V. Abedi, O. Olulana, V. Avula, D. Chaudhary, A. Khan et al., Racial, Economic and Health Inequality and Covid-19 Infection in the United States, 2020.

W. C. Wheaton and A. Kinsella-thompson, The Geography of Covid-19 growth in the US: Counties and Metropolitan Areas, 2020.

T. Kuchler, D. Russel, and J. Stroebel, The geographic spread of Covid-19 correlates with structure of social networks as measured by Facebook, 2020.

E. B. Hodcroft, Preliminary case report on the SARS-CoV-2 cluster in the UK, Swiss Medical Weekly, vol.150, 2020.

K. O. Kwok, G. M. Leung, W. Y. Lam, and S. Riley, Using models to identify routes of nosomical infection: a large hospital outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.274, pp.611-618, 1610.

N. Levratto, M. Amdaoud, and G. Arcuri, Covid-19: analyse spatiale de l'influence des facteurs socio-économiques sur la prévalence et les conséquences de l'épidémie dans les départements français, 2020.

D. Kang, H. Choi, J. Kim, and J. Choi, Spatial epidemic dynamics of the Covid-19 outbreak in China, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.94, pp.96-102, 2020.

J. Krieger and D. L. Higgins, Housing and health: time again for public health action, American journal of public health, vol.92, issue.5, pp.758-768, 2002.

A. R. Maroko, D. Nash, and B. Pavilonis, Covid-19 and Inequity: A comparative spatial analysis of New York City and Chicago hot spots, 2020.

E. Williamson, A. J. Walker, and K. Bhaskaran, Factors associated with Covid-19-related hospital death in the linked electronic health records of 17 million adult NHS patients, 2020.

C. M. Petrilli, S. A. Jones, J. Yang, H. Rajagopalan, L. F. O'donnell et al., Factors associated with hospitalization and critical illness among 4,103 patients with Covid-19 disease, 2020.

J. Ciencewicki and I. Jaspers, Air pollution and respiratory viral infection, Inhalation Toxicology, vol.19, issue.14, pp.1135-1146, 2007.

D. H. Tsai, M. Riediker, and A. Berchet, Effects of short-and long-term exposures to particulate matter on inflammatory marker levels in the general population, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol.26, pp.19697-19704, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02974171

.. C. Popeiii, A. Bhatnagar, and J. P. Mccracken, Exposure to fine particulate air pollution is associated with endothelial injury and systemic inflammation, Circulation Research, vol.119, issue.11, pp.1204-1214, 2016.

Y. Cui, Z. F. Zhang, J. Froines, J. Zhao, H. Wang et al., Air pollution and case fatality of SARS in the People's Republic of China: an ecologic study, Environmental Health, vol.2, issue.1, p.15, 2003.

L. Martelletti and P. Martelletti, Air pollution and the novel Covid-19 disease: a putative disease risk factor, SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine, 2020.

L. Setti, F. Passarini, and G. De-gennaro, Position Paper Relazione circa l'effetto dell'inquinamento da particolato atmosferico e la diffusione di virus nella popolazione. SIMA-Società Italiana di Medicina Ambientale, 2020.

E. Conticini, B. Frediani, and D. Caro, Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy ?, Environmental Pollution, vol.261, 2020.

Y. Ogen, Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (Covid-19) fatality, Science of the Total Environment, vol.726, 2020.

X. Wu, R. C. Nethery, B. M. Sabath, D. Braun, and F. Dominici, Exposure to air pollution and Covid-19 mortality in the United States: A nationwide cross-sectional study, 2020.

Y. Ji, Z. Ma, M. P. Peppelenbosch, and Q. Pan, Potential association between Covid-19 mortality and health-care resource availability, The Lancet Global Health, vol.8, issue.4, pp.30068-30069, 2020.

J. B. Dowd, L. Andriano, D. M. Brazel, V. Rotondi, P. Block et al., Demographic science aids in understanding the spread and fatality rates of Covid-19, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.117, issue.18, pp.9696-9698, 2020.

, Pour protéger les plus vulnérables, il est urgent d'entamer une analyse sociale des populations menacées ou victimes de la pandémie de covid, vol.10, 2019.

J. E. Harris, The Subways Seeded the Massive Coronavirus in New York City. NBER Working Paper, 2020.

P. S. Cooley, S. Brown, J. Cajka, B. Chasteen, L. Ganapathi et al., The Role of Subway Travel in an Influenza Epidemic: A New York City Simulation, Journal of Urban Health, vol.88, issue.5, pp.982-995, 2011.

L. Goscé, D. A. Barton, and A. Johansson, Analytical Modelling of the Spread of Disease in Confined and Crowded Spaces, Scientific Reports, vol.4, p.4856, 2014.

L. Goscé and A. Johansson, Analysing the link between public transport use and airborne transmission: mobility and contagion in the London undeground, Environmental Health, vol.17, issue.1, p.84, 2018.

E. B. Brandt, A. F. Beck, and T. B. Mersha, Air pollution, racial disparities and Covid-19 mortality, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2020.

A. Mollalo, B. Vahedi, and K. M. Rivera, GIS-based spatial modelling of Covid-19 incidence rate in the continental United States, Science of the Total Environment, vol.728, 2020.

T. Eggerickx, C. Gourbin, P. Majérus, B. Masquelier, and J. Sanderson, Inégalités sociales de mortalité en Belgique, Science Connect, vol.50, pp.40-45, 2016.

T. Eggerickx, J. Léger, J. Sanderson, and C. Vanderschrick, Inégalités sociales et spatiales de mortalité dans les pays occidentaux. Les exemples de la France et de la Belgique, Espace populations sociétés 2018, 2018.

H. Van-oyen, P. Deboosere, and . Lorant, 2010. Les inégalités sociales de santé en Belgique
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02006048

W. Pinxten and J. Lievens, The importance of economic, social and cultural capital in understanding health inequalities: using a Bourdieu-based approach in research on physical and mental health perceptions, Sociology of health & illness, vol.36, issue.7, pp.1095-1110, 2014.

B. Luc and C. Eve, Mobilité et ancrage dans les quartiers pauvres: les ressources de la proximité. Regards sociologiques, pp.27-43, 2010.

L. Gisle, S. Drieskens, R. Charafeddine, S. Demarest, E. Braekman et al., Enquête de santé 2018 : Style de vie. Résumé des résultats, 2019.

O. Dubois, Le rôle des politiques publiques dans l'éclatement urbain : l'exemple de la Belgique. Développement durable et territoires 2005, 2005.

V. Blondel, G. Kings, and I. Thomas, Regions and borders of mobile telephony in Belgium and in the Brussels metropolitan zone, Brussels Studies, vol.42, 2010.

A. Verhetsel, J. Beckers, and M. De-meyere, Assessing Daily Urban Systems: A Heterogeneous Commuting Network Approach, Networks and Spatial Economics, vol.18, issue.3, pp.633-656, 2018.

. Statbel, Census 2011 -Matrice des déplacements domicile-travail par secteur statistique, 2011.

S. Unia and . Emploi, Marché du travail et origine 2017. Monitoring socio-économique, 2017.

H. Vandenheede, L. Lammens, P. Deboosere, S. Gadeyne, and M. De-spiegelaere, Ethnic differences in diabetes-related mortality in the Brussels-Capital Region (2001-05): the role of socioeconomic position, International Journal of Public Health, vol.56, issue.5, pp.533-539, 2011.

P. Givord, Does greater social diversity in schools have an impact on equity in learning outcomes ?, 2019.

X. Dumay and V. Dupriez, Does the school composition effect matter? Evidence from Belgian data, British Journal of Educational Studies, vol.56, issue.4, pp.440-447, 2008.

M. Van-houtte and P. A. Stevens, School ethnic composition and students' integration outside and inside schools in Belgium, Sociology of Education, vol.82, issue.3, 2009.

M. Demeuse, N. Friant, . Garant, and . Id, International perspectives on countering school segregation, p.596786, 2011.

V. Dupriez, S. Barbana, and M. Verhoeven, Understanding School Segregation: Patterns, Causes and Consequences of Spatial Inequalities in Education, pp.45-64, 2018.

P. Jamoulle, Quartiers populaires de Bruxelles. Ségrégations et violences racialisées, 2012.

J. Danhier and N. Friant, Assessing local socioeconomic desegregation: The effects of successive decrees regulating school choice in the Belgian French-speaking community, European Education Research Journal, vol.18, issue.2, pp.248-268, 2019.

F. Fleischmann, P. Deboosere, K. Neels, and K. Phalet, From Ethnic Capital to Ethnic Educational Inequality: How Family and Co-Ethnic Neighbourhood Resources Affect Second-Generation Atteinment in Belgium, European Sociological Review, vol.29, issue.6, pp.1239-1250, 2013.

S. Baert, A. Albanese, S. Du-gardein, J. Ovaere, and J. Stappers, Does work experience mitigate discrimination ?, Economics Letters, vol.155, pp.35-38, 2017.

C. Piton and F. Rycx, The heterogeneous employment outcomes of first-and second-generation immigrant in Belgium, 2020.

K. Heylen and K. Van-den-broeck, Discrimination and selection in the Belgian private rental market, Housing Studies, vol.31, issue.2, pp.223-236, 2016.

J. Dozzi, M. Lennert, and G. Wallenborn, Inégalités écologiques: analyse spatiale des impacts générés et subis par les ménages belges. Espace populations sociétés. Space populations societies, pp.127-143, 2008.

Z. Lejeune, G. Xhignesse, M. Kryvobokov, and J. Teller, Housing quality as environmental inequality: the case of Wallonia, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, vol.31, pp.495-512, 2016.

S. Remy, T. Nawrot, F. Fierens, P. Petit, P. Vanderstraeten et al., Health impact of urban air pollution in Belgium, Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, vol.4, issue.3-4, pp.243-246, 2011.

C. Devos, A. Cordon, M. Lefèvre, C. Obyn, R. F. Bouckaert et al., Bruxelles: Centre Fédéral d'Expertise des Soins de Santé (KCE), Health Services Research (HSR), 2019.

S. Stordeur and C. Léonard, Challenges in physician supply planning: the case of Belgium, Human resources for health, vol.8, issue.1, p.28, 2010.

M. Bourguignon, T. Eggerickx, and J. Sanderson, Quels territoires de santé gérontologique pour repenser l'adéquation entre offre et besoins d'aides en Wallonie ? Revue Francophone sur la santé et les territoires, 2017.

R. Charafeddine, J. Van-der-heyden, S. Demarest, S. Drieskens, D. Nguyen et al., Enquête de santé 2018 : Santé et qualité de vie. Résumé des résultats, 2019.

J. J. Damiens, T. Eggerickx, C. Gourbin, P. Majérus, B. Masquelier et al., CAUSINEQ. Causes of health and mortality inequalities in Belgium: multiple dimensions, multiple causes, 2019.

F. Renard, J. Tafforeau, and P. Deboosere, Mapping the cause-specific premature mortality reveals large between-districts disparity in Belgium, Archives of public health, vol.73, issue.1, p.13, 2003.

P. Deboosere and S. Gadeyne, Can regional patterns of mortality in Belgium be explained by individual socio-economic characteristics, Reflets et perspectives de la vie économique, vol.41, pp.87-103, 2002.

S. De-laet, Une analyse de la périurbanisation des populations à bas revenus, Brussels Studies, vol.121, 2018.

T. Eggerickx and J. Sanderson, Migrations résidentielles, ségrégation sociale et vieillissement démographique : le cas de l'espace périurbain bruxellois, Espace populations sociétés, p.2019, 2019.

S. Crabeck and B. De-myttenaere, L'espace périurbain en Brabant wallon, terre de conflits entre « gens d'ici et d'ailleurs, Bessiere, C. & Doidy, E. Les mondes ruraux à l'épreuve des sciences sociales, pp.17-33, 2007.

. Sciensano, Surveillance de Covid-19. Questions fréquemment posées, 2020.

R. E. Jordan, P. Adab, and K. K. Cheng, Covid-19: risk factors for severe disease and death, BMJ, vol.368, 1198.

J. Karlberg, D. S. Chong, and W. Y. Lai, Do men have a higher case fatality rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome than women do, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.159, issue.3, pp.229-231, 2004.

H. Cai, Sex difference and smoking predisposition in patients with Covid-19, The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, vol.8, issue.4, p.20, 2020.

S. L. Klein and K. L. Flanagan, Sex differences in immune responses, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.16, issue.10, p.626, 2016.

C. Dupuis, P. Saliou, E. Épidémiologie-», and . Universalis,

G. J. Borjas, Demographic determinants of testing incidence and Covid-19 infections in New York City neighborhoods (No. w26952), National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020.

C. Devos, A. Cordon, M. Lefèvre, C. Obyn, R. F. Bouckaert et al., Performance du système de santé belge -Rapport 2019 -Metadata : Long term and acute care for the elderly, vol.39, 2019.

, Metadata. Performance of the Belgian health system. Long-term and acute care for the elderly, Health Services Research, 2019.

, Institut national d'études démographiques (Ined) (distributeur). (2020)

. Euromomo, Methods. Extrait de, 2020.

, Taux de risque de pauvreté. Données révisées pour les Enquêtes SILC 2016, 2017.

A. Noymer, , 2020.

L. Vanderstraeten and É. Van-heche, Les régions urbaines en Belgique, 2019.

C. Herzlich and J. Pierret, Les malades d'hier, malades d'aujourd'hui, 1991.

R. J. Evans, Peurs et terreurs face à la contagion. Choléra, tuberculose, syphilis XIXe-XXe siècles, Librairie Arthème Fayard, pp.106-135, 1988.