, d'après une enquête auprès des officiers et soldats, pp.59-90, 1918.
, , p.260, 1914.
, , p.42, 1919.
, Archives départementales de l'Hérault (hereinafter ADH), 172 J 2, Jean Pouzolet, 1914.
, Circular from the Legal Affairs Division of the Minister's secretariat sent to all military governors, generals in command of military regions and chief commanding officers of French troops in Northern Africa, Cf. ADH, 4 M 709, Thefts and Frauds, 1918.
, , p.27, 1918.
, L'alcoolisme francais et les soldats américains, See Also SHD, issue.10, p.18, 1918.
, Supplies (food, fodder, tobacco), note from the special Franco-American office, Ministry of War, N, vol.32, 1918.
, SHD, 19 N 38, Fournier and Gallopin cases, reports dated 16, 1918.
, SHD, 11 J 6, Hanen case, Conviction file ref, 1916.
, ADH, 2 R 913-914, Court-martial files, 1914.
, See the testimony (op. cit,) of Captain Allard on this matter
, See also the interpretation of the "Pendus de Verdun" affair by Louis-Napoléon Panel in La Grande guerre des?, vol.49, p.533, 2002.
, Fonds Clémenceau collection, vol.94, 1916.
, Court-martial files, Coursol case, Decision ref. 2/88, 1916.
, ADH, 2 R 909, Court-martial files, Royer case, Decision ref, 1088.
, petition from families of soldiers on leave from the village of Hérimoncourt (Doubs département, p.25, 1918.
, « Tracking the 'Enemy Within': Alcoholisation of the Troops, Excesses in Military Order and the French Gendarmerie during the First World War », J. Campion and Alii (dir.), European Police Forces and Law Enforcement in the First World War, pp.45-64, 2019.
, Under such circumstances, nicknames thrown at gendarmes logically reflected a depreciation of their identity and the angry or even violent nature of relationships between gendarmes and soldiers. Such nicknames were sometimes old ones (e.g. 'cognes' [thrashers] from Provencal 'cagne' (bitch) and/or the verb 'cogner' (to hit violentlyalso reflected in 'bourres' from 'bourrer' [to pummel]) or inventive new ones: 'les enfants de choeur de Deibler' (Deibler's choirboys-from the name of a famous family of public executioners) or -in the same vein, their status, p.74
, Given multiple assignments, gendarmes ensured control and repression in various fields, a chief one being the tracking of the 'enemy within' quickly identified by temperance societies
, A reputation for rigidity, treacherous tactics, subservience to superiors and the undue enjoyment of privileges soon stuck to them, aptly summarized by private Tulacque in Le Feu : 'You should see them [?] how they build their little nests in our cantonments-going straight to where there's plenty of food and comfort, 1914.
, and when their own plonk supplies are neatly secured 75 , they go hunting for our clandestine bars. You'll see them lurking around, always with their sneaky eyes on the doors of kasbahs 74 On this subject, see Albert Dauzat, L'Argot de la guerre. D'après une enquête auprès des officiers et soldats, A. Colin, 1918.
, Concerning the consumption of alcoholic beverages by gendarmes themselves, see Terry W. Strieter, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, vol.13, pp.173-181, 1986.
, « Tracking the 'Enemy Within': Alcoholisation of the Troops, Excesses in Military Order and the French Gendarmerie during the First World War », J. Campion and Alii (dir.), European Police Forces and Law Enforcement in the First World War, pp.45-64, 2019.