, If discoveries of such coins are rare these days, these owls were melted down in great numbers at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, 2002.
, , 2005.
, , 2012.
, For a recent clarification, see Duyrat, IGCH 1654, 2005.
, Mørkholm 1991: 48, 52, pp.496-499, 1991.
, Lorber 2005 (the last two authors do not exclude the possibility of an inauguration of this coinage only from 323 BC, under the rule of Ptolemy I as satrap), pp.255-258, 2003.
, From four issues of tetradrachms according to Zervos 1974, to 12 for, 2018.
, On that point, we refer the reader to the debate between O. Zervos, pp.262-265, 1974.
, Concerning coin circulation in Egypt, a complete list of Hellenistic coins hoards from 318/7 BC was recently published in Faucher, pp.9-14, 2005.
, Lorber, 2005.
, Lorber, 2012.
, Concerning the predominance of this type: Olivier 2020. For an overview of other types struck by the Ptolemies, see Hazzard, pp.1-15, 1995.
, , 2010.
, Concerning the problematic Berenice coinage and its standard: Sewell-Lasater, 2013.
, Picard and Faucher, 2010.
, , 2012.
, The gold coin of Tachos, known only by one specimen (British Museum n° 1925,0808.1) has not been analyzed
, For the analyses of both Philips and darics: Guerra, pp.30-31, 2000.
, , pp.370-372, 2002.
, The Ptolemaic gold coins struck in the provincial mint of Phoenicia or Cyprus have usually a slightly lower gold content: Duyrat and Olivier, p.76, 2010.
, Brown 1984 (the authors give a short description of each method and analytical setup they used, Hazzard, pp.51-55, 1993.
,
, The trace elements of the metallic stock used for the Egyptian owls fit perfectly with the one used during the Persian period in the Levant (Byblos, Arwad, and probably Tyre and Sidon) and then for the Alexanders struck there and in Babylon during the last quarter of the 4th century, 2018.
, , pp.613-614, 2014.
, Gölitzer, issue.4, p.32, 2004.
, , p.614, 2014.
, , pp.183-198, 2013.
,
, This limit applied to struck coins only. The cast coins produced in large quantities during series 7 and 9 can have lead contents higher than 30%
, See the references given by van Alfen 2011: 72, n, p.27
, , pp.70-71
, , pp.72-73, 1998.
, Olivier and Lorber, 2012.
, , 2000.
, Duyrat and Blet-Lemarquand forthcoming (44 results: 36 Lysimachus and 8 Antigonids), Pujol, 2011.
, Olivier and Lorber, 2007.
, , 2010.
, , 2013.
, The 'owls' from the 1989 Syria hoard, with a review of pre-Macedonian coinage in Egypt, American Journal of Numismatics, vol.14, pp.1-57, 2002.
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, Money supply under Artaxerxes III Ochus, Studies in Greek Numismatics in Memory of Martin Jessop Price, pp.277-86, 1998.
, Les monnaies en Égypte avant Alexandre, L'exception égyptienne? Production et échanges monétaires en Égypte hellénistique et romaine, pp.7-16, 2005.
, Le Monnayage d'or lagide (IVe-IIe siècle av, 2007.
, Étude de numismatique et d'histoire, unpublished PhD dissertation directed by A. Suspene and co-supervised by M, Blet-Lemarquand, pp.204-81, 2012.
, , 2020.
, Quand la fortune du royaume ne dépend pas de la vertu du prince: un renforcement de la monarchie lagide de Ptolémée VI à Ptolémée X (169-88 av, un monnayage à l'image du royaume? Les émissions d'or et d'argent ptolémaïques entre la fin du règne de Ptolémée V et la mort de Ptolémée IX, pp.193-81
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, Le monnayage des dynastes de Lycie à l'époque achéménide, unpublished Master's thesis directed by F. Duyrat and A. Suspène and co-supervised by G, 2015.
, Les monnaies de fouilles du Centre d'études alexandrines. Les monnayages de bronze à Alexandrie, de la conquête d'Alexandre à l'Egypte moderne, Etudes Alexandrines, vol.25, pp.17-108, 2012.
, forthcoming Les étapes de la réforme monétaire de la fin du IIIe s. av. J.-C. en Égypte d'après les sources papyrologiques grecques et la numismatique
, L'or monnayé dans l'espace nord-égéen, IIIe-Ier siècles avant J.-C., unpublished Master's thesis directed by F. Duyrat and A. Suspène, 2011.
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, Ta nomismata tou kratous ton Ptolemaion, 1904.
, Monetary hoards in the Egyptian Museum, From Elephantine to Babylon: Selected Studies of Péter Vargyas on Ancient Near Eastern Economy, pp.156-64, 2010.
, The Alexander Mint of Egypt, PhD Dissertation, 1974.
, Gravure et composition métallique des monnaies lagides, Revue Numismatique, vol.166, pp.96-108, 2010.
, Frapper Monnaie. La fabrication des monnaies de bronze à Alexandrie sous les Ptolémées, Études alexandrines, vol.27, 2013.
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, Les monnaies égyptiennes en or de Nectanébo II, Bulletin de la Société Française de Numismatique, vol.70, pp.278-83, 2015.
, forthcoming Metallic composition of ancient imitative owls -preliminary analyses, Mines, Metals and Money in Attica and the Ancient World, vol.6
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