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E. and (. E. , We say that a graph G is of order n and size m, if |V (G)| = n and |E(G)| = m. In this case, the graph G is called an (n, m)-graph. Given a graph G and X ? V , the subgraph of G induced by X is denoted by G[X]. A graph G is called a discrete graph if E(G) = ?. A graph G is called a path, denoted by P n , if it is of the form: V (P n ) = {v 1

, H is a star or H contains a cycle

, Leaf (H) ? Leaf (G), vol.4

, Definition 1 We call a B IO ? graph a bipartite indecomposable graph G of order n ? 5, with a bipartition {I

, 1: A B IO ? graph with 10 vertices

, Lemma 2.10 Let G be a B IO ? graph. Then G is unstable

, Note that if a graph G is indecomposable then G is connected since every nontrivial connected component is a nontrivial module of G. It follows that G ? e is decomposable when e is a bridge. Now, assume that e = xy ? N ob(G) is a non-bridge of G such that x ? O and y ? I. We denote d G (y) = n. Clearly, y is not a leaf of G and then n ? 2, G be a B IO ? graph and let e = xy be an edge of E(G)

, Lemma 2.11 Let G be a B IO ? graph and e = xy ? E(G) be a no proper bridge, such that x ? O and y ? I. Then, x ? Out(G) and either y ?

, By Definition 1, there exists a vertex v = y ? I such that v ? N G (x), which contradict the fact that x is a leaf. It follows that x ? Ins(G) ? Out(G)

, Lemma 2.12 Let G be a pendant graph. If G is unstable, then G is a B IO ? graph

, By Theorem 2.6, each cycle of G is of even length, and this is equivalent to say that G is bipartite. Second, let {I, O} be the bipartition of G and y ? I, with d G (y) = n. To conclude, we proceed by ? N G (y) and a vertices v i ? I such that N G (v i ) = X i . Now, consider e = xy ? E(G) and assume that d G (y) = n + 1. Since G is unstable and e ? N ob(G), then by Lemma 2.5, there exists a vertex v ? I

, Let G be an indecomposable graph. Assume that each pendant component H i , i ? 1, of G is either a

). ?-e(h-i, First, assume that H i is an edge (E(H i ) = {e}). e ? N ob(G), Therefore, G ? e is disconnected, and thus, G ? e is decomposable. Otherwise, there exists i ? 1 such that e ? E(H i )

. Conversely, Hence we may assume that G has at least two pendant components. Let H i be a pendant component of G. First, assume that |V (H i )| ? 4. Since H i has no proper bridges and G is triangle free by Theorem 2.3, then either H i C 4 or H i S p , with 2 ? p ? 4. Suppose that H i C 4 and let V (H i ) = {x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 } and E(H i ) = {x 1 x 2 , x 2 x 3

, Which contradicts the fact that G is indecomposable. Hence, we may assume that H i S p , with 2 ? p ? 4. By Lemma 2.9, we have Leaf (H i ) ? Leaf (G), then p = 2. Otherwise, G[Leaf (H i )] is a nontrivial module of G, which contradicts the fact that G is indecomposable. Consequently, H i is an edge. Second, assume that |V (H i )| ? 5. In this case, we will show that H i is a B IO ? graph. Using Lemma 2.12, it suffices to prove that H i is unstable (since H i is a pendant component of G). In a first step, we shall prove that H i is indecomposable. To the contrary, suppose that H i has a nontrivial module X. Since H i is triangle free and connected, By Lemma

, By Lemma 2.2, we have x is a leaf of H i , which is a contradiction. Consequently, H i is indecomposable. In a second step, we will show that H i has no removable edge. Consider an edge e = xy of H i . By definition of the pendant components, the first case, one can obviously observe that H i ? e is disconnected and then decomposable. In the second case, since G is unstable, by Lemma 2.5 it follows that G ? e has a unique discrete module of two vertices M e , say M e = {y, z}. Now it remains to prove that M e is a module of H i ? e. The vertex y ? M e is an inside vertex of G, and thus, by Lemma 2.1, it is not incident with a bridge of G. Then N G (y) ? V (H i ). Since M e is a module of G ? e, we have N G (z) = N G (y) \ {x}, and thus N G (M e ) ? V (H i )

. .. , Consider an unstable graph G

.. .. ?-{1 and . R}, X p } on the vertex set of Out(C j ), such that: 1. for all i ? {1, . . . , p}, |X i | ? {2, 3}, 2. if |X i | = 2 there exists a vertex y ? Ins(C j ) such that X i ? N Cj (y), 3. if |X i | = 3 there exist two vertices y, z ? Ins(G) such that X i ? N Cj, vol.1

. Let-x-?-c-j-,-1-?-j-?-r, We say that x is a representative vertex of G if x is incident with a proper bridge. We denote by R(G) = {x ? V (G)

. Let-v-=-r(g)-?-isl, The graph G = G

, Given an unstable graph G of order n ? 4, consider C 1 , C 2 , . . . , C r , r ? 1, the family of it's pendant components such

, Consequently, G is a tree. Moreover, since G is an indecomposable graph, then G is a non-star tree

, Claim 2 If G is a pendant graph, then there exists a 2 ? placement ? such that ?(G) ? G 5

, Under this assumption, we will define a 2 ? placement ? on V (G) such that ?(G) ? G 5 . Let C i , 1 ? i ? r, be a pendant component of G and X i ? P(Out(C i ))

. Case, 1: If |X i | = 2, say for instance that X i = {x i , y i } and we denote by u i , v i the respective neighbors leaves of x i , y i . First, we assume that |X i ? R(G)| = 0. In this case the permutation ? is defined on {x i , y i , u i , v i } by ?(x) = ? Ci (x). Second, assume that |X i ? R(G)| = 1. Without loss of generality

, In this case it suffices to consider the permutation ? defined on {x i , y i , u i , v i } by ?(x) = ? sp (x), p ? 2, if T S p (i.e T is isomorphic to S p ) with ? Sp is that given by Lemma 3.2 and Lemma 3.3 and ?(x) = ? U (x)

T. T-s-p, We define a permutation ? on {x i , y i , u i , v i } by ?(x) = ? Sp (x) if x ? {x i , u i } and ?(x) = ? S p (x) if x ? {y i , v i }, Subcase.1.1: If, p.2

, We define a permutation ? on {x i , y i , u i , v i } as follows. First, if ? T (y i ) = y i , then ?(x) = ? Sp (x) if x ? {x i , u i }, ?(y i ) = ? T (y i ) and ?(v i ) = v i , with ? Sp is the permutation given by Lemma 3.2 and Lemma 3.3. Second, if ? T (y i ) = y i , then ?(x) = ? Sp (x), Subcase.1.2: If T S p , p ? 2, and Diam(T ) ? 3. By Theorem 1.4, there exists a permutation ? T defined on V (T ) such that ? T (T ) ? T 3

, Second if ? T (x i ) = x i and ? T (y i ) = y i (or ? T (x i ) = x i and ? T (y i ) = y i ), then ?(x) = ? U (x) with ? U is that given by Lemma 3.4. Finally, if ? T (x i ) = x i and ? T (y i ) = y i, Subcase.1.3: If Diam(T ) ? 3 and Diam(T ) ? 3. By Theorem 1.4, there exist permutations ? T , ? T defined respectively on V (T ) and V (T ) such that ? T (T ) ? T 3 and ? T (T ) ? T 3

, If |X i | = 3, assume that X i = {x i , y i , z i } and denote by u i , v i , w i the respective neighbors leaves of x i , y i , z i . First, assume that |X i ? R(G)| = 0

. Second and . |x-i-?-r(g)|-=-1, In this case, if one of the trees T or T , say T , is isomorphic to S p , p ? 2, then it suffices to put ?(x) = ? Sp (x) for x ? {x i , u i } and identify ? with the permutations ? Sp , ? U defined by Lemmas 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 (When|X i | = 2), for x ? {y i , z i , v i , w i }. Otherwise, assume that Diam(T ) ? 3 and Diam(T ) ? 3. In this case, if ? T (x i ) = x i and ? T (y i ) = y i , then ?(x) = ? Ci (x) for x ? X i ? {u i , v i , w i }. Else, assume for instance that ? T (x i ) = x i . Then, it suffices to take ?(x i ) = ? T (x i ), ?(u i ) = u i and identify ? with the permutation ? U defined by Lemma 3.4 (Case.|X i | = 2), for x ? {y i , z i , v i , w i }. Finally, assume that |X i ? R(G)| = 3. Let T, T and T be the connected components of the representative graph G such that x i ? V (T ), y i ? V (T ) and z i ? V (T ). In this case, if one of the trees T, T or T , say for instance T , is isomorphic to S p , p ? 2, then it suffices to put ?(x) = ? Sp (x) for x ? {x i , u i }, and for x ? {y i , z i , v i, Then, either ?(x) = ? Sp (x) with ? Sp is that given by Lemma 3.2 and Lemma 3.3, or ?(x) = ? U (x) with ? U is that given by Lemma 3.4. Third, if |X i ? R(G)| = 2. Without loss of generalities, one can assume that x i , y i ? R(G)

, ) = x i , ? T (y i ) = y i and ? T (z i ) = z i . Then, we define a permutation ? on X i ? {u i , v i , w i } by ?(x i ) = ? T (x i ), ?(y i ) = ? T (y i ), ?(z i ) = ? T (z i ) and ?(x) = x for x ? {u i

, x i ) = x i , ? T (y i ) = y i . In this case, it suffices to put ?(x i ) = ? T (x i ), ?(u i ) = u i and for x ? {y i , z i , v i

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, If R is finite, there is just one sibling. The famous Cantor-Bernstein-Schroeder Theorem states that this is the case even for infinite sets, structures in a language with pure equality: if there is an injection from one set to another and vice-versa, then there is a bijection between these two sets. The same situation occurs in other (categorical) structures such as vectors spaces, A sibling of a given (relational) structure R is any structure S which can be embedded into R, and vice versa

. Thus, R) be the number of siblings of R (in its category), these siblings being counted up to isomorphism

, The first one is the Bonato -Tardif conjecture, often referred to as the Tree Alternative Conjecture

, Here, trees are connected (undirected) graphs without any cycle. Bonato and Tardif proved that the conjecture holds for rayless trees

, Tyomkyn proved that the tree alternative property for rooted trees, 2009.

, ? 0 for every locally finite tree T having a non-surjective embedding, except only for the infinite path

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, Not all graphs admit a normal tree order (consider an uncountable clique where every edge has been subdivided once) and it is an open problem to characterise the graphs which do. Much more is known about which graphs admit a normal tree order (T, ?) where (T, ?) is a graph-theoretic tree (i.e. an order tree of height at most ?). In this case, T is called a normal spanning tree of G. This concept is due to Jung [2], who also offered a first characterization of graphs admitting a normal spanning tree, G is (isomorphic to) a T -graph for some order tree (T, ?), we say that

, From Halin's conjecture, one obtains a forbidden minor characterization of the graphs admitting a normal spanning tree. Diestel and Leader have asked to classify the minor-minimal forbidden graphs in this list, vol.5

, Classify the minor-minimal forbidden graphs for the property of having a normal spanning tree up to minor-equivalence

, Generalising the constructions of Thomas and Komjath that uncountable graphs are not well-quasi-ordered under the

, An end of a graph G is an equivalence class of rays, where two rays R and S of G are equivalent if and only if there are infinitely many vertex disjoint paths between R and S in G. The degree deg(?) of an end ? is the maximum cardinality of a collection of pairwise disjoint rays in ?

, Given a family R = (R i : i ? I)

, Halin's conjecture is trivially true for ends of finite degree, and has been proven by Halin himself for ends of countable degree (the so-called Halin's grid theorem)

, HC(? 1 ) fails, HC(? n ) holds for all 2 ? n ? ?, HC(? ?+1 ) fails again, and HC(? ?+n ) for n ? N with n ? 2 is undecidable in ZFC. I will give an impression of our counterexamples which are built on certain T -graphs -in the case of HC(? 1 ) on a certain Aronszajn tree T , and in the case of HC, Recently, we have clarified the truth of HC(?) for the first cardinals as follows

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, Norbert Sauer Colouring homogeneous structures

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, The class of graphs with twin-width at most d is small, i.e. there are c n .n! such labeled graphs on the vertex set 1

, one can immediately derives that cubic graphs have unbounded twin-width. However, there are some (Bilu-Linial) cubic expanders with twin width at most 6, hence even for cubic graphs, the separation bounded/unbounded twin-width is unclear