A. L. Barabasi and R. Albert, Emergence of scaling in random networks, Science, vol.286, issue.5439, pp.509-512, 1999.

L. Barnett, D. Paolo, I. Bullock, and S. , Spatially embedded random networks, Physical Review E, vol.39, issue.5, p.56115, 2007.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.62.6270

M. Barthelemy, Spatial networks: tools and perspectives, Maritime Networks: Spatial Structures and Time Dynamics, pp.50-60, 2015.

S. Boccaletti, G. Bianconic, R. Criadod, C. I. Del-genio, J. Gómez-gardeñesi et al., The structure and dynamics of multilayer networks, Physics Reports, vol.544, issue.1, pp.1-122, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.physrep.2014.07.001

D. Bogart, Inter-Modal Network Externalities and Transport Development: Evidence from Roads, Canals, and Ports During the English Industrial Revolution, Networks and Spatial Economics, vol.29, issue.3, pp.309-338, 2009.
DOI : 10.4337/9781843765493

M. J. Burger, B. Van-der-knaap, and R. S. Wall, Polycentricity and the Multiplexity of Urban Networks, European Planning Studies, vol.24, issue.1, pp.816-840, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2011.01122.x

R. E. Carter, A Comparative Analysis of United States Ports and Their Traffic Characteristics, Economic Geography, vol.38, issue.2, pp.162-175, 1962.
DOI : 10.2307/142275

J. H. Choi, J. A. Barnett, and B. S. Chon, Comparing world city networks: a network analysis of Internet backbone and air transport intercity linkages, Global Networks, vol.70, issue.2, pp.81-99, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/0033-0124.00169

K. P. Cullinane and M. Khanna, Economies of scale in large containerships: optimal size and geographical implications, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.8, issue.3, pp.181-195, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0966-6923(00)00010-7

D. Agostino, G. Scala, and A. , Networks of Networks: The Last Frontier of Complexity, 2014.

D. Roo and P. , Marseille: de l'aire portuaire à l'aire métropolitaine, Ville et Port XVIIIe-XXe siècles: L'Harmattan, pp.107-113, 1994.

B. Derudder, X. Liu, C. Kunaka, and M. Roberts, The connectivity of South Asian cities in infrastructure networks, Journal of Maps, vol.47, issue.2, pp.47-52, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/jors.12021

C. Ducruet, Network diversity and maritime flows, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.30, pp.77-88, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.03.004

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00815731

C. Ducruet, Maritime Networks: Spatial Structures and Time Dynamics, 2015.

C. Ducruet and L. Beauguitte, Spatial Science and Network Science: Review and Outcomes of a Complex Relationship, Networks and Spatial Economics, vol.5, issue.3, pp.3-4, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s11067-005-2627-0

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01093664

C. Ducruet, D. Ietri, and C. Rozenblat, Villes et flux mondiaux a??riens et maritimes : une analyse de r??seaux multiples, Cybergeo, vol.528, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s11067-005-2627-0

C. Ducruet and H. Itoh, The mutual specialization of port regions connected by multiple commodity flows in a maritime network, Maritime Networks: Spatial Structures and Time Dynamics, Routledge Studies in Transport Analysis, pp.285-302, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01374946

C. Ducruet and H. Itoh, Regions and material flows: investigating the regional branching and industry relatedness of port traffics in a global perspective, Journal of Economic Geography, vol.16, issue.4, pp.805-830, 2016.
DOI : 10.1093/jeg/lbv010

C. Ducruet, H. R. Koster, and D. J. Van-der-beek, Commodity Variety and Seaport Performance, Regional Studies, vol.426, issue.9, pp.1221-1240, 2010.
DOI : 10.2307/212130

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00458596

C. Ducruet and J. P. Rodrigue, Graph Theory, 2013.
DOI : 10.4135/9781446247655.n20

C. Ducruet and F. Zaidi, Maritime constellations: a complex network approach to shipping and ports. Maritime Policy and Management, pp.159-168, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00551207

A. Garas, Interconnected Networks, 2016.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-319-23947-7

M. T. Gastner and M. E. Newman, Optimal design of spatial distribution networks, Physical Review E, vol.28, issue.1, p.16117, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/0191-2615(82)90030-3

J. F. Gleyze, Making allowances for spatial and network effects when assessing indicators on infrastructure network nodes, Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography, vol.370, 2007.

D. Guerrero and J. P. Rodrigue, The waves of containerization: shifts in global maritime transportation, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.34, pp.151-164, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.12.003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00725078

R. Guimera, S. Mossa, A. Turtschi, and L. A. Amaral, The worldwide air transportation network: Anomalous centrality, community structure, and cities' global roles, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.433, issue.7028, pp.102-7794, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/nature03288

T. Hägerstrand, The propagation of innovation waves. Lund studies in geography, 1952.

P. V. Hall, MUTUAL SPECIALISATION, SEAPORTS AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF AUTOMOBILE IMPORTS, Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, vol.23, issue.2, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0040-747X.2004.t01-1-00296.x

A. Halu, S. Mukherjee, and G. Bianconi, Emergence of overlap in ensembles of spatial multiplexes and statistical mechanics of spatial interacting network ensembles, Physical Review E, vol.2, issue.1, p.12806, 2014.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.84.026101

Y. Hayuth, Containerization and the Load Center Concept, Economic Geography, vol.57, issue.2, pp.160-176, 1981.
DOI : 10.2307/144140

Y. Hu and D. Zhu, Empirical analysis of the worldwide maritime transportation network, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, vol.388, issue.10, pp.2061-2071, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.physa.2008.12.016

F. Jin, C. Wang, X. Li, and J. Wang, China???s regional transport dominance: Density, proximity, and accessibility, Journal of Geographical Sciences, vol.10, issue.4, pp.295-309, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s11442-010-0295-6

O. Joly, La structuration des réseaux de circulation maritime. Unpublished PhD Dissertation in Territorial Planning, 1999.

P. Kaluza, A. Kölzsch, M. T. Gastner, and B. Blasius, The complex network of global cargo ship movements, Journal of The Royal Society Interface, vol.393, issue.6684, pp.1093-1103, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/30918

J. B. Kenyon, Elements in Inter-Port Competition in the United States, Economic Geography, vol.46, issue.1, pp.1-24, 1970.
DOI : 10.2307/142680

M. Kivelä, A. Arenas, M. Barthelemy, J. P. Gleeson, Y. Moreno et al., Multilayer networks, Journal of Complex Networks, vol.2, issue.3, pp.203-271, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/comnet/cnu016

Z. Li, M. Xu, and Y. Shi, Centrality in global shipping network basing on worldwide shipping areas, GeoJournal, vol.17, issue.2, pp.47-60, 2015.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2740564

X. Liu, B. Derudder, G. Garcia, and C. , Exploring the co-evolution of the geographies of air transport aviation and corporate networks, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.30, pp.26-36, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.02.002

H. M. Mayer, Some Geographic Aspects of Technological Change in Maritime Transportation, Economic Geography, vol.49, issue.2, pp.145-155, 1973.
DOI : 10.2307/143083

F. Neffke, M. Henning, and R. Boschma, How Do Regions Diversify over Time? Industry Relatedness and the Development of New Growth Paths in Regions, Economic Geography, vol.23, issue.3, pp.237-265, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-2681(94)90094-9

A. Nelson, Travel time to major cities: A global map of accessibility, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, 2008.

M. E. Newman, Assortative Mixing in Networks, Physical Review Letters, vol.365, issue.20, p.2087010, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.65.036104

J. D. Nystuen and M. F. Dacey, A GRAPH THEORY INTERPRETATION OF NODAL REGIONS, Papers in Regional Science, vol.7, issue.1, pp.29-42, 1961.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1435-5597.1961.tb01769.x

R. Parshani, C. Rozenblat, D. Ietri, C. Ducruet, and S. Havlin, Inter-similarity between coupled networks, EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol.92, issue.6, p.68002, 2010.
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/92/68002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00560442

J. F. Pelletier and Y. Alix, Vers une nouvelle approche méthodologique pour analyser le phénomène de la conteneurisation des marchandises au Canada, Proceedings of the 39th GRTC Annual Conference, pp.326-341, 2004.

A. Peris, Penser les villes en réseaux : une analyse des théories sur les liens interurbains, 2016.

R. Robinson, Ports as elements in value-driven chain systems: the new paradigm, Maritime Policy & Management, vol.17, issue.3, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-2257.1993.tb00138.x

J. P. Rodrigue, C. Comtois, and B. Slack, The Geography of Transport Systems, 2013.

J. P. Rodrigue and T. E. Notteboom, Foreland-based regionalization: Integrating intermediate hubs with port hinterlands, Research in Transportation Economics, vol.27, issue.1, pp.19-29, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.retrec.2009.12.004

J. P. Rodrigue and T. E. Notteboom, The geography of cruises: Itineraries, not destinations, Applied Geography, vol.38, pp.31-42, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.11.011

W. Scheidel, The Shape of the Roman World, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.2242325

G. Shen, C. Wang, and P. S. Pulat, An exploratory analysis and visualization of U.S. global trade patterns through maritime freight movement between U.S. ports and world ports, 2013.

B. Slack, Pawns in the Game: Ports in a Global Transportation System, Growth and Change, vol.91, issue.4, pp.579-588, 1993.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1990.00072.x

L. A. Tavasszy, M. Minderhoud, J. F. Perrin, and T. E. Notteboom, A strategic network choice model for global container flows: specification, estimation and application, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.19, issue.6, pp.1163-1172, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.05.005

E. Tranos, The Topology and the Emerging Urban Geographies of the Internet Backbone and Aviation Networks in Europe: A Comparative Study, Environment and Planning A, vol.96, issue.3, pp.378-392, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2006.00701.x

M. Van-meeteren, Z. Neal, and B. Derudder, Disentangling agglomeration and network externalities: A conceptual typology, Papers in Regional Science, vol.96, issue.1, pp.61-80, 2016.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2006.00701.x

C. Wang and C. Ducruet, ), Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, vol.31, issue.5, pp.521-538, 2013.
DOI : 10.2307/142048

L. H. Wong, P. Pattison, and G. Robins, A spatial model for social networks, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, vol.360, issue.1, pp.99-120, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.physa.2005.04.029

M. Xu, Z. Li, Y. Shi, X. Zhang, and S. Jiang, Evolution of regional inequality in the global shipping network, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.44, pp.1-12, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.02.003