B. Ábalos, A. Alkorta, and V. Iríbar, Geological and isotopic constraints on the structure of the Bilbao anticlinorium (Basque-Cantabrian basin, North Spain). J. Struct. Geol, vol.30, issue.11, pp.1354-1367, 2008.

M. A. Álvarez-vázquez, R. Prego, N. Ospina-alvarez, M. Caetano, P. Bernárdez et al., Anthropogenic changes in the fluxes to estuaries: wastewater discharges compared with river loads in small rias, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci, vol.179, pp.112-123, 2016.

O. R. Anderson, The role of heterotrophic microbial communities in estuarine C budgets and the biogeochemical C cycle with implications for global warming: research opportunities and challenges, J. Eukaryot. Microbiol, vol.63, issue.3, pp.394-409, 2016.

L. B. Ball, P. A. Bedrosian, and B. J. Minsley, High-resolution mapping of the freshwaterbrine interface using deterministic and Bayesian inversion of airborne electromagnetic data at Paradox Valley, USA, Hydrogeol. J, vol.95, issue.4, 2020.

P. Benettin and B. M. Van-breukelen, Decomposing the bulk electrical conductivity of streamflow to recover individual solute concentrations at high frequency, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett, vol.4, issue.12, pp.518-522, 2017.

M. Cañedo-argüelles, B. J. Kefford, C. Piscart, N. Prat, R. B. Schäfer et al., Salinisation of rivers: an urgent ecological issue, Environ. Pollut, vol.173, pp.157-167, 1987.

R. Cassidy and P. Jordan, Limitations of instantaneous water quality sampling in surface-water catchments: comparison with near-continuous phosphorus time-series data, J. Hydrol, vol.405, issue.1-2, pp.182-193, 2011.

S. C. Chapra, A. Dove, and G. J. Warren, Long-term trends of Great Lakes major ion chemistry, J. Great Lakes Res, vol.38, issue.3, pp.550-560, 2012.

C. Dessert, C. Clergue, A. Rousteau, O. Crispi, and M. F. Benedetti, Atmospheric contribution to cations cycling in highly weathered catchment, Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles), Chem. Geol, vol.531, 2020.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02403791

2. Eea, . Corine-land, and . Cover, Retrieved from

P. El-najjar, A. Kassouf, A. Probst, J. L. Probst, N. Ouaini et al., Highfrequency monitoring of surface water quality at the outlet of the Ibrahim River (Lebanon): a multivariate assessment, Ecol. Indic, vol.104, pp.13-23, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02324523

T. V. Elzhov, K. M. Mullen, A. N. Spiess, and B. Bolker, minpack.lm: R interface to the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear least-squares algorithm found in MINPACK, plus support for bounds, 2016.

, Mapa geológico del País Vasco. 63I, 63III, 88-I, p.88, 1989.

I. Fao, . Isric, and J. Iss-cas, Harmonized World Soil Database. Version 1.2. FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, 2012.

S. Ferrant, C. Laplanche, G. Durbe, A. Probst, P. Dugast et al., Continuous measurement of nitrate concentration in a highly event-responsive agricultural catchment in south-west of France: is the gain of information useful?, vol.27, pp.1751-1763, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00798853

J. García-garcía, . Ruiz-romera, . Estilita, and . Martínez-santos, Temporal variability of metallic properties during flood events in the Deba River urban catchment, Environ. Earth Sci, vol.78, issue.1, p.402, 2019.

S. Ghanem and . Khairy, The relationship between population and the environment and its impact on sustainable development in Egypt using a multi-equation model, Environ. Dev. Sustain, vol.20, issue.1, pp.305-342, 2018.

R. Gibbs, Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry, Science, vol.170, 1970.

L. P. Graham, S. Hagemann, S. Jaun, and M. Beniston, On interpreting hydrological change from regional climate models, Clim. Chang, vol.81, issue.S1, pp.97-122, 2007.

E. R. Herbert, . Boon, . Paul, A. J. Burgin, . Neubauer et al., A global perspective on wetland salinization: ecological consequences of a growing threat to freshwater wetlands, Ecosphere, vol.6, issue.10, p.206, 2015.

V. Iribar and B. Ábalos, The geochemical and isotopic record of evaporite recycling in spas and salterns of the Basque Cantabrian basin, Spain. Appl. Geochem, vol.26, issue.8, pp.1315-1329, 2011.

S. S. Kaushal, . Duan, . Shuiwang, T. R. Doody, . Haq et al., Human-accelerated weathering increases salinization, major ions, and alkalinization in fresh water across land use, Appl. Geochem, vol.83, pp.121-135, 2017.

N. Khatri and S. Tyagi, Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas, Front. Life Sci, vol.8, issue.1, pp.23-39, 2015.

B. Ladouche, A. Probst, D. Viville, S. Idir, D. Baqué et al., Hydrograph separation using isotopic, chemical and hydrological approaches (Strengbach catchment, France), J. Hydrol, vol.242, pp.255-274, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00676759

M. A. Launay, . Dittmer, . Ulrich, and H. Steinmetz, Organic micropollutants discharged by combined sewer overflows -characterisation of pollutant sources and stormwater-related processes, Water Res, vol.104, pp.82-92, 2016.

. Martínez-santos, . Miren, A. Probst, J. García-garcía, and E. Ruiz-romera, Influence of anthropogenic inputs and a high-magnitude flood event on metal contamination pattern in surface bottom sediments from the Deba River urban catchment, Sci. Total Environ, vol.514, pp.10-25, 2015.

. Martínez-santos, . Miren, A. Lanzén, J. Unda-calvo, . Martín et al., Treated and untreated wastewater effluents alter river sediment bacterial communities involved in nitrogen and sulphur cycling, Sci. Total Environ, vol.633, pp.1051-1061, 2018.

M. Mendizabal, J. Sepúlveda, and P. Torp, Climate change impacts on flood events and its consequences on human in Deba River, Int. J. Environ. Res, vol.8, issue.1, pp.221-230, 2014.

D. Merchán, E. Luquin, I. Hernández-garcía, M. A. Campo-bescós, R. Giménez et al., Dissolved solids and suspended sediment dynamics from five small agricultural watersheds in Navarre, Spain: a 10-year study, Catena, vol.173, pp.114-130, 2019.

D. Merchán, L. Sanz, A. Alfaro, I. Pérez, M. Goñi et al., Irrigation implementation promotes increases in salinity and nitrate concentration in the lower reaches of the Cidacos River, Sci. Total Environ, vol.706, 2020.

P. Montagna, T. A. Palmer, and J. Polack, Hydrological Changes and Estuarine Dynamics, 2013.

D. L. Nielsen, M. A. Brock, G. N. Rees, and D. S. Baldwin, Effects of increasing salinity on freshwater ecosystems in Australia, Aust. J. Bot, vol.51, issue.6, p.655, 2003.

E. Orive, A. Basaguren, B. De-bikuña, and M. Cacho, A comparative study of water mineralization and nutrient status in the main water courses of Biscay, Water Res, vol.23, issue.6, pp.705-710, 1989.

M. Peraza-castro, E. Ruiz-romera, L. H. Montoya-armenta, J. M. Sánchez-pérez, and S. Sauvage, Evaluation of hydrology, suspended sediment and Nickel loads in a small watershed in Basque Country (Northern Spain) using eco-hydrological SWAT model, Ann. Limnol. Int. J. Lim, vol.51, issue.1, pp.59-70, 2015.

V. Ponnou-delaffon, A. Probst, V. Payre-suc, F. Granouillac, S. Ferrant et al., Long and short-term trends of stream hydrochemistry and high frequency surveys as indicators of the influence of climate change, agricultural practices and inner processes (Aurade agricultural catchment, SW France), Ecol. Indic, vol.110, 2020.

P. Franco, T. Neves, L. Mitrano, F. Araújo, and . Gerson, Better with more or less salt? The association of fish assemblages in coastal lagoons with different salinity ranges, Hydrobiologia, vol.828, issue.1, pp.83-100, 2019.

T. Qin, P. Yang, C. Groves, F. Chen, G. Xie et al., Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting geochemistry of the Jialing and Yangtze Rivers in urban Chongqing, SW China, Appl. Geochem, vol.98, pp.448-458, 2018.

. R-core-team, A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2019.

M. Rode, A. J. Wade, M. J. Cohen, R. T. Hensley, M. J. Bowes et al., Sensors in the stream: the high-frequency wave of the present, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.50, pp.10297-10307, 2016.

?. ?ener, E. ?ener, and A. Davraz, Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI) method and GIS in Aksu River (SW-Turkey), Sci. Total Environ. 584, vol.585, pp.131-144, 2017.

K. P. Singh, A. Malik, D. Mohan, and S. Sinha, Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India)-a case study, Water Res, vol.38, issue.18, pp.3980-3992, 2004.

A. N. Spiess, Propagate: propagation of uncertainty, 2018.

I. Tueros, J. G. Rodríguez, A. Borja, O. Solaun, V. Valencia et al., Dissolved metal background levels in marine waters, for the assessment of the physicochemical status, within the European Water Framework Directive, Sci. Total Environ, vol.407, issue.1, pp.40-52, 2008.

J. Unda-calvo, M. Martínez-santos, and E. Ruiz-romera, Chemical and physiological metal bioaccessibility assessment in surface bottom sediments from the Deba River urban catchment: harmonization of PBET, TCLP and BCR sequential extraction methods, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf, vol.138, pp.260-270, 2017.

J. Unda-calvo, E. Ruiz-romera, S. Fdez-ortiz-de-vallejuelo, M. Martínez-santos, and A. Gredilla, Evaluating the role of particle size on urban environmental geochemistry of metals in surface sediments, Sci. Total Environ, vol.646, pp.121-133, 2019.

J. Unda-calvo, M. Martínez-santos, E. Ruiz-romera, and J. L. Lechuga-crespo, Implications of denitrification in the ecological status of an urban river using enzymatic activities in sediments as an indicator, J. Environ. Sci. (China), vol.75, pp.255-268, 2019.

J. Unda-calvo, E. Ruiz-romera, M. Martínez-santos, M. Vidal, and I. Antigüedad, Multivariate statistical analyses for water and sediment quality index development: a study of susceptibility in an urban river, Sci. Total Environ, vol.711, 2020.

, Red de seguimiento del estado biológico de los ríos de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. Informe de resultados. Campaña, 2018.

P. M. Vitousek, J. D. Aber, R. W. Howarth, G. E. Likens, and P. A. Matson,

D. W. Schindler, Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences, Ecol. Appl, vol.7, issue.3, pp.737-750, 1997.

P. M. Vitousek, R. Naylor, T. Crews, M. B. David, L. E. Drinkwater et al., Agriculture. Nutrient imbalances in agricultural development, Science, vol.324, issue.5934, pp.1519-1520, 2009.

G. Viviano, F. Salerno, E. C. Manfredi, S. Polesello, S. Valsecchi et al., Surrogate measures for providing high frequency estimates of total phosphorus concentrations in urban watersheds, Water Res, vol.64, pp.265-277, 2014.

C. J. Vörösmarty, P. B. Mcintyre, M. O. Gessner, D. Dudgeon, A. Prusevich et al., Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity, Nature, vol.467, issue.7315, pp.555-561, 2010.

H. Wickham, ggplot 2: elegant graphics for data analysis, 2016.