Model-Based Training: An Approach Supporting Operability of Critical Interactive Systems: Application to Satellite Ground Segments
Résumé
Operation of safety critical systems requires qualified operators that have detailed knowledge about the system they are using and how it should be used. Instructional Design and Technology intends to analyze, design, implement, evaluate, maintain and manage training programs. Among the many methods and processes that are currently in use, the first one to be widely exploited was Instructional Systems Development (ISD) which has been further developed in many ramifications and is part of the Systematic Approach to Training (SAT) instructional design family. One of the key features of these processes (at least when they are refined) is the importance of Instructional Task Analysis, particularly the decomposition of a job in its tasks and sub-tasks in order to decide what knowledge and skills must be acquired by the trainee. This paper proposes to leverage this systematic approach using model-based approaches currently used for interactive systems engineering in order to design such training programs and thus to improve human reliability. The paper explains how task and interactive systems modeling can be bound to job analysis to ensure that each trainee meets the performance goals required. Such training ensures proper learning at the three levels of the Skills Rule Knowledge (SRK) levels of Rasmussen's. In the case study we describe the process for building a training program for operators of satellite ground segments, which is based on and compatible with the Ground Systems and Operations ECSS standard. Then, we propose to enhance this process with a) the application of a Systematic Approach to Training and b) the use of both a System Model and an Operator Task Model. The system model is build using the ICO notation while operators' goals and tasks are described using HAMSTERS notation.