S. Tuljapurkar and S. Orzack, Population dynamics in variable environments I. Long-run growth rates and extinction, Theoretical Population Biology, vol.18, issue.3, pp.314-342, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-5809(80)90057-X

J. Yoshimura and C. Clark, Adaptation in stochastic environments, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-51483-8

R. Lande, Genetics and demography in biological conservation, Science, vol.241, issue.4872, pp.1455-1460, 1988.
DOI : 10.1126/science.3420403

M. Tauber, C. Tauber, and S. Masaki, Seasonal adaptations of insects, 1986.

H. Danks, Insect dormancy: an ecological perspective. Ottawa: The biological survey of Canada (terrestrial arthropods), 1987.

G. Zhou, N. Minakawa, A. Githeko, and G. Yan, Association between climate variability and malaria epidemics in the East African highlands, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.8, pp.2375-2380, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0308714100

S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, and M. Marquis, Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis. IPCC Fourth assessment report, 2008.

S. Luckhart, S. Lindsay, A. James, and T. Scott, Reframing Critical Needs in Vector Biology and Management of Vector-Borne Disease, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.94, issue.2, p.566, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000566.s004

A. Lloyd, J. Zhang, and A. Root, Stochasticity and heterogeneity in host-vector models, Journal of The Royal Society Interface, vol.94, issue.1, pp.851-863, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.1.338

J. Read and M. Keeling, Stochasticity generates an evolutionary instability for infectious disease, Ecology Letters, vol.27, issue.9, pp.818-827, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/339467

K. Magori, M. Legros, M. Puente, D. Focks, and T. Scott, Skeeter Buster: A Stochastic, Spatially Explicit Modeling Tool for Studying Aedes aegypti Population Replacement and Population Suppression Strategies, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.101, issue.9, p.508, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000508.s011

P. Parham and E. Michael, Modeling the Effects of Weather and Climate Change on Malaria Transmission, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.118, issue.5, pp.620-626, 2010.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.0901256.s1

D. Alonso, M. Bouma, and M. Pascual, Epidemic malaria and warmer temperatures in recent decades in an East African highland, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.15, issue.9, pp.1661-1669, 2011.
DOI : 10.2471/BLT.08.055632

P. Hancock, R. Brackley, and S. Palmer, Modelling the effect of temperature variation on the seasonal dynamics of Ixodes ricinus tick populations, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.41, issue.5, pp.513-522, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.12.012

L. Lambrechts, K. Paaijmans, T. Fansiri, L. Carrington, and L. Kramer, Impact of daily temperature fluctuations on dengue virus transmission by Aedes aegypti, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.108, issue.18, pp.7460-7465, 2011.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1101377108

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00587940

T. Livdahl, Environmental Uncertainty and Selection for Life Cycle Delays in Opportunistic Species, The American Naturalist, vol.113, issue.6, pp.835-842, 1979.
DOI : 10.1086/283439

L. Real, Fitness, Uncertainty, and the Role of Diversification in Evolution and Behavior, The American Naturalist, vol.115, issue.5, pp.623-638, 1980.
DOI : 10.1086/283588

J. Clark, UNCERTAINTY AND VARIABILITY IN DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATION GROWTH: A HIERARCHICAL APPROACH, Ecology, vol.84, issue.6, pp.1370-1381, 2003.
DOI : 10.2307/2289717

J. Seger and H. Brockmann, What is bet-hedging?, Oxf Surv Evol Biol, vol.4, pp.182-211, 1987.

S. Gourbière and F. Menu, ADAPTIVE DYNAMICS OF DORMANCY DURATION VARIABILITY: EVOLUTIONARY TRADE-OFF AND PRIORITY EFFECT LEAD TO SUBOPTIMAL ADAPTATION, Evolution, vol.5, issue.Suppl, pp.1879-1892, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00731.x

E. Rajon, S. Venner, and F. Menu, Spatially heterogeneous stochasticity and the adaptive diversification of dormancy, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.5, issue.10, pp.2094-2103, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01825.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00428406

D. Goodman, Risk spreading as an adaptive strategy in iteroparous life histories, Theoretical Population Biology, vol.25, issue.1, pp.1-20, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-5809(84)90002-9

I. Hanski, Four kinds of extra long diapause in insects: a review of theory and observations, Ann Zool Fennici, vol.25, pp.37-53, 1988.

F. Menu, J. Roebuck, and M. Viala, Bet-hedging diapause strategies in stochastic environments, Am Nat, vol.155, pp.724-734, 2000.

F. Menu, M. Ginoux, E. Rajon, C. Lazzari, and J. Rabinovich, Adaptive Developmental Delay in Chagas Disease Vectors: An Evolutionary Ecology Approach, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.462, issue.5, p.691, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000691.s002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00656942

R. Ross, The prevention of malaria, 1911.

J. Velasco-hernández, A Model for Chagas Disease Involving Transmission by Vectors and Blood Transfusion, Theoretical Population Biology, vol.46, issue.1, pp.1-31, 1994.
DOI : 10.1006/tpbi.1994.1017

C. Kribs-zaleta, Estimating Contact Process Saturation in Sylvatic Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in the United States, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.54, issue.4, p.656, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000656.s001

U. Dieckmann, U. Dieckmann, J. Metz, M. Sabelis, and S. K. , Adaptive dynamics of pathogen-host interactions Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: In Pursuit of Virulence Management, pp.39-59, 2002.

R. Anderson and R. May, Coevolution of hosts and parasites, Parasitology, vol.75, issue.02, pp.411-426, 1982.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.1981.0005

S. Frank, Models of Parasite Virulence, The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol.71, issue.1, pp.37-78, 1996.
DOI : 10.1086/419267

B. Levin, The Evolution and Maintenance of Virulence in Microparasites, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.2, issue.2, pp.93-102, 1996.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0202.960203

R. Anderson and R. May, Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control, 1991.

M. Van-baalen and M. Sabelis, The Dynamics of Multiple Infection and the Evolution of Virulence, The American Naturalist, vol.146, issue.6, pp.881-910, 1995.
DOI : 10.1086/285830

M. Mackinnon and A. Read, Virulence in malaria: an evolutionary viewpoint, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.359, issue.1446, pp.965-986, 2004.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2003.1414

J. De-roode, A. Yates, and S. Altizer, Virulence-transmission trade-offs and population divergence in virulence in a naturally occurring butterfly parasite, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.105, issue.21, pp.7489-7494, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0710909105

V. Cooper, M. Reiskind, J. Miller, K. Shelton, and B. Walther, Timing of transmission and the evolution of virulence of an insect virus, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.269, issue.1496, pp.1161-1165, 2002.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2002.1976

K. Jensen, T. Little, A. Skorping, and D. Ebert, Empirical Support for Optimal Virulence in a Castrating Parasite, PLoS Biology, vol.265, issue.7, p.197, 2006.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040197.g004

J. Medlock, P. Luz, C. Struchiner, and A. Galvani, The Impact of Transgenic Mosquitoes on Dengue Virulence to Humans and Mosquitoes, The American Naturalist, vol.174, issue.4, pp.565-577, 2009.
DOI : 10.1086/605403

J. André and M. Hochberg, VIRULENCE EVOLUTION IN EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES, Evolution, vol.4, issue.7, pp.1406-1412, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0966-842X(02)02428-9

G. Rascalou, D. Pontier, F. Menu, and S. Gourbière, Emergence and Prevalence of Human Vector-Borne Diseases in Sink Vector Populations, PLoS ONE, vol.4, issue.5, p.36858, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0036858.s003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00700379

R. Carcavallo and R. Martínez, R??sum??, The Canadian Entomologist, vol.5, issue.05, pp.699-704, 1972.
DOI : 10.4039/Ent104699-5

T. Heitzmann-fontenelle, Bionomia comparativa de Triatomíneos. V. Triatoma lenti, Scherlock & Serafim, Memórias do Instituto Butantan 47, pp.165-174, 1967.

I. Garcia-da-silva, G. Silva, and H. , Estudo comparado do ciclo evolutivo de Triatomineos a duas temperaturas, Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, pp.499-500, 1989.

A. Guarneri, M. Pereira, and L. Diotaiuti, Influence of the Blood Meal Source on the Development of <I>Triatoma infestans,</I> <I>Triatoma brasiliensis,</I> <I>Triatoma sordida,</I> and <I>Triatoma pseudomaculata</I> (Heteroptera, Reduviidae), Journal of Medical Entomology, vol.37, issue.3, pp.373-379, 2000.
DOI : 10.1603/0022-2585(2000)037[0373:IOTBMS]2.0.CO;2

S. Gourbière, P. Dorn, F. Tripet, and E. Dumonteil, Genetics and evolution of triatomines: from phylogeny to vector control, Heredity, vol.28, issue.3, pp.190-202, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01243.x

C. Lambert, R. Kolivras, K. Resler, L. Brewster, C. Paulson et al., The potential for emergence of Chagas disease in the United States, Geospatial health, vol.2, issue.2, pp.227-239, 2008.
DOI : 10.4081/gh.2008.246

S. Sarkar, S. Strutz, D. Frank, C. Rivaldi, B. Sissel et al., Chagas Disease Risk in Texas, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.70, issue.S1, p.836, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000836.s008

H. Tanowitz, L. Weiss, and S. Montgomery, Chagas Disease Has Now Gone Global, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.5, issue.102, p.1136, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001136

H. Devillers, J. Lobry, and F. Menu, An agent-based model for predicting the prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi I and II in their host and vector populations, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.255, issue.3, pp.307-315, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.08.023

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00428240

C. Hall, E. Pierce, A. Wimsatt, T. Hobby-dolbeer, B. Meers et al., Virulence and Vertical Transmission of Two Genotypically and Geographically Diverse Isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi in Mice, Journal of Parasitology, vol.96, issue.2, pp.371-376, 2010.
DOI : 10.1645/GE-2296.1

S. Negrete, O. Mora, M. Basombrío, and M. , High Prevalence of Congenital Trypanosoma cruzi Infection and Family Clustering in Salta, Argentina, PEDIATRICS, vol.115, issue.6, pp.668-672, 2005.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.2004-1732

C. Schofield, The role of blood intake in density regulation of populations of Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), Bulletin of Entomological Research, vol.93, issue.04, pp.617-629, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0035-9203(82)90035-9

D. Gorla and C. Schofield, Analysis of egg mortality in experimental populations of Triatoma infestans under natural climatic conditions in Argentina, Bull Soc Vector Ecologist, vol.10, pp.107-117, 1985.

J. Rabinovich and P. Himschoot, A population-dynamics simulation model of the main vectors of Chagas' Disease transmission, Thodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans, Ecological Modelling, vol.52, pp.249-266, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3800(90)90019-D

M. Castanera, J. Aparicio, and R. Gürtler, A stage-structured stochastic model of the population dynamics of Triatoma infestans, the main vector of Chagas disease, Ecological Modelling, vol.162, issue.1-2, pp.33-53, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00388-5

C. Schofield, Density regulation of domestic populations of Triatoma infestans in Brazil, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.74, issue.6, pp.761-769, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0035-9203(80)90196-0

J. Rabinovich, Vital Statistics of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Under Laboratory Conditions. I. Triatoma infestans Klug, Journal of Medical Entomology, vol.9, issue.4, pp.351-370, 1972.
DOI : 10.1093/jmedent/9.4.351

A. Perlowagora-szumlewicz, Laboratory colonies of Triatominae, biology, and population dynamics In: New approaches in American trypanosomiasis research, Proceedings of an International Symposium, pp.18-21, 1975.

C. Kribs-zaleta, To switch or taper off: the dynamics of saturation, Mathematical Biosciences, vol.192, issue.2, pp.137-152, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mbs.2004.11.001

H. Lent and A. Valderrama, Observações, em laboratório, sobre o ciclo evolutivo de Rhodnius prolixus Stal, 1859, R. pictipes Stal, 1872 e R. neivai Lent, Rev Brasil Biol, vol.37, pp.325-344, 1953.

H. Caswell, Matrix population models: construction, analysis, and interpretation. 2 nd Edition, p.722, 2001.

J. Metz, S. Geritz, G. Meszéna, F. Jacobs, and J. Van-heerwaarden, Adaptive dynamics: A geometrical study of the consequences of nearly faithful reproduction, Stochastic and spatial structures of dynamical systems, 1996.

S. Geritz, J. Metz, E. ´. Kisdi, and G. Meszéna, Dynamics of Adaptation and Evolutionary Branching, Physical Review Letters, vol.78, issue.10, pp.2024-2027, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2024

S. Geritz, E. ´. Kisdi, G. Meszéna, and J. Metz, Evolutionarily singular strategies and the adaptive growth and branching of the evolutionary tree, Evolutionary Ecology, vol.34, issue.1, pp.35-57, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1006554906681

M. Smith and J. , Evolution and the theory of games, 1982.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511806292

F. Christiansen, On Conditions for Evolutionary Stability for a Continuously Varying Character, The American Naturalist, vol.138, issue.1, pp.37-50, 1991.
DOI : 10.1086/285203

I. Eshel and U. Motro, Kin selection and strong evolutionary stability of mutual help, Theoretical Population Biology, vol.19, issue.3, pp.420-433, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-5809(81)90029-0

R. Guilhem, A. Simková, S. Morand, and S. Gourbière, Within-host competition and diversification of macro-parasites, Journal of The Royal Society Interface, vol.7, issue.4, pp.2936-2946, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00865.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00745139

R. May and R. Anderson, Epidemiology and Genetics in the Coevolution of Parasites and Hosts, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.219, issue.1216, pp.281-313, 1983.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1983.0075

M. Kakehashi and F. Yoshinoga, Evolution of airborne infectious diseases according to changes in characteristics of the host population, Ecological Research, vol.219, issue.3, pp.235-243, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02347092

R. Lenski and R. May, The Evolution of Virulence in Parasites and Pathogens: Reconciliation Between Two Competing Hypotheses, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.169, issue.3, pp.253-265, 1994.
DOI : 10.1006/jtbi.1994.1146

W. Reisen, Landscape Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.55, issue.1, pp.461-483, 2010.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085419

C. Barbu, E. Dumonteil, and S. Gourbière, Characterization of the Dispersal of Non-Domiciliated Triatoma dimidiata through the Selection of Spatially Explicit Models, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.73, issue.8, p.777, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000777.s003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00580785

C. Barbu, E. Dumonteil, and S. Gourbière, Evaluation of Spatially Targeted Strategies to Control Non-Domiciliated Triatoma dimidiata Vector of Chagas Disease, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.7, issue.4, p.1045, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001045.s002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00608441

E. Dumonteil, S. Gourbière, M. Barrera-pérez, E. Rodriguez-félix, and H. Ruiz-piña, Geographic distribution of Triatoma dimidiata and transmission dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.67, pp.176-183, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00427266

E. Dumonteil, H. Ruiz-piñ-a, E. Rodriguez-félix, M. Barrera-pérez, and M. Ramirez-sierra, Re-infestation of houses by Triatoma dimidiata after intradomicile insecticide application in the Yucatán Peninsula, pp.253-256, 2004.

P. Nouvellet, E. Dumonteil, and S. Gourbière, Effects of genetic factors and infection status on wing morphology of Triatoma dimidiata species complex in the Yucat??n peninsula, Mexico, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.11, issue.6, pp.1243-1249, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.04.008

F. Pacheco-tucuch, M. Ramirez-sierra, S. Gourbière, and E. Dumonteil, Public Street Lights Increase House Infestation by the Chagas Disease Vector Triatoma dimidiata, PLoS ONE, vol.104, issue.4, p.36207, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0036207.s001

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00693214

M. Boots and A. Sasaki, 'Small worlds' and the evolution of virulence: infection occurs locally and at a distance, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.266, issue.1432, pp.1933-1938, 1999.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1999.0869

P. Pelosse and C. Kribs-zaleta, The role of the ratio of vector and host densities in the evolution of transmission modes in vector-borne diseases. The example of sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.312, pp.133-142, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.07.028