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P. F. , received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 821003 (4C). A.A. and P.A. were supported by the Helmholtz Association in its ATMO program. A.J. acknowledges the US Department of Energy (No. DE-SC0016323). Author contributions: A.B. conceived the study, preprocessed the climate forcing, performed the model simulations with ORCHIDEE-MICT, and analyzed the data

A. B. , P. C. , P. F. , S. S. , S. Z. et al., ran the DGVM simulations. All authors contributed to the manuscript revision. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: The ERA5 data can be downloaded from the Copernicus repository, 2019.

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