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, After interaction with the target cell via a receptor (angiotensin conversion enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the case of SARS-CoV-2 [132, 133]), virus internalization proceeds through clathrin-mediated endocytosis [48](not yet demonstrated for SARS-CoV-2 to our knowledge, but speculated [112]). Then, the release of the virus nucleocapsid into the cytosol for replication to occur depends on proteolytic cleavage of the virus envelop protein (S spike protein in the case of SARS-CoV-2), Schematic representation of the cell entry of an enveloped virus through the endo-/lysosomal pathway and possible mode of action of chloroquine and progesterone towards SARS-CoV-2 infection, vol.6
, A) the basal content of BMP in late endosome /MVB would facilitate at low pH the fusion between virus envelope and the endosomal membrane. In (B) CQ, known to increase pH in late endosomes/ lysosomes and to induce an accumulation of BMP in late endosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVB) [52, 73] would lead to the sequestration of SARS-CoV-2 viral particles in MVB-like bodies. Progesterone is also known to induce the accumulation of BMP in cells infected by HIV and HIV
, Moreover, progesterone was recently found to display some -42
, antiviral activity in vitro against SARS-CoV-2, vol.126
, Thus, the combined effects of CQ on endosomal/lysosomal pH and BMP accumulation may result in the impairment of SARS-CoV-2 endosomal:lysosomal trafficking and possibly its sequestration in MVB