T. J. Anderson and C. Roper, The origins and spread of antimalarial drug resistance: Lessons for policy makers, Acta Tropica, vol.94, issue.3, pp.269-280, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.04.010

V. Andriantsoanirina, A. Ratsimbasoa, C. Bouchier, M. Jahevitra, S. Rabearimanana et al., Plasmodium falciparum Drug Resistance in Madagascar: Facing the Spread of Unusual pfdhfr and pfmdr-1 Haplotypes and the Decrease of Dihydroartemisinin Susceptibility, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.53, issue.11, pp.4588-4597, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00610-09
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00741124

J. J. Aponte, D. Schellenberg, A. Egan, A. Breckenridge, I. Carneiro et al., Efficacy and safety of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for malaria in African infants: a pooled analysis of six randomised, placebo-controlled trials, The Lancet, vol.374, issue.9700, pp.1533-1542, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61258-7

F. Ariey, T. Fandeur, R. Durand, M. Randrianarivelojosia, R. Jambou et al., Invasion of Africa by a single pfcrt allele of South East Asian type, Malar. J, vol.26, p.34, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00590988

A. Aubouy, S. Jafari, V. Huart, F. Migot-nabias, J. Mayombo et al., DHFR and DHPS genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Gabon correlate with in vitro activity of pyrimethamine and cycloguanil, but not with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment efficacy, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.52, issue.1, pp.43-49, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkg294

A. F. Cowman, M. J. Morry, B. A. Biggs, G. A. Cross, and S. J. Foote, Amino acid changes linked to pyrimethamine resistance in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.85, issue.23, pp.9109-9113, 1988.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.85.23.9109

F. De-monbrison, C. Angei, A. Staal, K. Kaiser, and S. Picot, Simultaneous identification of the four human Plasmodium species and quantification of Plasmodium DNA load in human blood by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.97, issue.4, pp.387-390, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-9203(03)90065-4

R. Durand, J. Eslahpazire, S. Jafari, J. F. Delabre, A. Marmorat-khuong et al., Use of Molecular Beacons To Detect an Antifolate Resistance-Associated Mutation in Plasmodium falciparum, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.44, issue.12, pp.3461-3464, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.44.12.3461-3464.2000

A. Gregson and C. V. Plowe, Mechanisms of Resistance of Malaria Parasites to Antifolates, Pharmacological Reviews, vol.57, issue.1, pp.117-145, 2005.
DOI : 10.1124/pr.57.1.4

S. I. Hay, C. A. Guerra, P. W. Gething, A. P. Patil, A. J. Tatem et al., A World Malaria Map: Plasmodium falciparum Endemicity in 2007, PLoS Medicine, vol.118, issue.3, p.1000048, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000048.sd009

E. R. Lozovsky, T. Chookajorn, K. M. Brown, M. Imwong, P. J. Shaw et al., Stepwise acquisition of pyrimethamine resistance in the malaria parasite, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, issue.29, pp.12025-12030, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0905922106

O. Maiga, A. A. Djimde, V. Hubert, E. Renard, A. Aubouy et al., from Sites across Africa, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.196, issue.1, pp.165-172, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/518512

A. M. Mccollum, L. K. Basco, R. Tahar, V. Udhayakumar, and A. A. Escalante, Hitchhiking and Selective Sweeps of Plasmodium falciparum Sulfadoxine and Pyrimethamine Resistance Alleles in a Population from Central Africa, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.52, issue.11, pp.4089-4097, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00623-08

A. M. Mccollum, K. Mueller, L. Villegas, V. Udhayakumar, and A. A. Escalante, Common Origin and Fixation of Plasmodium falciparum dhfr and dhps Mutations Associated with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Resistance in a Low-Transmission Area in South America, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.51, issue.6, pp.2085-2091, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01228-06

A. M. Mccollum, A. C. Poe, M. Hamel, C. Huber, Z. Zhou et al., Alleles, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.194, issue.2, pp.189-197, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/504687

D. Mccoy, G. Kembhavi, J. Patel, and A. Luintel, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's grant-making programme for global health, The Lancet, vol.373, issue.9675, pp.1645-1653, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60571-7

D. Menard, A. E. Randrianarivo-solofoniaina, B. S. Ahmed, M. Jahevitra, V. Andriantsoanirina et al., Drug-Resistant Malaria Parasites Introduced into Madagascar from Comoros Islands, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.13, issue.11, pp.1759-1762, 2007.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1311.070235

D. Menard, A. Ratsimbasoa, M. Randrianarivelojosia, L. P. Rabarijaona, L. Raharimalala et al., Assessment of the efficacy of antimalarial drugs recommended by the National Malaria Control Programme in Madagascar: Up-dated baseline data from randomized and multi-site clinical trials, Malaria Journal, vol.7, issue.1, p.55, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-7-55

T. Mita, K. Tanabe, and K. Kita, Spread and evolution of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance, Parasitology International, vol.58, issue.3, pp.201-209, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.parint.2009.04.004

S. Nair, B. Miller, M. Barends, A. Jaidee, J. Patel et al., Adaptive Copy Number Evolution in Malaria Parasites, PLoS Genetics, vol.3, issue.2, p.1000243, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000243.s007

S. Nair, J. T. Williams, A. Brockman, L. Paiphun, M. Mayxay et al., A Selective Sweep Driven by Pyrimethamine Treatment in Southeast Asian Malaria Parasites, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.20, issue.9, pp.1526-1536, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msg162

B. Nsimba, S. Jafari-guemouri, D. A. Malonga, A. M. Mouata, J. Kiori et al., Epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria in Republic of Congo: using molecular evidence for monitoring antimalarial drug resistance combined with assessment of antimalarial drug use, Tropical Medicine and International Health, vol.15, issue.10, pp.1030-1037, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0001-706X(03)00021-4

P. Parola, B. Pradines, F. Simon, M. P. Carlotti, P. Minodier et al., Antimalarial drug susceptibility and point mutations associated with drug resistance in 248 Plasmodium falciparum isolates imported from Comoros, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.77, pp.431-437, 2004.

R. Pearce, A. Malisa, S. P. Kachur, K. Barnes, B. Sharp et al., Reduced Variation Around Drug-Resistant dhfr Alleles in African Plasmodium falciparum, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.22, issue.9, pp.1834-1844, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msi177

F. Pettinelli, M. E. Pettinelli, P. Eldin-de-pecoulas, J. Millet, D. Michel et al., Short report: high prevalence of multidrugresistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the French territory of Mayotte, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.70, pp.635-637, 2004.

C. V. Plowe, J. G. Kublin, and O. K. Doumbo, P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase mutations: epidemiology and role in clinical resistance to antifolates, Drug Resistance Updates, vol.1, issue.6, pp.389-396, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1368-7646(98)80014-9

H. Rakotonirina, C. Barnadas, R. Raherijafy, H. Andrianantenaina, A. Ratsimbasoa et al., Accuracy and reliability of malaria diagnostic techniques for guiding febrile outpatient treatment in malaria-endemic countries, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.78, pp.217-221, 2008.

F. Puijalon, S. A. Ariey, and . Bedja, Plasmodium falciparum resistant to chloroquine and to pyrimethamine in Comoros, Parasite, vol.11, pp.419-423, 2004.

C. Roper, R. Pearce, S. Nair, B. Sharp, F. Nosten et al., Intercontinental Spread of Pyrimethamine-Resistant Malaria, Science, vol.305, issue.5687, p.1124, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1098876

C. I. Sandefur, J. M. Wooden, I. K. Quaye, W. Sirawaraporn, and C. H. Sibley, Pyrimethamine-resistant dihydrofolate reductase enzymes of Plasmodium falciparum are not enzymatically compromised in vitro, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.154, issue.1, pp.1-5, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.03.009

R. W. Snow, C. A. Guerra, J. J. Mutheu, and S. I. Hay, International Funding for Malaria Control in Relation to Populations at Risk of Stable Plasmodium falciparum Transmission, PLoS Medicine, vol.12, issue.7, p.142, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050142.st001

A. Tall, L. P. Rabarijaona, V. Robert, S. A. Bedja, F. Ariey et al., Efficacy of artesunate plus amodiaquine, artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and chloroquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum in the Comoros Union, Acta Tropica, vol.102, issue.3, pp.176-181, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.03.004

J. Tchen, A. Ouledi, J. F. Lepere, D. Ferrandiz, and J. L. Yvin, Epidemiology and prevention of malaria in the southwestern islands of the Indian Ocean, Med. Trop. (Mars.), vol.66, pp.295-301, 2006.

S. K. Volkman, P. C. Sabeti, D. Decaprio, D. E. Neafsey, S. F. Schaffner et al., A genome-wide map of diversity in Plasmodium falciparum, Nature Genetics, vol.419, issue.1, pp.113-119, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/ng1930