F. Adriaensen, J. Chardon, D. Blust, G. Swinnen, E. Villalba et al., The application of ???least-cost??? modelling as a functional landscape model, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.64, issue.4, pp.233-247, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00242-6

N. Balkenhol and L. Waits, Molecular road ecology: exploring the potential of genetics for investigating transportation impacts on wildlife, Molecular Ecology, vol.53, issue.20, pp.4151-4164, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04322.x

J. Bartoszek and K. Greenwald, A population divided: railroad tracks as barriers to gene flow in an isolated 546 population of marbled salamanders (Ambystoma opacum), Herpetol Conserv Biol, vol.4, issue.2, pp.191-197, 2009.

T. Beebee, Effects of Road Mortality and Mitigation Measures on Amphibian Populations, Conservation Biology, vol.141, issue.4, pp.548657-668, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/cobi.12063

P. Beerli, Effect of unsampled populations on the estimation of population sizes and migration rates between sampled populations, Molecular Ecology, vol.15, issue.2, pp.827-836, 2004.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.genet.36.050802.093940

C. Blair, D. Weigel, M. Balazik, A. Keeley, F. Walker et al., Balkenhol 552 N (2012) A simulation-based evaluation of methods for inferring linear barriers to gene flow, Mol Ecol Resour, vol.553, issue.5, pp.12822-833

A. Bardy, J. Clobert, C. Dytham, T. Hovestadt, C. Meier et al., Costs of 557 dispersal, Biol Rev, vol.87, pp.290-312, 2012.

D. Borcard and P. Legendre, Is the Mantel correlogram powerful enough to be useful in ecological analysis? A simulation study, Ecology, vol.93, issue.6, pp.1473-1481, 2012.
DOI : 10.1890/02-0738

J. Brisson, S. De-blois, and C. Lavoie, Roadside as invasion pathway for common reed, 2010.

T. Broquet, L. Berset-braendli, G. Emaresi, and L. Fumagalli, Buccal swabs allow efficient and reliable microsatellite genotyping in amphibians, Conservation Genetics, vol.10, issue.2, pp.509-511, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10592-006-9180-3

T. Broquet, N. Ray, E. Petit, J. Fryxell, and F. Burel, Genetic isolation by distance and landscape connectivity in the 565, 2006.

. American-marten, Martes americana), Landscape Ecol, vol.21, issue.6, pp.877-889

G. Brown, B. Phillips, J. Webb, and R. Shine, Toad on the road: Use of roads as dispersal corridors by cane toads (Bufo marinus) at an invasion front in tropical Australia, Biological Conservation, vol.133, issue.1, pp.88-94, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.05.020

C. Chen, E. Durand, F. Forbes, and O. Francois, Bayesian clustering algorithms ascertaining spatial population structure: a new computer program and a comparison study, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.101, issue.41, pp.747-756, 2007.
DOI : 10.2307/2408641

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00370267

B. Cosentino, R. Schooley, and C. Phillips, Connectivity of agroecosystems: dispersal costs can vary among crops, Landscape Ecology, vol.150, issue.3, pp.371-379, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10980-010-9563-1

S. Cushman, K. Mckelvey, J. Hayden, and M. Schwartz, Gene Flow in Complex Landscapes: Testing Multiple Hypotheses with Causal Modeling, The American Naturalist, vol.168, issue.4, pp.486-499, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/506976

S. Cushman, T. Wasserman, E. Landguth, and A. Shirk, Re-Evaluating Causal Modeling with Mantel Tests in Landscape Genetics, Diversity, vol.5, issue.1, pp.51-72, 2013.
DOI : 10.3390/d5010051

M. Denoel, Persistence and dispersion of an introduced population of Alpine Newt (Triturus alpestris) in the 579 limestone plateau of Larzac (Southern France) Revue d'Ecologie, pp.139-148, 2005.

C. Dodd, W. Barichivich, and L. Smith, Effectiveness of a barrier wall and culverts in reducing wildlife mortality on a heavily traveled highway in Florida, Biological Conservation, vol.118, issue.5, pp.619-631, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.011

K. Drescher, J. Henderson, and K. Mcnamara, Farmland prices determinants, In: American Agricultural Economics, vol.584

J. Dunning, B. Danielson, and H. Pulliam, Ecological Processes That Affect Populations in Complex Landscapes, Oikos, vol.65, issue.1, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/3544901

P. Dutilleul, J. Stockwell, D. Frigon, and P. Legendre, The Mantel test versus Pearson's correlation analysis, p.588, 2000.

G. Emaresi, J. Pellet, S. Dubey, A. Hirzel, and L. Fumagalli, Landscape genetics of the Alpine newt (Mesotriton alpestris) inferred from a strip-based approach, Conservation Genetics, vol.66, issue.1, pp.41-50, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10592-009-9985-y

S. Emel and A. Storfer, A decade of amphibian population genetic studies: synthesis and recommendations, Conservation Genetics, vol.82, issue.6, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s10592-012-0407-1

B. Epperson, Geographical Genetics Monographs in Population Biology, pp.595-596, 2003.

C. Epps, P. Palsboll, J. Wehausen, G. Roderick, R. Ramey et al., Highways block gene flow and cause a rapid decline in genetic diversity of desert bighorn sheep, Ecology Letters, vol.6, issue.10, pp.1029-1038, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00804.x

K. Heanue, J. Jones, F. Swanson, T. Turrentine, and T. Winter, Road Ecology. Science and Solutions, 2003.

A. Frantz, S. Bertouille, M. Eloy, A. Licoppe, F. Chaumont et al., ), Molecular Ecology, vol.26, issue.Suppl, pp.3445-3457, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05623.x

J. Garcia, J. Arevalo, and J. Fernandez-palacios, Road edge effect on the abundance of the lizard Gallotia galloti (Sauria: Lacertidae) in two Canary Islands forests, Biodiversity and Conservation, vol.71, issue.10, pp.2949-2963, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10531-007-9154-x

T. Garner and B. Schmidt, Relatedness, body size and paternity in the alpine newt, Triturus alpestris, 609 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, pp.619-624, 1515.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2002.2284

T. Garner, B. Schmidt, P. Hoeck, and J. Van-buskirk, Di-and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for the 612, 2003.

B. Gauffre, A. Estoup, V. Bretagnolle, and J. Cosson, Spatial genetic structure of a small rodent in a heterogeneous landscape, Molecular Ecology, vol.13, issue.21, pp.4619-4629, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03950.x

C. Goldberg and L. Waits, Comparative landscape genetics of two pond-breeding amphibian species in a highly modified agricultural landscape, Molecular Ecology, vol.18, issue.17, pp.3650-3663, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04673.x

J. Goudet, N. Perrin, and P. Waser, Tests for sex-biased dispersal using bi-parentally inherited genetic markers, Molecular Ecology, vol.83, issue.6, 2002.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.207

T. Graves, P. Beier, and J. Royle, Current approaches using genetic distances produce poor estimates of landscape resistance to interindividual dispersal, Molecular Ecology, vol.31, issue.15, pp.3888-3903, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/mec.12348

G. Guillot and F. Rousset, Dismantling the Mantel tests, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol.98, issue.4, pp.336-344, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/2041-210x.12018

D. Hepenstrick, D. Thiel, R. Holderegger, and F. Gugerli, Genetic discontinuities in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, p.625, 2012.

P. Hoeck and T. Garner, Female alpine newts (Triturus alpestris) mate initially with males signalling fertility benefits, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.91, issue.3, pp.483-491, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00813.x

R. Holderegger, D. Giulio, and M. , The genetic effects of roads: A review of empirical evidence, Basic and Applied Ecology, vol.11, issue.6, pp.630522-531, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.baae.2010.06.006

M. Jakobsson and N. Rosenberg, CLUMPP: a cluster matching and permutation program for dealing with label switching and multimodality in analysis of population structure, Bioinformatics, vol.23, issue.14, pp.1801-1806, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm233

A. Janin, J. Lena, N. Ray, C. Delacourt, P. Allemand et al., Assessing landscape connectivity with calibrated 635 cost-distance modelling: predicting common toad distribution in a context of spreading agriculture, J Appl Ecol, vol.636, issue.464, pp.833-841, 2009.

Y. Jodoin, C. Lavoie, P. Villeneuve, M. Theriault, J. Beaulieu et al., in Quebec, Canada, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.29, issue.2, pp.459-466, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01362.x

P. Joly and O. Grolet, Colonization dynamics of new ponds, and the age structure of colonizing Alpine newts, p.641, 1996.

P. Joly and C. Miaud, How does a newt find its pond -the role of chemical cues in migrating newts (Triturus 643 alpestris), Ethol Ecol Evol, vol.5, issue.4, pp.447-455, 1993.

P. Joly, C. Miaud, A. Lehmann, and O. Grolet, Habitat Matrix Effects on Pond Occupancy in Newts, Conservation Biology, vol.15, issue.1, pp.645239-248, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2001.99200.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00152808

T. Jombart, S. Devillard, A. Dufour, and D. Pontier, Revealing cryptic spatial patterns in genetic variability by a new multivariate method, Heredity, vol.28, issue.1, pp.92-10334, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01031609

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00428188

M. Kimura and G. Weiss, The stepping stone model of population structure and the decrease of genetic 649 correlation with distance, Genetics, vol.49, issue.4, pp.561-576, 1964.

M. Knapp, P. Saska, J. Knappova, P. Vonicka, P. Moravec et al., The habitat-specific effects of 651 highway proximity on ground-dwelling arthropods: Implications for biodiversity conservation, Biol Cons, vol.652, issue.164, pp.22-29, 2013.

O. Kopecky, J. Vojar, and M. Denoel, Movements of Alpine newts (Mesotriton alpestris) between small aquatic habitats (ruts) during the breeding season, Amphibia-Reptilia, vol.31, issue.1, pp.109-116, 2010.
DOI : 10.1163/156853810790457821

O. Kopecky, J. Vojar, and M. Denoel, Sex-specific effect of pool desiccation on the movement of Alpine Newts, p.656, 2012.

R. Kovar, M. Brabec, R. Vita, and R. Bocek, Spring migration distances of some Central European amphibian species, Amphibia-Reptilia, vol.30, issue.3, pp.367-378, 2009.
DOI : 10.1163/156853809788795236

R. Kuehn, K. Hindenlang, O. Holzgang, J. Senn, B. Stoeckl et al., Genetic Effect of Transportation Infrastructure on Roe Deer Populations (Capreolus capreolus), Journal of Heredity, vol.98, issue.1, pp.13-2210, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/jhered/esl056

E. Landguth and S. Cushman, cdpop: A spatially explicit cost distance population genetics program, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.28, issue.1, p.663, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02719.x

E. Landguth, S. Cushman, M. Schwartz, K. Mckelvey, M. Murphy et al., Quantifying the lag time to detect barriers in landscape genetics, Molecular Ecology, vol.2, issue.19, pp.4179-4191, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04808.x

E. Landguth, B. Fedy, S. Oyler-mccance, A. Garey, S. Emel et al., Effects of sample size, number of markers, and allelic richness on the detection of spatial genetic pattern, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.92, issue.2, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03077.x

D. Lesbarreres and L. Fahrig, Measures to reduce population fragmentation by roads: what has worked and how do we know?, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.27, issue.7, pp.347-380, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2012.01.015

D. Lesbarreres, T. Lode, and J. Merila, What type of amphibian tunnel could reduce road kills?, Oryx, vol.38, issue.02, pp.220-223, 2004.
DOI : 10.1017/S0030605304000389

D. Lesbarreres, C. Primmer, T. Lode, and J. Merila, The effects of 20 years of highway presence on the genetic structure of Rana dalmatina populations, Ecoscience, vol.11, issue.4, pp.531-538, 2006.
DOI : 0066-4162(1980)011[0067:CLC]2.0.CO;2

W. Lowe and F. Allendorf, What can genetics tell us about population connectivity?, Molecular Ecology, vol.18, issue.15, pp.3038-678, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04688.x

C. Mata, I. Hervas, J. Herranz, F. Suarez, and J. Malo, Are motorway wildlife passages worth building? Vertebrate use of road-crossing structures on a Spanish motorway, Journal of Environmental Management, vol.88, issue.3, pp.407-415, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.014

R. Mcgregor, D. Bender, and L. Fahrig, Do small mammals avoid roads because of the traffic?, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.9, issue.1, pp.117-123, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01403.x

F. Meunier, C. Verheyden, and P. Jouventin, Bird communities of highway verges: Influence of adjacent habitat and roadside management, Acta Oecologica, vol.20, issue.1, pp.1-1310, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S1146-609X(99)80010-1

C. Miaud, R. Guyetant, and H. Faber, Age, size, and growth of the alpine newt, Triturus alpestris, p.687, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00295514

. Salamandridae, at high altitude and a review of life-history trait variation throughout its range, Herpetologica, vol.56, issue.2, pp.688135-144

M. Miller, Alleles In Space (AIS): Computer Software for the Joint Analysis of Interindividual Spatial and Genetic Information, Journal of Heredity, vol.96, issue.6, pp.722-72410, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/jhered/esi119

M. Monmonier, Maximum-Difference Barriers: An Alternative Numerical Regionalization Method*, Geographical Analysis, vol.58, issue.3, 1973.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1973.tb01011.x

M. Murphy, R. Dezzani, D. Pilliod, and A. Storfer, Landscape genetics of high mountain frog metapopulations, Molecular Ecology, vol.164, issue.17, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04723.x

A. Osikowski, Sperm Transport after Insemination in the Alpine Newt (<I>Triturus alpestris</I>, Caudata, Salamandridae), Folia Biologica, vol.55, issue.3, p.696, 2007.
DOI : 10.3409/173491607781492641

M. Pabijan and W. Babik, Genetic structure in northeastern populations of the Alpine newt (Triturus alpestris): evidence for post-Pleistocene differentiation, Molecular Ecology, vol.18, issue.Sup., pp.2397-2407, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02954.x

E. Pebesma, Multivariable geostatistics in S: the gstat package, Computers & Geosciences, vol.30, issue.7, pp.683-691, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cageo.2004.03.012

N. Perret, R. Pradel, C. Miaud, O. Grolet, and P. Joly, Transience, dispersal and survival rates in newt patchy populations, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.130, issue.4, pp.567-575, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/02664769524559

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00152617

F. Pompanon, A. Bonin, E. Bellemain, and P. Taberlet, Genotyping errors: causes, consequences and solutions, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.5, issue.11, p.704, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/btg112

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00278823

J. Prunier, B. Kaufmann, O. Grolet, D. Picard, F. Pompanon et al., Skin swabbing as a new efficient DNA sampling technique in amphibians, and 14 new microsatellite markers in the alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris), Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.4, issue.3, pp.524-531, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2012.03116.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00689809

J. Prunier, B. Kaufmann, S. Fenet, D. Picard, F. Pompanon et al., Optimizing the trade-off between spatial and genetic sampling efforts in patchy populations: towards a better assessment of functional connectivity using an individual-based sampling scheme, Molecular Ecology, vol.15, issue.22, pp.5516-5530, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/mec.12499

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00942596

S. Riley, J. Pollinger, R. Sauvajot, E. York, C. Bromley et al., A southern California freeway is a physical and social barrier to gene flow in carnivores, Molecular Ecology, vol.6, issue.7, pp.1733-1741, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02907.x

L. Say, S. Devillard, F. Léger, D. Pontier, and S. Ruette, Distribution and spatial genetic structure of European wildcat in France, Animal Conservation, vol.7, issue.1, pp.18-27, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00478.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00698211

H. Schäfer, Ausbreitung und Entwicklung von Amphibien-Populationen in der Agrarlandschaft, 1993.

C. Schalk and T. Luhring, Vagility of Aquatic Salamanders: Implications for Wetland Connectivity, Journal of Herpetology, vol.44, issue.1, pp.44104-109, 2010.
DOI : 10.1670/08-312.1

P. Schmidt, K. Weddeling, M. Thomas, R. Rottscheidt, D. Tarkhnishvili et al., Dispersal of Triturus 726 alpestris and T. vulgaris in agricultural landscapes ? comparing estimates from allozyme markers and capture- 727 mark-recapture analysis, Paper presented at the 13th Congress of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica, p.728, 2006.

M. Schwartz and K. Mckelvey, Why sampling scheme matters: the effect of sampling scheme on landscape genetic results, Conservation Genetics, vol.62, issue.2, pp.441-452, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10592-008-9622-1

R. Semlitsch, Differentiating Migration and Dispersal Processes for Pond-Breeding Amphibians, Journal of Wildlife Management, vol.16, issue.1, p.736, 2008.
DOI : 0962-1083(2006)016[0257:FSGSAD]2.0.CO;2

P. Smouse and R. Peakall, Spatial autocorrelation analysis of individual multiallele and multilocus genetic structure, Heredity, vol.82, issue.5, pp.561-573, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.hdy.6885180

S. Spear, C. Peterson, M. Matocq, and A. Storfer, Landscape genetics of the blotched tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum), Molecular Ecology, vol.31, issue.8, pp.2553-2564, 2005.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2540.1999.00496.x

P. Tikka, H. Hogmander, and P. Koski, Road and railway verges serve as dispersal corridors for grassland plants, p.742, 2001.

S. Trombulak and C. Frissell, Review of Ecological Effects of Roads on Terrestrial and Aquatic Communities, Conservation Biology, vol.47, issue.1, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99084.x

J. Van-buskirk, Permeability of the landscape matrix between amphibian breeding sites, Ecology and Evolution, vol.20, issue.12, pp.3160-746, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/ece3.424

M. Van-strien, D. Keller, and R. Holderegger, A new analytical approach to landscape genetic modelling: least-cost 748, 2012.

V. Der-lippe, M. Kowarik, and I. , Long-Distance Dispersal of Plants by Vehicles as a Driver of Plant Invasions, Conservation Biology, vol.10, issue.4, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.baae.2005.04.003

A. Wagner, R. Schabetsberger, M. Sztatecsny, and R. Kaiser, Skeletochronology of phalanges underestimates the true 752 age of long-lived Alpine newts (Ichthyosaura alpestris), Herpetological Journal, vol.21, issue.2, pp.145-148, 2011.