G. A. Wagner and K. W. Beinhauer, Homo heidelbergensis von Mauer, Die Auftreten des Meschen in Europa. In: (eds) WGAuBKW, Europas Beitrag zur Stammesgeschichte des Menschen. Heidelberg: HVA, pp.186-199, 1997.

I. Tattersall and J. H. Schwartz, The distinctiveness and systematic context of Homo neanderthalensis, Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives, pp.9-22, 2006.

S. Condemi, Les Hommes fossiles de Saccopastore et leurs Relations Phylogénétiques, vol.175, 1992.

D. Dean, J. Hublin, R. Holloway, and R. Ziegler, On the phylogenetic position of the pre-Neandertal specimen from Reilingen (Germany), J Hum Evol, vol.34, issue.5, pp.485-508, 1998.

D. Gambier, Modern Humans at the beginning of Upper Paleolithic in France, GACeCMW, Conceptual issues in modern humans origins research: Adline Transaction, pp.117-131, 1997.

M. Mussi, Earliest Italy: An overview of Italian Paleolithic and Mesolithic, vol.399, 2001.

A. M. Tillier, Les plus anciens homo sapiens (sapiens). Perspectives biologique, chronologique et taxinomique, Diogène, vol.214, pp.132-146, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00455795

E. Trinkaus, S. Milota, R. R. Mircea, G. Moldovan, and O. , Early modern human cranial remains from the Pestera cu Oase, Romania. J Hum Evol, vol.45, pp.245-253, 2003.

J. Zilhão, Aurignacian, behavior, modern: issues of definition in the emergence of the European Upper Paleolithic, Lisbonne, pp.52-69, 2002.

E. Trinkaus, Modern Human versus Neandertal Evolutionary Distinctiveness, Current Anthropology, vol.47, pp.597-619, 2006.

B. Vandermeersch, Les hommes fossiles de Qafzeh (Israël), vol.319, 1981.

O. Bar-yosef and B. Vandermeersch, Premiers hommes modernes et Néanderthaliens au Proche-Orient : chronologie et culture. In: (eds) JJHeAMT, Aux origines d'Homo sapiens, pp.217-250, 1991.

O. Bar-yosef, The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in the Southern Levant: Chronology, and Cultural entities, pp.247-263, 1995.

S. Condemi, Are the Neanderthals in the levant?, BAR International Series 1603., editor. In: Faces from the Past-Diachronic Patterns in the Biology of Human Populations from the Eastern Southern, pp.28-35, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00616874

). Lumley-;-de and . Ma, Anténéandertaliens et Néandertaliens du bassin méditerranéen western européen, E ´ tudes quaternaire 2, 1973.

A. Hambücken, La variabilité géographique des néanderthaliens: apport de l'e ´tude du membre supérieur, Anthropol Préhist, vol.108, pp.109-120, 1997.

S. Condemi, Les Néanderthaliens de La Chaise, Editions du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques CTHS. Documents préhistoire, vol.15, 2001.

A. Rosas, C. Martinez-maza, M. Bastir, A. Garcia-tabernero, and C. Lalueza-fox, Paleobiology and comparative morphology of a late Neandertal sample from El Sidron, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.103, pp.19266-19271, 2006.

D. Serre, A. Langaney, M. Chech, M. Teschler-nicola, and M. Paunovic, No evidence of Neandertal mtDNA contribution to early modern humans, PLoS Biol, vol.2, p.57, 2004.

R. W. Schmitz, D. Serre, G. Bonani, S. Feine, and F. Hillgruber, The Neandertal type site revisited: interdisciplinary investigations of skeletal remains from the Neander Valley, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.99, pp.13342-13347, 2002.

I. V. Ovchinnikov, A. Gotherstrom, G. P. Romanova, V. M. Kharitonov, and K. Liden, Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus, Nature, vol.404, pp.490-493, 2000.

L. Orlando, P. Darlu, M. Toussaint, D. Bonjean, and M. Otte, Revisiting Neandertal diversity with a 100,000 year old mtDNA sequence, Curr Biol, vol.16, pp.400-402, 2006.

C. Lalueza-fox, J. Krause, D. Caramelli, G. Catalano, and L. Milani, , 2006.

, Mitochondrial DNA of an Iberian Neandertal suggests a population affinity with other European Neandertals, Curr Biol, vol.16, pp.629-630

M. Krings, A. Stone, R. W. Schmitz, H. Krainitzki, and M. Stoneking, Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans, Cell, vol.90, pp.19-30, 1997.

M. Krings, C. Capelli, F. Tschentscher, H. Geisert, and S. Meyer, A view of Neandertal genetic diversity, Nat Genet, vol.26, pp.144-146, 2000.

J. Krause, L. Orlando, D. Serre, B. Viola, and K. Prufer, Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia, Nature, vol.449, pp.902-904, 2007.

D. Caramelli, C. Lalueza-fox, S. Condemi, L. Longo, and L. Milani, A highly divergent mtDNA sequence in a Neandertal individual from Italy, Curr Biol, vol.16, pp.630-632, 2006.

C. Beauval, B. Maureille, F. Lacrampe-cuyaubere, D. Serre, and D. Peressinotto, A late Neandertal femur from Les Rochers-de-Villeneuve, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.102, pp.7085-7090, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00432758

M. Currat and L. Excoffier, Modern humans did not admix with Neanderthals during their range expansion into Europe, PLoS Biol, vol.2, p.421, 2004.

D. Caramelli, C. Lalueza-fox, C. Vernesi, M. Lari, and A. Casoli, Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.100, pp.6593-6597, 2003.

L. Excoffier, J. Novembre, and S. Schneider, SIMCOAL: a general coalescent program for the simulation of molecular data in interconnected populations with arbitrary demography, J Hered, vol.91, pp.506-509, 2000.

C. N. Anderson, U. Ramakrishnan, Y. L. Chan, and E. A. Hadly, Serial SimCoal: a population genetics model for data from multiple populations and points in time, Bioinformatics, vol.21, pp.1733-1734, 2005.

J. P. Bocquet-appel, P. Demars, L. Noiret, and D. Dobrowsky, Estimates of Upper Palaeolithic meta-population size in Europe from archaeological data, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.32, pp.1656-1668, 2005.

J. N. Biraben, Essai sur l'e ´volution du nombre des hommes, Population, vol.1, pp.13-25, 1979.

J. P. Bocquet-appel, La paléodémographie, 99,99% de l'histoire démographique des hommes ou la démographie de la préhistoire, vol.122, 2008.

L. Excoffier and Z. Yang, Substitution rate variation among sites in mitochondrial hypervariable region I of humans and chimpanzees, Mol Biol Evol, vol.16, pp.1357-1368, 1999.

E. M. Belle, U. Ramakrishnan, J. L. Mountain, and G. Barbujani, Serial coalescent simulations suggest a weak genealogical relationship between Etruscans and modern Tuscans, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.103, pp.8012-8017, 2006.

E. M. Belle, A. Benazzo, S. Ghirotto, V. Colonna, and G. Barbujani, Comparing models on the genealogical relationships among Neandertal, Cro-Magnoid and modern Europeans by serial coalescent simulations, Heredity, vol.102, issue.3, pp.218-243, 2009.

R. E. Green, A. S. Malaspinas, J. Krause, A. W. Briggs, and P. L. Johnson, A complete Neandertal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by highthroughput sequencing, Cell, vol.134, pp.416-426, 2008.

J. L. Voisin, Speciation by distance and temporal overlap: a new approach to understanding Neanderthal evolution, Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives, pp.299-314, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00352634

B. F. Voight, A. M. Adams, L. A. Frisse, Y. Qian, and R. R. Hudson, Interrogating multiple aspects of variation in a full resequencing data set to infer human population size changes, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.102, pp.18508-18513, 2005.

N. Ray, Modélisation de la démographie des populations humaines préhistoriques a ` l'aide de données environnementales et génétiques, 2003.

J. Wood, The genetic demography of the Gainj of Papua New Guinea. 2. Determinatesof effective population size, Am Naturalist, pp.165-187, 1987.

M. Currat, Effets des expansions des populations humaines en Europe sur leur diversité génétique, 2004.

K. Tamura, J. Dudley, M. Nei, and S. Kumar, MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0, Mol Biol Evol, vol.24, pp.1596-1599, 2007.