Does extensification of rich grasslands alter the C and N cycles, directly or via species composition?
Résumé
Extensification modify the C and N cycles in grassland ecosystems, but it is not clear whether reduced exploitation increases or decreases soil nitrogen availability, and whether these changes result from a direct effect of the treatment or from an indirect treatment effect through a change in plant species composition. A formerly intensively exploited grassland was submitted to the following treatments: (i) control with one mowing and four grazing periods per year (4G+M), (ii) cessation of mowing (4G), (iii) cessation of mowing and suppression of three grazing periods (1G). During the 13th year of the experiment, the species composition and key indicators of the C and N cycles were measured, using 20 samples per treatment. Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens disappeared in favor of tall caespitose grasses in 4G, and of rhizomatous species in 1G. The species composition and the nitrate concentration of the soil solution suggested an increase in nutrient availability under reduced exploitation, whereas the nitrification and denitrification potentials decreased. More particulate organic matter accumulated in proportion to the below-ground phyto-mass, whereas the C:N ratio remained constant. Testing treatment effect at similar species composition and plant community effect within the same treatment showed that: (1) the increase in POM residence time was mainly due to the changes in species composition, (2) the decrease in nitrification activity resulted mainly from a direct effect of the treatment, and (3) a compensation between a direct positive and an indirect negative effect of the treatment resulted in no change in extractable N. All results suggested that soil N availability was not decreased, although litter degradability decreased. (c) 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.