B. J. Park, K. A. Wannemuehle, B. J. Marston, N. Govender, P. G. Pappas et al., Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS, AIDS, vol.23, issue.4, pp.525-530, 2009.

G. D. Brown, D. W. Denning, N. Gow, S. M. Levitz, M. G. Netea et al., Hidden killers: human fungal infections, Sci Transl Med, vol.4, issue.165, pp.165-178, 2012.

R. Rajasingham, R. M. Smith, B. J. Park, J. N. Jarvis, N. Govender et al., Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.17, issue.8, pp.873-881, 2017.

M. Cogliati, Global Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii: an atlas of the molecular types, Scientifica (Cairo), p.675213, 2013.

K. J. Kwon-chung, J. A. Fraser, T. L. Doering, Z. Wang, G. Janbon et al., Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, vol.4, p.19760, 2014.

F. Hagen, K. Khayhan, B. Theelen, A. Kolecka, I. Polacheck et al., Recognition of seven species in the Cryptococcus gattii/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex, Fungal Genet Biol, vol.78, pp.16-48, 2015.

R. C. May, N. R. Stone, D. L. Wiesner, T. Bicanic, and K. Nielsen, Cryptococcus: from environmental saprophyte to global pathogen, Nat Rev Microbiol, vol.14, issue.2, pp.106-117, 2016.

W. Meyer, A. Castañeda, S. Jackson, M. Huynh, and E. Castañeda, IberoAmerican Cryptococcal Study Group. Molecular typing of IberoAmerican Cryptococcus neoformans isolates, Emerg Infect Dis, vol.9, issue.2, pp.189-195, 2003.

X. Lin and J. Heitman, The biology of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex, Annu Rev Microbiol, vol.60, pp.69-105, 2006.

C. Frola, L. Guelfand, G. Blugerman, E. Szyld, S. Kaufman et al., Prevalence of cryptococcal infection among advanced HIV patients in Argentina using lateral flow immunoassay, PLoS One, vol.12, issue.6, p.178721, 2017.

D. J. Sloan and V. Parris, Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology and therapeutic options, Clin Epidemiol, vol.6, pp.169-182, 2014.

, UNAIDS. Country factsheets Madagascar, 2017.

J. Hansen, E. S. Slechta, M. A. Gates-hollingsworth, B. Neary, A. P. Barker et al., Large-scale evaluation of the immuno-mycologics lateral flow and enzyme-linked immunoassays for detection of cryptococcal antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, Clin Vaccine Immunol, vol.20, issue.1, pp.52-55, 2013.

F. Rouet, M. L. Chaix, E. Nerrienet, N. Ngo-giang-huong, J. C. Plantier et al., Impact of HIV-1 genetic diversity on plasma HIV-1 RNA Quantification: usefulness of the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA second-generation long terminal repeat-based real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, vol.45, issue.4, pp.380-388, 2007.

A. O. Ogundeji, J. Albertyn, C. H. Pohl, and O. M. Sebolai, Method for identification of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii useful in resource-limited settings, J Clin Pathol, vol.69, issue.4, pp.352-357, 2016.

L. Irinyi, C. Serena, D. Garcia-hermoso, M. Arabatzis, M. Desnos-ollivier et al., International Society of Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM)-ITS reference DNA barcoding database-the quality controlled standard tool for routine identification of human and animal pathogenic fungi, Med Mycol, vol.53, issue.4, pp.313-337, 2015.

C. Firacative, L. Trilles, and W. Meyer, MALDI-TOF MS enables the rapid identification of the major molecular types within the Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii species complex, PloS One, vol.7, issue.5, p.37566, 2012.

M. C. Esposto, M. Cogliati, A. M. Tortorano, and M. A. Viviani, Determination of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans mating type by multiplex PCR, Clin Microbiol Infect, vol.10, issue.12, p.15606637, 2004.

M. Cogliati, M. Allaria, A. M. Tortorano, and M. A. Viviani, Genotyping Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans with specific primers designed from PCR-fingerprinting bands sequenced using a modified PCRbased strategy, Med Mycol, vol.38, issue.2, pp.97-103, 2000.

M. Cogliati, M. R. Andrianarivelo, M. Ellabib, E. N. Nnadi, and M. Cornet, Molecular-type specific multiplex PCR produces a distinct VNII PCR pattern among Cryptococcus neoformans species complex, Med Mycol, vol.57, issue.3, pp.384-386, 2019.

A. Espinel-ingroff, A. Chowdhary, M. Cuenca-estrella, A. Fothergill, J. Fuller et al., Cryptococcus neoformans-Cryptococcus gattii species complex: an international study of wild-type susceptibility endpoint distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for amphotericin B and flucytosine, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.56, issue.6, pp.3107-3113, 2012.

A. Espinel-ingroff, A. I. Allern, E. Canton, L. R. Castañón-olivares, A. Chowdhary et al., Cryptococcus neoformans-Cryptococcus gattii species complex: an international study of wild-type susceptibility endpoint distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.56, issue.11, pp.5898-5906, 2012.

A. J. Barros and V. N. Hirakata, Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio, BMC Res Methodol, vol.20, pp.3-21, 2003.

T. Beyene, A. G. Zewde, A. Balcha, B. Hirpo, T. Yitbarik et al., Inadequacy of high-dose fluconazole monotherapy among cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal antigen (CrAg)-positive human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons in an Ethiopian CrAg screening program, Clin Infect Dis, vol.65, issue.12, pp.2126-2129, 2017.

G. A. Kouakou, N. F. Ello, N. A. Kassi, M. Keita, A. Doumbia et al.,

, J Mycol Med, vol.27, issue.1, pp.72-78, 2017.

B. M. Wajanga, S. Kalluvya, J. A. Downs, W. D. Johnson, D. W. Fitzgerald et al., Universal screening of Tanzanian HIV-infected adult inpatients with the serum cryptococcal antigen to improve diagnosis and reduce mortality: an operational study, J Int AIDS Soc, vol.14, p.48, 2011.

, Guidelines for The Diagnosis, Prevention and Management of Cryptococcal Disease in HIV-Infected Adults, Adolescents and Children: Supplement to the 2016 Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection, World Health Organization, 2018.

M. Raberahona, R. A. Rakotoarivelo, N. Randriamampionona, A. F. Rakotomalala, T. Razafinambinintsoa et al., Rapid fatal outcome of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in a non-HIV immunocompromised patient with a low fluconazole susceptibility isolate: a case report from Madagascar. Case Rep, Infect. Dis, p.3492504, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01470799

M. Aminnejad, M. Cogliati, S. Duan, M. Arabatzis, K. Tintelnot et al., Identification and characterization of VNI/VNII and novel VNII/VNIV hybrids and impact of hybridization on virulence and antifungal susceptibility within the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex, PLoS One, vol.11, issue.10, p.163955, 2016.