E. The and . Group, Bone sarcomas: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up, Ann Oncol, vol.23, pp.100-109, 2012.

A. Mohseny and P. Hogendoorn, Concise Review: Mesenchymal Tumors: When Stem Cells Go Mad, STEM CELLS, vol.70, issue.3, pp.397-403, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/stem.596

W. Xiao, A. Mohseny, P. Hogendoorn, and A. Celton-jansen, Mesenchymal stem cell transformation and sarcoma genesis, Clinical Sarcoma Research, vol.3, issue.1, p.10, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nature09262

URL : http://doi.org/10.1186/2045-3329-3-10

P. Messerschmitt, R. Garcia, F. Karim, E. Greenfield, P. Getty et al., Osteosarcoma, Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, vol.17, issue.8, pp.515-527, 2009.
DOI : 10.5435/00124635-200908000-00005

E. Grimaud, L. Soubigou, S. Couillaud, P. Coipeau, A. Moreau et al., Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor ??B Ligand (RANKL)/Osteoprotegerin (OPG) Ratio Is Increased in Severe Osteolysis, The American Journal of Pathology, vol.163, issue.5, pp.2021-2031, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63560-2

H. Ungefroren, S. Sebens, D. Seidl, H. Lehnert, and R. Hass, Interaction of tumor cells with the microenvironment, Cell Communication and Signaling, vol.9, issue.1, p.18, 2011.
DOI : 10.2174/156800911795538075

L. Zhu, M. Mcmanus, and D. Hughes, Understanding the Biology of Bone Sarcoma from Early Initiating Events through Late Events in Metastasis and Disease Progression, Frontiers in Oncology, vol.3, p.230, 2013.
DOI : 10.3389/fonc.2013.00230

M. Meads, L. Hazlehurst, and W. Dalton, The Bone Marrow Microenvironment as a Tumor Sanctuary and Contributor to Drug Resistance, Clinical Cancer Research, vol.14, issue.9, pp.2519-2526, 2008.
DOI : 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-2223

S. Olechnowicz and C. Edwards, Contributions of the Host Microenvironment to Cancer-Induced Bone Disease, Cancer Research, vol.74, issue.6, pp.1625-1631, 2014.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-2645

D. Quail and J. Joyce, Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis, Nature Medicine, vol.87, issue.11, pp.1423-1437, 20113.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.02.013

L. Endo-munoz, A. Evdokiou, and N. Saunders, The role of osteoclasts and tumor-associated macrophages in osteosarcoma metastasis, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.1826, pp.434-442, 2012.

S. Theoleyre, K. Mori, B. Cherrier, N. Passuti, F. Gouin et al., Phenotypic and functional analysis of lymphocytes infiltrating osteolytic tumors: use as a possible therapeutic approach of osteosarcoma, BMC Cancer, vol.17, issue.1, p.123, 2005.
DOI : 10.1080/08880010050034283

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00089924

S. Gordon and F. Martinez, Alternative Activation of Macrophages: Mechanism and Functions, Immunity, vol.32, issue.5, pp.593-604, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.05.007

C. Lewis and J. Pollard, Distinct Role of Macrophages in Different Tumor Microenvironments, Cancer Research, vol.66, issue.2, pp.605-612, 2006.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4005

B. Qian and J. Pollard, Macrophage Diversity Enhances Tumor Progression and Metastasis, Cell, vol.141, issue.1, pp.39-51, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.014

URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.014

T. Rogers and I. Holen, Tumour macrophages as potential targets of bisphosphonates, Journal of Translational Medicine, vol.9, issue.1, p.177, 2011.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1013026313647

A. Alfranca, L. Martinez-cruzado, J. Tornin, A. Abarrategi, T. Amaral et al., Bone microenvironment signals in osteosarcoma development, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol.128, issue.2, pp.3097-3113, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s00018-015-1918-y

K. Ando, M. Heymann, V. Stresing, K. Mori, F. Rédini et al., Current Therapeutic Strategies and Novel Approaches in Osteosarcoma, Cancers, vol.5, issue.2, p.591616, 2013.
DOI : 10.3390/cancers5020591

M. Baud-'huin, F. Lamoureux, L. Duplomb, F. Rédini, and H. D. Rankl, osteoprotegerin: key partners of osteoimmunology and vascular diseases, Cell Mol Life Sci, vol.64, pp.2334-2350, 2007.

I. Fidler, Timeline: The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the 'seed and soil' hypothesis revisited, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol.3, issue.6, pp.453-458, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nrc1098

S. Paget, E. Buddingh, M. Kuijjer, R. Duim, H. Bürger et al., The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. 1889 Tumorinfiltrating macrophages are associated with metastasis suppression in high-grade osteosarcoma: a rationale for treatment with macrophage activating agents, Cancer Metastasis Rev. Clin Cancer Res, vol.817, issue.22, pp.98-1012110, 1989.

Q. Xiao, X. Zhang, Y. Wu, and Y. Yang, Inhibition of macrophage polarization prohibits growth of human osteosarcoma, Tumor Biology, vol.10, issue.8, pp.7611-7616, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s13277-014-2005-y

J. Pahl, K. Kwappenberg, E. Varypataki, S. Santos, M. Kuijjer et al., Macrophages inhibit human osteosarcoma cell growth after activation with the bacterial cell wall derivative liposomal muramyl tripeptide in combination with interferon-??, Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, vol.33, issue.1, p.27, 2014.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1198443

A. Ségaliny, A. Mohamadi, B. Dizier, A. Lokajczyk, R. Brion et al., Interleukin-34 promotes tumor progression and metastatic process in osteosarcoma through induction of angiogenesis and macrophage recruitment, International Journal of Cancer, vol.1, issue.Suppl3, pp.73-85, 2015.
DOI : 10.1002/ijc.29376

F. De-nigris, F. Mancini, C. Schiano, T. Infante, A. Zullo et al., Osteosarcoma cells induce endothelial cell proliferation during neo-angiogenesis, Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol.7, issue.4, pp.846-852, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/jcp.24234

C. Schiano, V. Grimaldi, A. Casamassimi, T. Infante, A. Esposito et al., Different expression of CD146 in human normal and osteosarcoma cell lines, Medical Oncology, vol.25, issue.4, pp.2998-3002, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s12032-012-0158-3

E. Lin and J. Pollard, Tumor-Associated Macrophages Press the Angiogenic Switch in Breast Cancer, Cancer Research, vol.67, issue.11, pp.5064-5066, 2007.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0912

E. Lin, J. Li, L. Gnatovskiy, Y. Deng, L. Zhu et al., Macrophages Regulate the Angiogenic Switch in a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer, Cancer Research, vol.66, issue.23, pp.11238-11246, 2006.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1278

C. Murdoch, M. Muthana, S. Coffelt, and C. Lewis, The role of myeloid cells in the promotion of tumour angiogenesis, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol.13, issue.8, pp.618-631, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nrc2444

C. Guo, A. Buranych, D. Sarkar, P. Fisher, and X. Wang, The role of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor vascularization, Vascular Cell, vol.5, issue.1, p.20, 2013.
DOI : 10.1186/2045-824X-5-20

K. Ando, K. Mori, F. Verrecchia, . Baud-'huin, F. Rédini et al., Molecular Alterations Associated with Osteosarcoma Development, Sarcoma, vol.101, issue.5, p.523432, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/nature06309

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00692425

M. Guo, C. Cai, G. Zhao, X. Qiu, H. Zhao et al., Hypoxia promotes migration and induces CXCR4 expression via HIF-1? activation in human osteosarcoma Regulation of osteoprotegerin pro-or antitumoral activity by bone tumor microenvironment, PloS One. Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.91805, pp.17-24, 2010.

S. Avnet, A. Longhi, M. Salerno, J. Halleen, F. Perut et al., Increased osteoclast activity is associated with aggressiveness of osteosarcoma, International Journal of Oncology, vol.33, pp.1231-1238, 2008.
DOI : 10.3892/ijo_00000113

L. Endo-munoz, A. Cumming, D. Rickwood, D. Wilson, C. Cueva et al., Loss of Osteoclasts Contributes to Development of Osteosarcoma Pulmonary Metastases, Cancer Research, vol.70, issue.18, pp.7063-7072, 2010.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4291

P. Guihard, Y. Danger, B. Brounais, E. David, R. Brion et al., Induction of Osteogenesis in Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Activated Monocytes/Macrophages Depends on Oncostatin M Signaling, STEM CELLS, vol.74, issue.4, pp.762-772, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/stem.1040

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00668995

M. Heymann, F. Herisson, J. Davaine, C. Charrier, S. Battaglia et al., Role of the OPG/RANK/RANKL triad in calcifications of the atheromatous plaques: Comparison between carotid and femoral beds, Cytokine, vol.58, issue.2, pp.300-306, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.02.004

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00692423

B. Mosheimer, N. Kaneider, and C. Feistritzer, Expression and function of RANK in human monocyte chemotaxis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.49, issue.7, pp.2309-2316, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/art.20352

B. Mosheimer, N. Kaneider, C. Feistritzer, A. Djanani, D. Sturn et al., Syndecan-1 Is Involved in Osteoprotegerin-Induced Chemotaxis in Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol.90, issue.5, pp.2964-2971, 2005.
DOI : 10.1210/jc.2004-1895

K. Ando, K. Mori, N. Corradini, F. Redini, and D. Heymann, Mifamurtide for the treatment of nonmetastatic osteosarcoma, Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, vol.50, issue.1, pp.285-292, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01741788

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00667530

A. Chou, E. Kleinerman, M. Krailo, Z. Chen, D. Betcher et al., Addition of muramyl tripeptide to chemotherapy for patients with newly diagnosed metastatic osteosarcoma: A report from the Children???s Oncology Group, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.26, issue.15_suppl, pp.5339-5348, 2009.
DOI : 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.10018

P. Meyers and A. Chou, Muramyl Tripeptide-Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine Encapsulated in Liposomes (L-MTP-PE) in the Treatment of Osteosarcoma, Adv Exp Med Biol, vol.804, pp.307-321, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-319-04843-7_17

R. Cathomas, C. Rothermundt, B. Bode, B. Fuchs, R. Von-moos et al., RANK Ligand Blockade with Denosumab in Combination with Sorafenib in Chemorefractory Osteosarcoma: A Possible Step Forward?, Oncology, vol.88, issue.4, pp.257-260, 2015.
DOI : 10.1159/000369975

F. Lamoureux, P. Richard, Y. Wittrant, S. Battaglia, P. Pilet et al., Therapeutic Relevance of Osteoprotegerin Gene Therapy in Osteosarcoma: Blockade of the Vicious Cycle between Tumor Cell Proliferation and Bone Resorption, Cancer Research, vol.67, issue.15, pp.7308-7318, 2007.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4130

J. Rousseau, V. Escriou, F. Lamoureux, R. Brion, J. Chesneau et al., Formulated siRNAs targeting Rankl prevent osteolysis and enhance chemotherapeutic response in osteosarcoma models, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.390, issue.10, pp.2452-2462, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/jbmr.455

M. Heymann, H. Brown, and D. Heymann, Drugs in early clinical development for the treatment of osteosarcoma, Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, vol.50, issue.6, pp.1265-1280, 2016.
DOI : 10.1038/srep20944

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01466096

Z. Burningham, M. Hashibe, L. Spector, and J. Schiffman, The Epidemiology of Sarcoma, Clinical Sarcoma Research, vol.2, issue.1, p.14, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/94.22.1712

G. Rosen, Preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy for osteogenic sarcoma: a ten year experience, Orthopedics, vol.8, pp.659-664, 1985.