.. C-)-l-'incertitude-de-finalité-le-jeu-et-l-'enjeu, 43 d) Le sport-spectacle : l'incertitude mobilisatrice, p.45

R. Incertitude-du, 47 a) La qualité du spectacle : dimensions absolues et relatives du sport, Application, p.47

I. Revenus-et-performances-sportives, .. La, and M. , 55 A -L'exemple nord-américain, p.57

?. Le, 63 A -Fondements théoriques de l'exception sportive, III Compétition sportive et coopération économique, p.65

I. Le-spectacle-sportif-À-l-'épreuve-du-droit-commun and .. , 70 A -Les Etats-Unis : un système dérogatoire aux lois antitrust, p.70

L. 'arrêt-bosman and .. , un marché des joueurs sans restriction, p.77

I. Les-objectifs-des-clubs and .. , 82 A -L'hypothèse de maximisation du profit, p.82

.. Le-plafonnement-de-la-masse-salariale, 92 a) Le Soft Cap en, 92 b) Le Hard Cap en, p.94

.. Ligues-rivales-et-ligues-mineures, 120 a) La concurrence des ligues rivales, p.120

I. La-géographie-du-sport-européen-hiérarchie-urbaine-et-hiérarchie-sportive and .. , 124 A -La diffusion du football professionnel en, p.125

.. En-france, B -Taille des villes et localisation des clubs : le cas de la saison, p.127, 2005.

I. Vers-une-américanisation-du-sport-professionnel-européen and ?. , 135 A -L'évolution des droits audiovisuels, p.137

I. La-performance-dans-les-championnats-nationaux and .. , 205 A -Les titres de champions, p.206

.. Iii-un-choix-politique, 252 A -D'Amsterdam à Nice : la reconnaissance d'une spécificité, p.252

I. Les-tentatives-de-ligues-fermées-en-europe and .. , 269 A -La NFL Europe : un modèle américain pour un sport américain, p.269

C. Thèse-réalisée-dans-le-cadre-du and . Ea, Centre d'Etude des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives) avec le concours de GEOSYSCOM (GEOgraphie des SYStèmes de COMmunication -IDEES CNRS 6228