. Le-clonage-de-l, ADNc de cette protéine a été facilité par la connaissance de la séquence nucléotidique correspondante. Les amorces utilisées pour la PCR sont représentées sur la figure 22

R. Title, GSK-3 in Plasmodium falciparum Key Words: Plasmodium, malaria, glycogen synthase kinase

A. Abrieu, T. Brassac, S. Galas, D. Fisher, J. C. Labbe et al., The Polo-like kinase Plx1 is a component of the MPF amplification loop at the G2/M- phase transition of the cell cycle in Xenopus eggs, J Cell Sci, vol.111, pp.1751-1758, 1998.

K. Murofushi, H. Suzuki, and . Yasuda, Microtubule destabilization by cdc2/H1 histone kinase: phosphorylation of a "pro-rich region" in the microtubule-binding domain of MAP-4, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol.179, pp.1620-1626, 1991.

H. Aktas, H. Cai, and G. M. Cooper, Ras links growth factor signaling to the cell cycle machinery via regulation of cyclin D1 and the Cdk inhibitor p27KIP1., Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.17, issue.7, pp.3850-3857, 1997.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.17.7.3850

A. J. Anderson, J. H. Su, and C. W. Cotman, DNA damage and apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease: colocalization with c -Jun immunoreactivity, relationship to brain area, and effect of postmortem delay J Neurosci, pp.1710-1719, 1996.

L. Arnaud, J. Pines, and E. A. Nigg, GFP tagging reveals human Polo-like kinase 1 at the kinetochore/centromere region of mitotic chromosomes Chromosoma, pp.424-433, 1998.

S. J. Arnold, J. Stappert, A. Bauer, A. Kispert, B. G. Herrmann et al., Brachyury is a target gene of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway Mech Dev, pp.249-58, 2000.

J. Bahler, A. B. Steever, S. Wheatley, Y. Wang, J. R. Pringle et al., Role of Polo Kinase and Mid1p in Determining the Site of Cell Division in Fission Yeast, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.93, issue.6, pp.1603-1619, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80135-X

J. C. Baker, R. S. Beddington, and R. M. Harland, Wnt signaling in Xenopus embryos inhibits bmp4 expression and activates neural development Genes Dev, pp.3149-59, 1999.

V. Baldin, J. Lukas, M. J. Marcote, M. Pagano, and G. Draetta, Cyclin D1 is a nuclear protein required for cell cycle progression in G1., Genes & Development, vol.7, issue.5, pp.812-833, 1993.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.7.5.812

Y. A. Barde, Trophic factors and neuronal survival Neuron, pp.1525-1559, 1989.

C. R. Beals, C. M. Sheridan, C. W. Turck, P. Gardner, and G. R. Crabtree, Nuclear export of NF-ATc enhanced by glycogen synthase kinase-3 Science, pp.1930-1934, 1997.

A. Churcher, R. M. Craig, K. Davies, T. Devlin, S. Feltwell et al., The complete nucleotide sequence of chromosome 3 of Plasmodium falciparum Nature, pp.532-540, 1999.

H. Braak and E. Braak, Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes, Acta Neuropathologica, vol.80, issue.4, pp.239-59, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00308809

T. Brabletz, A. Jung, S. Dag, F. Hlubek, and T. Kirchner, ??-Catenin Regulates the Expression of the Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 in Human Colorectal Cancer, The American Journal of Pathology, vol.155, issue.4, pp.1033-1041, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65204-2

M. Brandeis and T. Hunt, The proteolysis of mitotic cyclins in mammalian cells persists from the end of mitosis until the onset of S phase, Embo J, vol.15, pp.5280-5289, 1996.

M. Brannon, M. Gomperts, L. Sumoy, R. T. Moon, and D. Kimelman, A beta-catenin/XTcf-3 complex binds to the siamois promoter to regulate dorsal axis specification in Xenopus Genes Dev, pp.2359-70, 1997.

A. Brauninger, K. Strebhardt, and H. Rubsamen-waigmann, Identification and functional characterization of the human and murine polo-like kinase (Plk) promoter Oncogene, pp.1793-800, 1995.

J. Brownlees, N. G. Irving, J. P. Brion, B. J. Gibb, U. Wagner et al., Tau phosphorylation in transgenic mice expressing glycogen synthase kinase-3beta transgenes Neuroreport, pp.3251-3256, 1997.

K. M. Cadigan, M. P. Fish, E. J. Rulifson, and R. Nusse, Wingless repression of Drosophila frizzled 2 expression shapes the Wingless morphogen gradient in the wing Cell, pp.767-77, 1998.

K. M. Cadigan and R. Nusse, Wnt signaling: a common theme in animal development Genes Dev, pp.3286-305, 1997.

D. M. Callaini and . Glover, Drosophila polo kinase is required for cytokinesis, J Cell Biol, vol.143, pp.659-71, 1998.

P. A. Matthaei, Y. A. Baeuerle, and . Barde, Selective activation of NF-kappa B by nerve growth factor through the neurotrophin receptor p75 [see comments] Science, pp.542-547, 1996.

E. F. Chan, U. Gat, J. M. Mcniff, and E. Fuchs, A common human skin tumour is caused by activating mutations in beta-catenin Nat Genet, pp.410-413, 1999.

J. F. Charles, S. L. Jaspersen, R. L. Tinker-kulberg, L. Hwang, A. Szidon et al., The Polo-related kinase Cdc5 activates and is destroyed by the mitotic cyclin destruction machinery in S. cerevisiae, Current Biology, vol.8, issue.9, pp.497-507, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70201-5

D. Chase, A. Golden, G. Heidecker, and D. K. Ferris, Caenorhabditis elegans contains a third polo-like kinase gene, Process Citation] DNA Seq, pp.327-361, 2000.

. Golden, The polo-like kinase PLK-1 is required for nuclear envelope breakdown and the completion of meiosis in Caenorhabditis elegans Genesis, pp.26-41, 2000.

S. Chen, Inhibition of the membrane translocation and activation of protein kinase C, and potentiation of doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by tamoxifen, Biochemical Pharmacology, vol.55, issue.4, pp.523-554, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00594-7

L. Cheng, L. Hunke, and C. F. Hardy, Polo-Like Kinase Cdc5p, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.18, issue.12, pp.7360-70, 1998.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.18.12.7360

A. Ciechanover and A. L. Schwartz, The Ubiquitin-Mediated Proteolytic Pathway, Brain Pathology, vol.266, issue.1, pp.182-91, 1994.
DOI : 10.1038/349132a0

F. J. Clay, S. J. Mcewen, I. Bertoncello, A. F. Wilks, and A. R. Dunn, Identification and cloning of a protein kinase-encoding mouse gene, Plk, related to the polo gene of Drosophila., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.90, issue.11, pp.4882-4888, 1993.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.90.11.4882

T. R. Coleman and W. G. Dunphy, Cdc2 regulatory factors, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.6, issue.6, pp.877-882, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0955-0674(94)90060-4

O. Coqueret, G. Berube, and A. Nepveu, The mammalian Cut homeodomain protein functions as a cell-cycle-dependent transcriptional repressor which downmodulates p21WAF1/CIP1/SDI1 in S phase, The EMBO Journal, vol.17, issue.16, pp.4680-94, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/17.16.4680

C. W. Cotman and A. J. Anderson, A potential role for apoptosis in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease, Molecular Neurobiology, vol.90, issue.10, pp.19-45, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02740836

H. C. Crawford, B. M. Fingleton, L. A. Rudolph-owen, K. J. Goss, B. Rubinfeld et al., The metalloproteinase matrilysin is a target of beta-catenin transactivation in intestinal tumors Oncogene, pp.2883-91, 1999.

D. G. Crenshaw, J. Yang, A. R. Means, and S. Kornbluth, The mitotic peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, Pin1, interacts with Cdc25 and Plx1, The EMBO Journal, vol.17, issue.5, pp.1315-1327, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/17.5.1315

D. A. Cross, D. R. Alessi, P. Cohen, M. Andjelkovich, and B. A. Hemmings, Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin mediated by protein kinase B Nature, pp.785-794, 1995.

R. J. Crowder and R. S. Freeman, Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3?? Activity Is Critical for Neuronal Death Caused by Inhibiting Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase or Akt but Not for Death Caused by Nerve Growth Factor Withdrawal, Process Citation, pp.34266-71, 2000.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M006160200

R. Dajani, E. Fraser, S. M. Roe, N. Young, V. Good et al., Crystal structure of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta: structural basis for phosphate-primed substrate specificity and autoinhibition Cell, pp.721-753, 2001.

S. R. Datta, A. Brunet, and M. E. Greenberg, Cellular survival: a play in three Akts Genes Dev, pp.2905-2932, 1999.

M. Soubrane, J. Fabre, C. Chelly, A. Beldjord, C. Kahn et al., Somatic mutations of the beta-catenin gene are frequent in mouse and human hepatocellular carcinomas, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.95, pp.8847-51, 1998.

G. Deng, C. J. Pike, and C. W. Cotman, Alzheimer-associated presenilin-2 confers increased sensitivity to apoptosis in PC12 cells FEBS Lett, pp.50-54, 1996.

P. Descombes and E. A. Nigg, The polo-like kinase Plx1 is required for M phase exit and destruction of mitotic regulators in Xenopus egg extracts, The EMBO Journal, vol.17, issue.5, pp.1328-1363, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/17.5.1328

J. A. Diehl, M. Cheng, M. F. Roussel, and C. J. Sherr, Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta regulates cyclin D1 proteolysis and subcellular localization Genes Dev, Nat Cell Biol, vol.12, issue.3, pp.3499-511421, 1998.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.12.22.3499

URL : http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/short/12/22/3499

P. J. Donohue, G. F. Alberts, Y. Guo, and J. A. Winkles, Identification by targeted differential display of an immediate early gene encoding a putative serine/threonine kinase, J Biol Chem, vol.270, pp.10351-10358, 1995.

R. I. Dorsky, D. W. Raible, and R. T. Moon, Direct regulation of nacre, a zebrafish MITF homolog required for pigment cell formation, by the Wnt pathway Genes Dev, pp.158-62, 2000.

W. G. Dunphy and A. Kumagai, The cdc25 protein contains an intrinsic phosphatase activity Cell, pp.189-96, 1991.

H. Eldar-finkelman and E. G. Krebs, Phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 by glycogen synthase kinase 3 impairs insulin action, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.94, issue.18, pp.9660-9664, 1997.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.18.9660

N. Embi, D. B. Rylatt, and P. Cohen, Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 from Rabbit Skeletal Muscle, European Journal of Biochemistry, vol.7, issue.2, pp.519-546, 1980.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb06059.x

N. E. Erondu and J. E. Donelson, Characterization of trypanosome protein phosphatase 1 and 2A catalytic subunits, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.49, issue.2, pp.303-314163, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-6851(91)90074-G

M. A. Felix, J. C. Labbe, M. Doree, T. Hunt, and E. Karsenti, Triggering of cyclin degradation in interphase extracts of amphibian eggs by cdc2 kinase Nature, pp.379-82, 1990.

Y. Feng, D. R. Hodge, G. Palmieri, D. L. Chase, D. L. Longo et al., Association of polo-like kinase with ??-, ??- and ??-tubulins in a stable complex, Biochemical Journal, vol.339, issue.2, pp.435-477, 1999.
DOI : 10.1042/bj3390435

B. Fenton and D. M. Glover, A conserved mitotic kinase active at late anaphase-telophase in syncytial Drosophila embryos Nature, pp.637-677, 1993.

D. K. Ferris, S. C. Maloid, and C. C. Li, Ubiquitination and Proteasome Mediated Degradation of Polo-like Kinase, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.252, issue.2, pp.340-344, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9648

. Andrisani, A secondary phosphorylation of CREB341 at Ser129 is required for the cAMP-mediated control of gene expression. A role for glycogen synthase kinase-3, 1994.

C. Fode, B. Motro, S. Yousefi, M. Heffernan, and J. W. Dennis, Sak, a murine protein-serine/threonine kinase that is related to the Drosophila polo kinase and involved in cell proliferation., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.91, issue.14, pp.6388-92, 1994.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.91.14.6388

D. L. Gard and M. W. Kirschner, Microtubule assembly in cytoplasmic extracts of Xenopus oocytes and eggs, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.105, issue.5, pp.2191-201, 1987.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.105.5.2191

D. L. Gard and M. W. Kirschner, A microtubule-associated protein from Xenopus eggs that specifically promotes assembly at the plus-end, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.105, issue.5, pp.2203-2218, 1987.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.105.5.2203

J. Gautier, M. J. Solomon, R. N. Booher, J. F. Bazan, and M. W. Kirschner, cdc25 is a specific tyrosine phosphatase that directly activates p34cdc2, Cell, vol.67, issue.1, pp.197-211, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90583-K

D. D. Ginty, A. Bonni, and M. E. Greenberg, Nerve growth factor activates a Ras-dependent protein kinase that stimulates c-fos transcription via phosphorylation of CREB Cell, pp.713-738, 1994.

D. M. Glover, I. M. Hagan, and A. Tavares, Polo-like kinases: a team that plays throughout mitosis, Genes & Development, vol.12, issue.24, pp.3777-3787, 1998.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.12.24.3777

D. M. Glover, H. Ohkura, and A. Tavares, Polo kinase: the choreographer of the mitotic stage?, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.135, issue.6, pp.1681-1685, 1996.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.135.6.1681

R. M. Golsteyn, H. A. Lane, K. E. Mundt, L. Arnaud, and E. A. Nigg, The familly of Polo-like kinases, Progress in Cell Cycle Research 2, 1996.

R. M. Golsteyn, K. E. Mundt, A. M. Fry, and E. A. Nigg, Cell cycle regulation of the activity and subcellular localization of Plk1, a human protein kinase implicated in mitotic spindle function, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.129, issue.6, pp.1617-1645, 1995.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.129.6.1617

R. M. Golsteyn, S. J. Schultz, B. J. , A. Ziemiecki, T. Ried et al., Cell cycle analysis and chromosomal localization of human PLK1, a putative homolog of the mitotic kinases Drosophila polo and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc5, Journal of Cell Science, vol.107, pp.1509-1517, 1994.

C. Gonzalez, C. E. Sunkel, and D. M. Glover, Interactions between mgr , asp , and polo : asp function modulated by polo and needed to maintain the poles of monopolar and bipolar spindles, Chromosoma, vol.107, issue.6-7, pp.452-60, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s004120050329

N. Goode, K. Hughes, J. R. Woodgett, and P. J. Parker, Differential regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta by protein kinase C isotypes, J Biol Chem, vol.267, pp.16878-82, 1992.

R. G. Goold, R. Owen, and P. R. Gordon-weeks, Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 1B regulates the stability of microtubules in growth cones, J Cell Sci, vol.112, pp.3373-84, 1999.

D. Gradl, M. Kuhl, and D. Wedlich, The Wnt/Wg Signal Transducer ??-Catenin Controls Fibronectin Expression, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.19, issue.8, pp.5576-87, 1999.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.19.8.5576

T. M. Graham, A. Tait, and G. Hide, Characterisation of a polo-like protein kinase gene homologue from an evolutionary divergent eukaryote, Trypanosoma brucei, Gene, vol.207, issue.1, pp.71-78, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00606-9

M. P. Martin and . Mattson, Alzheimer's PS-1 mutation perturbs calcium homeostasis and sensitizes PC12 cells to death induced by amyloid beta-peptide Neuroreport, pp.379-83, 1996.

Q. Guo, B. L. Sopher, K. Furukawa, D. G. Pham, N. Robinson et al., Alzheimer's presenilin mutation sensitizes neural cells to apoptosis induced by trophic factor withdrawal and amyloid beta-peptide: involvement of calcium and oxyradicals J Neurosci, pp.4212-4234, 1997.

C. Haass, Presenilins: genes for life and death Neuron, pp.687-90, 1997.

M. Haertel-wiesmann, Y. Liang, W. J. Fantl, and L. T. Williams, Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Periostin by Wnt-3 in Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.275, issue.41, pp.32046-51, 2000.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M000074200

A. Hagting, M. Jackman, K. Simpson, and J. Pines, Translocation of cyclin B1 to the nucleus at prophase requires a phosphorylation-dependent nuclear import signal, Current Biology, vol.9, issue.13, pp.680-689, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80308-X

A. Hagting, C. Karlsson, P. Clute, M. Jackman, and J. Pines, MPF localization is controlled by nuclear export, The EMBO Journal, vol.17, issue.14, pp.4127-4165, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/17.14.4127

L. D. Spivak and D. K. Ferris, Polo like kinase is a cell cycle regulated kinase activated during mitosis, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.270, pp.21086-21091, 1995.

S. D. Hanes, P. R. Shank, and K. A. Bostian, Sequence and mutational analysis of ESS1, a gene essential for growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast, pp.55-72, 1989.

S. K. Hanks and T. Hunter, Protein kinases 6. The eukaryotic protein kinase superfamily: kinase (catalytic) domain structure and classification The protein kinase family: conserved features and deduced phylogeny of the catalytic domains, Faseb J. Science, vol.9, issue.241, pp.576-9642, 1988.

C. F. Hardy and A. Pautz, A novel role for Cdc5p in DNA replication., Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.16, issue.12, pp.6775-82, 1996.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.16.12.6775

J. Hardy, Amyloid, the presenilins and Alzheimer's disease [see comments] Trends Neurosci, pp.154-163, 1997.

M. J. Hart, R. De-los-santos, I. N. Albert, B. Rubinfeld, and P. Polakis, Downregulation of beta-catenin by human Axin and its association with the APC tumor suppressor, beta-catenin and GSK3 beta Curr Biol, pp.573-81, 1998.

M. Hatakeyama and R. A. Weinberg, The role of RB in cell cycle control, Prog Cell Cycle Res, vol.1, pp.9-19, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-1809-9_2

T. C. He, T. A. Chan, B. Vogelstein, and K. W. Kinzler, PPARdelta is an APC-regulated target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Cell, pp.335-380, 1999.

B. Morin, K. W. Vogelstein, and . Kinzler, Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway Science, pp.1509-1521, 1998.

B. R. Henderson, Nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of APC regulates beta-catenin subcellular localization and turnover, Nature Cell Biology, vol.2, issue.9, pp.653-60, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35023605

S. Herrmann, I. Amorim, and C. E. Sunkel, The Polo kinase is required at multiple stages during spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster Chromosoma, pp.440-51, 1998.

M. Hetman, J. E. Cavanaugh, D. Kimelman, and Z. Xia, Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in neuronal apoptosis induced by trophic withdrawal, J Neurosci, vol.20, pp.2567-74, 2000.

I. Hoffmann, P. R. Clarke, M. J. Marcote, E. Karsenti, and G. Draetta, Phosphorylation and activation of human cdc25-C by cdc2-cyclin B and its involvement in the self-amplification of MPF at mitosis, Embo J, vol.12, pp.53-63, 1993.

I. Hoffmann, G. Draetta, and E. Karsenti, Activation of the phosphatase activity of human cdc25A by a cdk2-cyclin E dependent phosphorylation at the G1/S transition, Embo J, vol.13, pp.4302-4312, 1994.

U. Holtrich, G. Wolf, A. Brauninger, T. Karn, B. Bohme et al., Induction and down-regulation of PLK, a human serine/threonine kinase expressed in proliferating cells and tumors., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.91, issue.5, pp.1736-1776, 1994.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.91.5.1736

M. Hong, D. C. Chen, P. S. Klein, and V. M. Lee, Lithium Reduces Tau Phosphorylation by Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.272, issue.40, pp.25326-25358, 1997.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.272.40.25326

M. Hong and V. M. Lee, Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Regulate Tau Phosphorylation in Cultured Human Neurons, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.272, issue.31, pp.19547-53, 1997.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.272.31.19547

J. E. Hooper, Distinct pathways for autocrine and paracrine Wingless signalling in Drosophila embryos Nature, pp.461-465, 1994.

H. Hosoya, S. Komatsu, T. Shimizu, M. Inagaki, M. Ikegami et al., Phosphorylation of Dynamin by CDC2 Kinase, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.202, issue.2, pp.1127-1160, 1994.
DOI : 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2045

C. T. Hotta, M. L. Gazarini, F. H. Beraldo, F. P. Varotti, C. Lopes et al., Calcium-dependent modulation by melatonin of the circadian rhythm in malarial parasites, Nat Cell Biol, vol.2, pp.466-474, 2000.

W. Hsu, L. Zeng, and F. Costantini, Identification of a Domain of Axin That Binds to the Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatase 2A and a Self-binding Domain, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.274, issue.6, pp.3439-3484, 1999.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.274.6.3439

S. B. Hua and C. C. Wang, Differential accumulation of a protein kinase homolog inTrypanosoma brucei, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol.11, issue.1, pp.20-31, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/jcb.240540104

H. Cathomas and . Ohgaki, Beta-catenin mutations are frequent in human hepatocellular carcinomas associated with hepatitis C virus infection, Am J Pathol, vol.155, pp.1795-801, 1999.

T. Hunter and G. D. Plowman, The protein kinases of budding yeast: six score and more, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol.22, issue.1, pp.18-22, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0968-0004(96)10068-2

T. Izumi, D. H. Walker, and J. L. Maller, Periodic changes in phosphorylation of the Xenopus cdc25 phosphatase regulate its activity., Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol.3, issue.8, pp.927-966, 1992.
DOI : 10.1091/mbc.3.8.927

Y. M. Jeng, M. Z. Wu, T. L. Mao, M. H. Chang, and H. C. Hsu, Somatic mutations of beta-catenin play a crucial role in the tumorigenesis of sporadic hepatoblastoma Cancer Lett, pp.45-51, 2000.

C. Jessus and R. Ozon, Function and regulation of cdc25 protein phosphatase through mitosis and meiosis, Progress in Cell Cycle Research 1, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-1809-9_17

. Okayama, Cdc25A is a novel phosphatase functioning early in the cell cycle, Embo J, vol.13, pp.1549-56, 1994.

J. Costantini and . Kitajewski, Domains of axin and disheveled required for interaction and function in wnt signaling, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol.276, pp.1162-1171, 2000.

A. Karaiskou, C. Jessus, T. Brassac, and R. Ozon, Phosphatase 2A and polo kinase, two antagonistic regulators of cdc25 activation and MPF auto-amplification, J Cell Sci, vol.112, pp.3747-56, 1999.

J. Staubli, K. Bereiter-hahn, D. Strebahardt, and . Kuhl, The polo-like protein kinases Fnk and Snk associate with a Ca(2+)-and integrin-binding protein are regulated dynamically with synaptic plasticity, EMBO Journal, vol.18, pp.5528-5539, 1999.

J. Staubli, K. Bereiter-hahn, D. Strebhardt, and . Kuhl, The polo-like protein kinases Fnk and Snk associate with a Ca(2+)-and integrin-binding protein and are regulated dynamically with synaptic plasticity, Embo J, vol.18, pp.5528-5567, 1999.

L. Kim, J. Liu, and A. R. Kimmel, The Novel Tyrosine Kinase ZAK1 Activates GSK3 to Direct Cell Fate Specification, Cell, vol.99, issue.4, pp.399-408, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81526-3

R. W. King, M. Glotzer, and M. W. Kirschner, Mutagenic analysis of the destruction signal of mitotic cyclins and structural characterization of ubiquitinated intermediates., Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol.7, issue.9, pp.1343-57, 1996.
DOI : 10.1091/mbc.7.9.1343

K. Kitada, A. L. Johnson, L. H. Johnston, and A. Sgino, A multicopy suppressor gene of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae G1 cell cycle mutant gene dbf4 encodes a protein kinase and is identified as CDC5., Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.13, issue.7, pp.4445-4457, 1993.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.13.7.4445

M. N. Kitaeva, L. Grogan, J. P. Williams, E. Dimond, K. Nakahara et al., Mutations in beta-catenin are uncommon in colorectal cancer occurring in occasional replication error-positive tumors Cancer Res, pp.4478-81, 1997.

P. S. Klein and D. A. Melton, A molecular mechanism for the effect of lithium on development., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.93, issue.16, pp.8455-8464, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.16.8455

A. Koch, D. Denkhaus, S. Albrecht, I. Leuschner, D. Schweinitz et al., Childhood hepatoblastomas frequently carry a mutated degradation targeting box of the beta-catenin gene Cancer Res, pp.269-73, 1999.

S. Kotani, H. Tanaka, H. Yasuda, and K. Todokoro, Regulation of APC Activity by Phosphorylation and Regulatory Factors, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.110, issue.4, pp.791-800, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.282.5394.1721

K. Hieter and . Todokoro, PKA and MPF-activated polo-like kinase regulate anaphase-promoting complex activity and mitosis progression, Mol Cell, vol.1, pp.371-80, 1998.

J. Kuang, C. L. Ashorn, M. Gonzalez-kuyvenhoven, and J. E. Penkala, cdc25 is one of the MPM-2 antigens involved in the activation of maturationpromoting factor [published erratum appears in, Mol Biol Cell, vol.5, issue.5, p.611, 1994.

A. Kumagai and W. G. Dunphy, Purification and molecular cloning of Plx1, a Cdc25-regulatory kinase from Xenopus egg extracts Science, pp.1377-80, 1996.

A. Kumagai and W. G. Dunphy, Regulation of the cdc25 protein during t he cell cycle in Xenopus extracts Cell, pp.139-51, 1992.

A. Kumagai, P. S. Yakowec, and W. G. Dunphy, 14-3-3 Proteins Act as Negative Regulators of the Mitotic Inducer Cdc25 in Xenopus Egg Extracts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol.9, issue.2, pp.345-54, 1998.
DOI : 10.1091/mbc.9.2.345

J. W. Kusiak, J. A. Izzo, and B. Zhao, Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease, Molecular and Chemical Neuropathology, vol.40, issue.1-3, pp.153-62, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02815217

R. J. Lake and W. R. Jelinek, Cell cycle- and terminal differentiation-associated regulation of the mouse mRNA encoding a conserved mitotic protein kinase., Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.13, issue.12, pp.7793-801, 1993.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.13.12.7793

H. A. Lane and E. A. Nigg, Cell-cycle control: POLO-like kinases join the outer circle, Trends in Cell Biology, vol.7, issue.2, pp.63-68, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0962-8924(96)10051-9

A. J. Larner, Tau protein as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer???s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, vol.399, issue.6, pp.1359-1370, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00005072-199655100-00001

S. Llamazares, A. Moreira, A. Tavares, C. Girdham, B. A. Spruce et al., polo encodes a protein kinase homolog required for mitosis in Drosophila Genes Dev, pp.2153-65, 1991.

E. Logarinho and C. Sunkel, The Drosophila POLO kinase localises to multiple compartments of the mitotic apparatus and is required for the phosphorylation of MPM2 reactive epitopes, Journal of Cell Science, vol.111, pp.2897-2909, 1998.

S. Lovestone, C. L. Hartley, J. Pearce, and B. H. Anderton, Phosphorylation of tau by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta in intact mammalian cells: the effects on the organization and stability of microtubules Neuroscience, pp.1145-57, 1996.

D. Gallo, S. Hanger, B. Mulot, S. Marquardt, and . Stabel, Alzheimer's disease-like phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau by glycogen synthase kinase-3 in transfected mammalian cells, Curr Biol, vol.4, pp.1077-86, 1994.

K. P. Lu, S. D. Hanes, and T. Hunter, A human peptidyl-prolyl isomerase essential for regulation of mitosis Nature, pp.544-551, 1996.

F. R. Lucas, R. G. Goold, P. R. Gordon-weeks, and P. C. Salinas, Inhibition of GSK-3beta leading to the loss of phosphorylated MAP-1B is an early event in axonal remodelling induced by WNT-7a or lithium, J Cell Sci, vol.111, pp.1351-61, 1998.

M. P. Bodmer, E. O. Moyer, H. J. Riecken, C. Buhr, and . Hanski, Target genes of beta-catenin-T cell-factor/lymphoid-enhancer-factor signaling in human colorectal carcinomas, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.96, pp.1603-1611, 1999.

L. L. Mcgrew, K. Takemaru, R. Bates, and R. T. Moon, Direct regulation of the Xenopus engrailed-2 promoter by the Wnt signaling pathway, and a molecular screen for Wnt-responsive genes, confirm a role for Wnt signaling during neural patterning in Xenopus Mech Dev, pp.21-32, 1999.

R. Mckendry, S. C. Hsu, R. M. Harland, and R. Grosschedl, LEF-1/TCF Proteins Mediate Wnt-Inducible Transcription from the Xenopus Nodal-Related 3 Promoter, Developmental Biology, vol.192, issue.2, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/dbio.1997.8797

L. Meijer, D. Arion, R. Golsteyn, J. Pines, L. Brizuela et al., Cyclin is a component of the sea urchin egg M-phase specific histone, 1989.

J. B. Millar, C. H. Mcgowan, G. Lenaers, R. Jones, and P. Russell, p80cdc25 mitotic inducer is the tyrosine phosphatase that activates p34cdc2 kinase in fission yeast, The EMBO Journal, vol.10, pp.4301-4309, 1991.

Y. Miyoshi, K. Iwao, G. Nawa, H. Yoshikawa, T. Ochi et al., Frequent mutations in the beta-catenin gene in desmoid tumors from patients without familial adenomatous polyposis Oncol Res, pp.591-595, 1998.

D. O. Morgan, Principles of CDK regulation, Nature, vol.374, issue.6518, pp.131-134, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/374131a0

D. O. Morgan, Regulation of the APC and the exit from mitosis, Nature Cell Biology, vol.1, issue.2, pp.47-53, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/10039

A. Matsumoto, E. Kikuchi, and . Nishida, Distinct domains of mouse dishevelled are responsible for the c -Jun N -terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase activation and the axis formation in vertebrates, J Biol Chem, vol.274, pp.30957-62, 1999.

P. J. Morin, A. B. Sparks, V. Korinek, N. Barker, H. Clevers et al., Activation of beta-catenin-Tcf signaling in colon cancer by mutations in beta-catenin or APC [see comments] Science, pp.1787-90, 1997.

Y. Titani and . Ihara, Proline-directed and non-proline-directed phosphorylation of PHF-tau, J Biol Chem, vol.270, pp.823-832, 1995.

K. E. Mundt, R. M. Golsteyn, H. A. Lane, and E. A. Nigg, On the Regulation and Function of Human Polo-like Kinase 1 (PLK1): Effects of Overexpression on Cell Cycle Progression, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.239, issue.2, pp.377-85, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7378

J. R. Munoz-montano, F. J. Moreno, J. Avila, and J. Diaz-nido, Lithium inhibits Alzheimer's disease-like tau protein phosphorylation in neurons FEBS Lett, pp.183-191, 1997.

J. T. Nhieu, C. A. Renard, Y. Wei, D. Cherqui, E. S. Zafrani et al., Nuclear Accumulation of Mutated ??-Catenin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Is Associated with Increased Cell Proliferation, The American Journal of Pathology, vol.155, issue.3, pp.703-713, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65168-1

E. Nikolakaki, P. J. Coffer, R. Hemelsoet, J. R. Woodgett, and L. H. Defize, Glycogen synthase kinase 3 phosphorylates Jun family members in vitro and negatively regulates their transactivating potential in intact cells Oncogene, pp.833-873, 1993.

I. Nilsson and I. Hoffmann, Cell cycle regulation by the Cdc25 phosphatase family, Prog Cell Cycle Res, vol.4, pp.107-121, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-4253-7_10

C. Nislow, C. Sellitto, R. Kuriyama, and J. R. Mcintosh, A monoclonal antibody to a mitotic microtubule-associated protein blocks mitotic progression, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.111, issue.2, pp.511-533, 1990.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.111.2.511

P. Nurse, Universal control mechanism regulating onset of M-phase, Nature, vol.344, issue.6266, pp.503-508, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/344503a0

R. Nusse and H. E. Varmus, Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome Cell, pp.99-109, 1982.

H. Ohkura, I. M. Hagan, and D. M. Glover, The conserved Schizosaccharomyces pombe kinase plo1, required to form a bipolar spindle, the actin ring, and septum, can drive septum formation in G1 and G2 cells Genes Dev, pp.1059-73, 1995.

E. Hotani, K. Okumura, T. Tachibana, and . Kishimoto, Cyclin B interaction with microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) targets p34cdc2 kinase to microtubules and is a potential regulator of M-phase microtubule, dynamics J Cell Biol, vol.128, pp.849-62, 1995.

K. Ookata, S. Hisanaga, E. Okumura, and T. Kishimoto, Association of p34cdc2/cyclin B complex with microtubules in starfish oocytes, J Cell Sci, vol.105, pp.873-81, 1993.

R. W. Oppenheim, D. Prevette, Q. W. Yin, F. Collins, and J. Macdonald, Control of embryonic motoneuron survival in vivo by ciliary neurotrophic factor Science, pp.1616-1624, 1991.

B. Ouyang, H. Pan, L. Lu, J. Li, P. Stambrook et al., Human Prk Is a Conserved Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase Involved in Regulating M Phase Functions, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.272, issue.45, pp.28646-51, 1997.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.272.45.28646

B. Ouyang, Y. Wang, and D. Wei, Caenorhabditis elegans contains structural homologs of human prk and plk DNA Seq, pp.109-122, 1999.

M. Pap and G. M. Cooper, Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 in the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Cell Survival Pathway, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.273, issue.32, pp.19929-19961, 1998.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.273.32.19929

K. Lee, P. J. Kim, S. T. Oh, N. J. Yoo, and J. Y. Lee, Frequent somatic mutations of the beta-catenin gene in i ntestinal-type gastric cancer Cancer Res, pp.4257-60, 1999.

D. Patra and W. G. Dunphy, Xe-p9, a Xenopus Suc1/Cks protein, is essential for the Cdc2-dependent phosphorylation of the anaphase-promoting complex at mitosis Genes Dev, pp.2549-59, 1998.

F. Payre, A. Vincent, and S. Carreno, ovo/svb integrates Wingless and DER pathways to control epidermis differentiation Nature, pp.271-276, 1999.

M. Peifer and P. Polakis, Wnt signaling in oncogenesis and embryogenesis--a look outside the nucleus Science, pp.1606-1615, 2000.

S. L. Pelech and D. L. Charest, MAP kinase-dependent pathways in cell cycle control Prog Cell Cycle Res, pp.33-52, 1995.

. Stephenson, Piwnica-Worms 1998. C -TAK1 protein kinase phosphorylates human Cdc25C on serine 216 and promotes 14-3-3 protein binding Cell Growth Differ, pp.197-208

C. Y. Peng, P. R. Graves, R. S. Thoma, Z. Wu, A. S. Shaw et al., Mitotic and G2 checkpoint control: regulation of 14-3-3 protein binding by phosphorylation of Cdc25C on serine-216 [see comments] Science, pp.1501-1506, 1997.

A. J. Botstein and . Levine, WISP genes are members of the connective tissue growth factor family that are up-regulated in wnt-1-transformed cells and aberrantly expressed in human colon tumors, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.95, pp.14717-14739, 1998.

J. M. Peters, Proteasomes: protein degradation machines of the cell, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol.19, issue.9, pp.377-82, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0968-0004(94)90115-5

J. M. Peters, W. W. Franke, and J. A. Kleinschmidt, Distinct 19 S and 20 S subcomplexes of the 26 S proteasome and their distribution in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, J Biol Chem, vol.269, pp.7709-7727, 1994.

J. M. Peters, R. M. Mckay, J. P. Mckay, and J. M. Graff, Casein kinase I transduces Wnt signals Nature, pp.345-50, 1999.

O. Piepenburg, G. Vorbruggen, and H. Jackle, Drosophila Segment Borders Result from Unilateral Repression of Hedgehog Activity by Wingless Signaling, Molecular Cell, vol.6, issue.1, pp.203-212, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1097-2765(05)00011-0

S. E. Plyte, E. O-'donovan, J. R. Woodgett, and A. J. Harwood, Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is regulated during Dictyostelium development via the serpentine receptor cAR3 Development, pp.325-358, 1999.

P. Polakis, The oncogenic activation of ??-catenin, Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, vol.9, issue.1, pp.15-21, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0959-437X(99)80003-3

P. Polakis, Wnt signaling and cancer Genes Dev, pp.1837-51, 2000.

Y. W. Qian, E. Erikson, and J. L. Maller, Polo-Like Kinase Plx1, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.19, issue.12, pp.8625-8657, 1999.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.19.12.8625

Y. W. Qian, E. Erikson, and J. L. Maller, Purification and cloning of a protein kinase that phosphorylates and activates the polo-like kinase Plx1 Science, pp.1701-1705, 1998.

A. Riccio, S. Ahn, C. M. Davenport, J. A. Blendy, and D. D. Ginty, Mediation by a CREB family transcription factor of NGF-dependent survival of sympathetic neurons Science, pp.2358-61, 1999.

J. Riese, X. Yu, A. Munnerlyn, S. Eresh, S. C. Hsu et al., LEF-1, a nuclear factor coordinating signaling inputs from wingless and decapentaplegic Cell, pp.777-87, 1997.

J. Roose and H. Clevers, TCF transcription factors: molecular switches in carcinogenesis, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer, vol.1424, issue.2-3, pp.23-37, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-419X(99)00026-8

S. E. Ross, R. L. Erickson, N. Hemati, and O. A. Macdougald, Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Is an Insulin-Regulated C/EBP?? Kinase, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.19, issue.12, pp.8433-8474, 1999.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.19.12.8433

H. Sakai, Microtubules in Mitosis., Cell Structure and Function, vol.19, issue.2, pp.57-62, 1994.
DOI : 10.1247/csf.19.57

. Slattery, Beta-catenin mutations are more frequent in small colorectal adenomas than in larger adenomas and invasive carcinomas Cancer Res, pp.1442-1446, 1999.

S. Satoh, Y. Daigo, Y. Furukawa, T. Kato, N. Miwa et al., AXIN1 mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas, and growth suppression in cancer cells by virus-mediated transfer of AXIN1, Nature Genetics, vol.16, issue.3, pp.245-50, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90302-9

P. Peskind, G. Poorkaj, R. Schellenberg, W. Tanzi, L. Wasco et al., Secreted amyloid beta-protein similar to that in the senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease is increased in vivo by the presenilin 1 and 2 and APP mutations linked to familial Alzheimer's disease [see comments, pp.864-70, 1996.

F. X. Schmid, Protein folding: Prolyl isomerases join the fold, Current Biology, vol.5, issue.9, pp.993-997, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(95)00197-7

D. C. Seldin and P. Leder, Casein kinase II alpha transgene-induced murine lymphoma: relation to theileriosis in cattle [see comments] Science, pp.894-901, 1995.

N. Sethi, M. C. Monteagudo, D. Koshland, E. Hogan, and D. J. Burke, The CDC20 gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a beta-transducin homolog, is required for a subset of microtubule-dependent cellular processes., Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.11, issue.11, pp.5592-602, 1991.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.11.11.5592

M. Shen, P. T. Stukenberg, M. W. Kirschner, and K. P. Lu, The essential mitotic peptidyl-prolyl i somerase Pin1 binds and regulates mitosis-specific phosphoproteins Genes Dev, pp.706-726, 1998.

C. J. Sherr and J. M. Roberts, Inhibitors of mammalian G1 cyclin-dependent kinases., Genes & Development, vol.9, issue.10, pp.1149-63, 1995.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.9.10.1149

N. Shiina, T. Moriguchi, K. Ohta, Y. Gotoh, and E. Nishida, Regulation of a major microtubule-associated protein by MPF and MAP kinase, Embo J, vol.11, pp.3977-84, 1992.

H. Shimizu, M. A. Julius, M. Giarre, Z. Zheng, A. M. Brown et al., Transformation by Wnt family proteins correlates w ith regulation of betacatenin Cell Growth Differ, pp.1349-58, 1997.

M. Shirayama, W. Zachariae, R. Ciosk, and N. K. , The Polo-like kinase Cdc5p and the WD-repeat protein Cdc20p/fizzy are regulators and substrates of the anaphase promoting complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, The EMBO Journal, vol.17, issue.5, pp.1336-1349, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/17.5.1336

. Miyaki, A novel case of a sporadic desmoid tumour with mutation of the beta catenin gene, J Clin Pathol, vol.52, pp.695-701, 1999.

H. Jang, R. J. Charbonneau, and . Deshaies, Exit from mitosis is triggered by Tem1-dependent release of the protein phosphatase Cdc14 from nucleolar RENT complex Cell, pp.233-277, 1999.

M. Shtutman, J. Zhurinsky, I. Simcha, C. Albanese, M. D. Amico et al., The cyclin D1 gene is a target of the ??-catenin/LEF-1 pathway, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.96, issue.10, pp.5522-5529, 1999.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.96.10.5522

J. Shuttleworth, The regulation and functions of cdk7 Prog Cell Cycle Res, pp.229-269, 1995.

D. L. Simmons, B. G. Neel, R. Stevens, G. Evett, and R. L. Erikson, Identification of an early-growth-response gene encoding a novel putative protein kinase., Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.12, issue.9, pp.4164-4169, 1992.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.12.9.4164

M. Sohrmann, C. Fankhauser, C. Brodbeck, and V. Simanis, The dmf1/mid1 gene is essential for correct positioning of the division septum in fission yeast Genes Dev, pp.2707-2726, 1996.

D. H. Song, D. J. Sussman, and D. C. Seldin, Endogenous Protein Kinase CK2 Participates in Wnt Signaling in Mammary Epithelial Cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.275, issue.31, pp.23790-23797, 2000.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M909107199

S. Song, T. Z. Grenfell, S. Garfield, R. L. Erikson, and K. S. Lee, Essential Function of the Polo Box of Cdc5 in Subcellular Localization and Induction of Cytokinetic Structures, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.20, issue.1, pp.286-98, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.20.1.286-298.2000

S. Song and K. S. Lee, in Cytokinesis, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.12, issue.3, pp.451-470, 2001.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.136.1.111

A. B. Sparks, P. J. Morin, B. Vogelstein, and K. W. Kinzler, Mutational analysis of the APC/beta-catenin/Tcf pathway in colorectal cancer Cancer Res, pp.1130-1134, 1998.

B. R. Sperber, S. Leight, M. Goedert, and V. M. Lee, Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta phosphorylates tau protein at multiple sites in intact cells Neurosci Lett, pp.149-53, 1995.

. Fuchs, Wnt/beta-catenin signaling induces the expression and activity of betaTrCP ubiquitin ligase receptor Mol Cell, pp.877-82, 2000.

V. Stambolic, L. Ruel, and J. R. Woodgett, Lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity and mimics wingless signalling in intact cells [published erratum appears in, Curr Biol Curr Biol, vol.7, issue.6, pp.1961664-1961672, 1996.

J. H. Su, A. J. Anderson, B. J. Cummings, and C. W. Cotman, Immunohistochemical evidence for apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease Neuroreport, pp.2529-2562, 1994.

M. Sudol, Structure and function of the WW domain, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, vol.65, issue.1-2, pp.113-145, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0079-6107(96)00008-9

K. Sugaya, M. Reeves, and M. Mckinney, Topographic associations between DNA fragmentation and Alzheimer's disease neuropathology in the hippocampus Neurochem Int, pp.275-81, 1997.

S. A. Summers, L. A. Garza, H. Zhou, and M. J. Birnbaum, Regulation of Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Transporter GLUT4 Translocation and Akt Kinase Activity by Ceramide, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.18, issue.9, pp.5457-64, 1998.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.18.9.5457

C. E. Sunkel and D. M. Glover, Polo, a mitotic mutant of Drosophila displaying abnormal spindle poles, Journal of Cell Sciences, vol.89, pp.25-38, 1988.

S. Taagepera, M. S. Campbell, and G. J. Gorbsky, Cell-Cycle-Regulated Localization of Tyrosine and Threonine Phosphoepitopes at the Kinetochores of Mitotic Chromosomes, Experimental Cell Research, vol.221, issue.1, pp.249-60, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/excr.1995.1373

. Takashima, Alzheimer's Disease: Etiology, Pathogenesis and Therapeutics, pp.323-331, 1999.

A. A. Tavares, D. M. Glover, and C. E. Sunkel, The conserved mitotic kinase polo is regulated by phosphorylation and has preferred microtubule-associated substrates in Drosophila embryo extracts, Embo J, vol.15, pp.4873-83, 1996.

S. Tejpar, F. Nollet, C. Li, J. S. Wunder, G. Michils et al., Predominance of beta-catenin mutations and beta-catenin dysregulation in sporadic aggressive fibromatosis (desmoid tumor) Oncogene, pp.6615-6635, 1999.

O. Tetsu and F. Mccormick, Beta-catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells Nature, pp.422-428, 1999.

D. P. Toczyski, D. J. Galgoczy, and L. H. Hartwell, CDC5 and CKII control adaptation to the yeast DNA damage checkpoint Cell, pp.1097-106, 1997.

R. M. Tombes, J. G. Peloquin, and G. G. Borisy, Specific association of an M-phase kinase with isolated mitotic spindles and identification of two of its substrates as MAP4 and MAP1B Cell Regul, pp.861-74, 1991.

F. Toyoshima, T. Moriguchi, A. Wada, M. Fukuda, and E. Nishida, Nuclear export of cyclin B1 and its possible role in the DNA damage-induced G2 checkpoint, The EMBO Journal, vol.17, issue.10, pp.2728-2763, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/17.10.2728

F. Toyoshima-morimoto, E. Taniguchi, N. Shinya, A. Iwamatsu, and E. Nishida, Polo-like kinase 1 phosphorylates cyclin B1 and targets it to the nucleus during prophase Nature, pp.215-220, 2001.

T. Uchiumi, D. L. Longo, and D. K. Ferris, Cell cycle regulation of the human polo-like kinase (PLK) promoter, J Biol Chem, vol.272, pp.9166-74, 1997.

J. S. Cumberledge and . Rubin, Secreted frizzled-related protein-1 binds directly to Wingless and is a biphasic modulator of Wnt signaling, J Biol Chem, vol.275, pp.4374-82, 2000.

H. Defize and O. H. Destree, Identification of connexin43 as a functional target for Wnt signalling, J Cell Sci, vol.111, pp.1741-1750, 1998.

D. D. Vandre, F. M. Davis, P. N. Rao, and G. G. Borisy, Phosphoproteins are components of mitotic microtubule organizing centers., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.81, issue.14, pp.4439-4482, 1984.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.81.14.4439

R. Visintin, E. S. Hwang, and A. Amon, Cfi1 prevents premature exit from mitosis by anchoring Cdc14 phosphatase in the nucleolus [see comments] Nature, pp.818-841, 1999.

. Agid, Expression of Bcl-2 in adult human brain regions with special reference to neurodegenerative disorders, J Neurochem, vol.69, pp.223-254, 1997.

. Wang, Alzheimer's Disease: Etiology, Pathogenesis and Therapeutics, pp.311-321, 1999.

J. Z. Wang, Q. Wu, A. Smith, I. Grundke-iqbal, and K. Iqbal, Tau is phosphorylated by GSK-3 at several sites found in Alzheimer disease and its biological activity markedly inhibited only after it is prephosphorylated by A -kinase FEBS Lett, pp.28-34, 1998.

Q. Wang, R. Somwar, P. J. Bilan, Z. Liu, J. Jin et al., Protein Kinase B/Akt Participates in GLUT4 Translocation by Insulin in L6 Myoblasts, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.19, issue.6, pp.4008-4026, 1999.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.19.6.4008

Y. Wei, M. Fabre, S. Branchereau, F. Gauthier, G. Perilongo et al., Activation of beta-catenin in epithelial and mesenchymal hepatoblastomas Oncogene, pp.498-504, 2000.

G. I. Welsh, C. M. Miller, A. J. Loughlin, N. T. Price, and C. G. Proud, Regulation of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2B, p.3, 1998.

F. Wianny, A. Tavares, M. J. Evans, D. M. Glover, and M. Zernicka-goetz, Mouse polo-like kinase 1 associates with the acentriolar spindle poles, meiotic chromosomes and spindle midzone during oocyte maturation Chromosoma, pp.430-439, 1998.

V. J. Wielenga, R. Smits, V. Korinek, L. Smit, M. Kielman et al., Expression of CD44 in Apc and TcfMutant Mice Implies Regulation by the WNT Pathway, The American Journal of Pathology, vol.154, issue.2, pp.515-538, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65297-2

K. Willert, M. Brink, A. Wodarz, H. Varmus, and R. Nusse, Casein kinase 2associates with and phosphorylates Dishevelled, The EMBO Journal, vol.16, issue.11, pp.3089-96, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/16.11.3089

J. T. Winston, S. R. Coats, Y. Z. Wang, and W. J. Pledger, Regulation of the cell cycle machinery by oncogenic ras Oncogene, pp.127-161, 1996.

A. Wodarz and R. Nusse, MECHANISMS OF WNT SIGNALING IN DEVELOPMENT, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, vol.14, issue.1, pp.59-88, 1998.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.14.1.59

H. Altmannsberger, K. Rubsamen-waigmann, and . Strebhardt, Prognostic significance of polo-like kinase (PLK) expression in non-small cell lung cancer Oncogene, pp.543-552, 1997.

B. Wolozin, K. Iwasaki, P. Vito, J. K. Ganjei, E. Lacana et al., Participation of Presenilin 2 in Apoptosis: Enhanced Basal Activity Conferred by an Alzheimer Mutation, Science, vol.274, issue.5293, pp.1710-1713, 1996.
DOI : 10.1126/science.274.5293.1710

H. Xie, J. M. Litersky, J. A. Hartigan, R. S. Jope, and G. V. Johnson, The interrelationship between selective tau phosphorylation and microtubule association Brain Res, pp.173-83, 1998.

L. Xu, R. B. Corcoran, J. W. Welsh, D. Pennica, and A. J. Levine, WISP-1 is a Wnt-1-and beta-catenin-responsive oncogene Genes Dev, pp.585-95, 2000.

T. P. Yamaguchi, S. Takada, Y. Yoshikawa, N. Wu, and A. P. Mcmahon, T (Brachyury) is a direct target of Wnt3a during paraxial mesoderm specification Genes Dev, pp.3185-90, 1999.

G. M. Frautschy and . Cole, Antibody to caspase-cleaved actin detects apoptosis in differentiated neuroblastoma and plaque-associated neurons and microglia in Alzheimer's disease [see comments, Am J Pathol, vol.152, pp.379-89, 1998.

J. Yang, E. S. Bardes, J. D. Moore, J. Brennan, M. A. Powers et al., Control of cyclin B1 localization through regulated binding of the nuclear export factor CRM1 Genes Dev, pp.2131-2174, 1998.

X. Yang, M. Van-beest, H. Clevers, T. Jones, D. A. Hursh et al., decapentaplegic is a direct target of dTcf repression in the Drosophila visceral mesoderm Development, pp.3695-702, 2000.

C. Yost, M. Torres, J. R. Miller, E. Huang, D. Kimelman et al., The axis-inducing activity, stability, and subcellular distribution of beta-catenin is regulated in Xenopus embryos by glycogen synthase kinase 3 Genes Dev, pp.1443-54, 1996.

X. Yu, J. Riese, S. Eresh, and M. Bienz, Transcriptional repression due to high levels of Wingless signalling, The EMBO Journal, vol.87, issue.23, pp.7021-7053, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/17.23.7021

W. Zachariae, Progression into and out of mitosis, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.11, issue.6, pp.708-724, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0955-0674(99)00041-1

W. Zachariae and K. Nasmyth, Whose end is destruction: cell division and the anaphase-promoting complex, Genes & Development, vol.13, issue.16, pp.2039-58, 1999.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.13.16.2039

E. Godemann and . Mandelkow, Sequential phosphorylation of Tau by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta and protein kinase A at Thr212 and Ser214 generates the Alzheimer-specific epitope of antibody AT100 and requires a paired-helicalfilament-like conformation, Eur J Biochem, vol.252, pp.542-52, 1998.

W. X. Zong, L. C. Edelstein, C. Chen, J. Bash, and C. Gelinas, The prosurvival Bcl-2 homolog Bfl-1/A1 is a direct transcriptional target of NF-kappaB that blocks TNFalpha-induced apoptosis Genes Dev, pp.382-389, 1999.

. Le-clonage-de-l-'adn-d, une protéine homologue de GSK-3 humaine chez ce parasite (PfGSK-3) a permis de mettre en place un test pour évaluer l'effet inhibiteur de diverses molécules Le modèle de la structure tridimensionnelle de PfGSK-3 permet d'affirmer que cette protéine est très conservée par rapport à GSK-3 humaine. L'expression de l'ARNm ne varie pas dans les 3 stades érythrocytaires étudiés, Les érythrocytes sains ne possèdent pas de GSK-3. PfGSK-3 est localisée au niveau de structures de la membrane plasmique de l'érythrocyte, les «fentes de Mauer»

. Le-clonage-d, ADNc de Polo d'oursin (Plu1) a permis la synthèse d'anticorps spécifiques. L'immunoprécipitation de la protéine Plu1 au cours des premières divisions de l'embryon d'oursin a révélé que Plu1 est exprimée tout au long du cycle cellulaire. Elle se lie à différentes protéines au cours du cycle dont l'identité reste à vérifier (Asp? et Klp?