P. M. Agapow and A. Burt, Indices of multilocus linkage disequilibrium, Mol Ecol Notes, vol.1, pp.101-102, 2001.

A. Amicucci, A. Zambonelli, G. Giomaro, L. Potenza, and V. Stocchi, Identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi of the genus Tuber by species-specific ITS primers, Mol Ecol, vol.7, pp.273-277, 1998.

B. Belfiori, C. Riccioni, F. Paolocci, and A. Rubini, Characterization of the reproductive mode and life cycle of the whitish truffle Tuber borchii, Mycorrhiza, vol.26, pp.515-527, 2016.

G. M. Bonito, A. P. Gryganskyi, J. M. Trappe, and R. Vilgalys, A global meta-analysis of Tuber ITS rDNA sequences: species diversity, host associations and long-distance dispersal, Mol Ecol, vol.19, pp.4994-5008, 2010.

G. Chevalier, Synthese axenique des mycorhizes de Tuber brumale Vitt. a partir de cultures puresdu champignon, Ann Phytopathol, vol.5, pp.163-182, 1973.

G. Chevalier and J. Grente, Application practique de la symbiose ectomycorrhizienne: production a grande echelle de plants mycorrhizes par la truffe, Tuber melanosporum Vitt.). Mushroom Sci, vol.10, pp.483-505, 1978.

H. De-la-varga, F. Le-tacon, M. Lagoguet, F. Todesco, T. Varga et al., Five years investigation of female and male genotypes in Périgord black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.) revealed contrasted reproduction strategies, Environ Microbiol, vol.19, pp.2604-2615, 2017.

A. Deveau, P. Clowez, F. Petit, J. Maurice, F. Todesco et al., New insights into black truffle biology: discovery of the potential connecting structure between a Tuber aestivum ascocarp and its host root, vol.29, pp.219-226, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02177354

L. Gardin, I tartufi minori in Toscana. Gli ambienti di crescita dei tartufi marzuolo e scorzone. Firenze: Quaderno ARSIA [WWW document, 2005.

G. Giomaro, D. Sisti, A. Zambonelli, S. Declerck, D. G. Strullu et al., Cultivation of edible ectomycorrhizal fungi by in vitro mycorrhizal synthesis, Taming the Truffle. The History, Lore, and Science of the Ultimate Mushroom, vol.4, pp.253-267, 2005.

I. Hall, N. Fitzpatrick, P. Miros, and A. Zambonelli, Counter-season cultivation of truffles in the southern hemisphere: an update, Ital J Mycol, vol.46, pp.21-36, 2017.

R. A. Healy, M. E. Smith, G. M. Bonito, D. H. Pfister, Z. W. Ge et al., High diversity and widespread occurrence of mitotic spore mats in ectomycorrhizal Pezizales, Mol Ecol, vol.22, pp.1717-1732, 2012.

M. Iotti and A. Zambonelli, A quick and precise technique for identifying ectomycorrhizas by PCR, Mycol Res, vol.110, pp.60-65, 2006.

M. Iotti, A. Amicucci, V. Stocchi, and A. Zambonelli, Morphological and molecular characterization of mycelia of some Tuber species in pure culture, New Phytol, vol.155, pp.499-505, 2002.

M. Iotti, E. Barbieri, V. Stocchi, and A. Zambonelli, Morphological and molecular characterization of mycelia of ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture, Fungal Divers, vol.19, pp.51-68, 2005.

M. Iotti, F. Piattoni, A. ;. Zambonelli, A. Rubini, E. Tisserant et al., Self/nonself recognition in Tuber melanosporum is not mediated by a heterokaryon incompatibility system, Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms, Current Knowledge and Future Prospects, vol.34, pp.261-275, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01268411

M. Iotti, M. Leonardi, M. Oddis, E. Salerni, E. Baraldi et al., Development and validation of a real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of Tuber magnatum in soil, BMC Microbiol, vol.12, p.93, 2012.

M. Iotti, F. Piattoni, P. Leonardi, I. R. Hall, and A. Zambonelli, First evidence for truffle production from plants inoculated with mycelial pure cultures, Mycorrhiza, vol.26, pp.793-798, 2016.

E. Lancellotti, M. Iotti, A. Zambonelli, A. ;. Franceschini, B. Zeller et al., The Puberulum group sensul lato (whitish truffles), Carbon transfer from the host to Tuber melanosporum mycorrhizas and ascocarps followed using a 13C pulse-labeling technique, vol.47, p.64626, 2013.

F. Le-tacon, A. Rubini, C. Murat, C. Riccioni, C. Robin et al., Certainties and uncertainties about the life cycle of the Périgord black truffle, Ann For Sci, vol.73, pp.105-117, 2016.

C. C. Linde and H. Selmes, Genetic diversity and mating type distribution of Tuber melanosporum and their significance to truffle cultivation in artificially planted truffieres in Australia, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.78, pp.6534-6539, 2012.

F. Martin, A. Kohler, C. Murat, R. Balestrini, P. M. Coutinho et al., Périgord black truffle genome uncovers evolutionary origins and mechanisms of symbiosis, Nature, vol.464, pp.1033-1038, 2010.

V. Molinier, C. Murat, E. Morin, A. Gollotte, D. Wipf et al., First identification of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the burgundy truffle, Tuber aestivum (Tuberaceae). Appl Plant Sci, vol.1, p.1200220, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01268457

V. Molinier, C. Murat, M. Peter, A. Gollotte, H. De-la-varga et al., SSR-based identification of genetic groups within European populations of Tuber aestivum Vittad, Mycorrhiza, vol.26, pp.99-110, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01579571

V. Molinier, C. Murat, A. Baltensweiler, U. Büntgen, F. Martin et al., Fine-scale genetic structure of natural Tuber aestivum sites in southern Germany, Mycorrhiza, vol.26, pp.895-907, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01496821

M. Morara, A. Saitta, G. Venturella, M. L. Gargano, and A. Zambonelli, 2009) I funghi ipogei dell'Emilia Romagna e della Sicilia a confronto, Annales Confederationis Europaeae Mycologiae Mediterraneensis, pp.14-21, 2009.

C. Murat, C. Riccioni, B. Belfiori, N. Cichocki, J. Labbé et al., Mining microsatellites in the Perigord black truffle genome and identification of new molecular markers, Fungal Genet Biol, vol.48, pp.592-601, 2011.

C. Murat, A. Rubini, C. Riccioni, H. De-la-varga, E. Akroume et al., Fine-scale spatial genetic structure of the black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) investigated with neutral microsatellites and functional mating type genes, New Phytol, vol.199, pp.176-187, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01268448

C. Murat, L. Bonneau, H. De-la-varga, J. M. Olivier, F. Sandrine et al., Trapping truffle production in holes: a promising technique for improving production and unravelling truffle life cycle, Ital J Mycol, vol.45, pp.47-53, 2016.

C. Murat, A. Kuo, W. W. Barry, A. Clum, R. B. Dockter et al., Draft genome sequence of Tuber borchii Vittad, Genome Announc, vol.6, pp.537-00518, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02154520

M. Nei, Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations, PNAS, vol.70, pp.3321-3323, 1973.

F. Ori, J. Trappe, M. Leonardi, M. Iotti, and G. Pacioni, Crested purcopines (Hystrix cristata): mycophagist spore disperser of the ectomycorrhizal truffle Tuber aestivum, Mycorrhiza, vol.28, pp.561-565, 2018.

M. Palenzona, G. Chevalier, and A. Fontana, Sintesi micorrizica tra i miceli in coltura pura di Tuber brumale, T. melanosporum, T. rufum e semenzali di conifere e latifoglie, vol.18, pp.41-52, 1972.

F. Paolocci, A. Rubini, C. Riccioni, A. , and S. , Reevaluation of the life cycle of Tuber magnatum, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.72, pp.2390-2393, 2006.

R. Peakall and P. E. Smouse, GenAlEx 6: genetic analysis in excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research, Mol Ecol Notes, vol.6, pp.288-295, 2006.

F. Piattoni, A. Amicucci, M. Iotti, F. Ori, V. Stocchi et al., Viability and morphology of Tuber aestivum spores after passage through the gut of Sus scrofa, Fungal Ecol, vol.9, pp.52-60, 2014.

F. Piattoni, P. Leonardi, S. Boutahir, M. Iotti, and A. Zambonelli, Viability and infectivity of Tuber borchii after cryopreservation, CryoLetters, vol.38, pp.58-64, 2017.

C. Riccioni, B. Belfiori, A. Rubini, V. Passeri, S. Arcioni et al., Tuber melanosporum outcrosses: analysis of the genetic diversity within and among its natural populations under this new scenario, New Phytol, vol.180, pp.466-478, 2008.

S. Rozen, H. ;. Skaletsky, F. Paolocci, C. Riccioni, G. G. Vendramin et al., Genetic and phylogeographic structures of the symbiotic fungus Tuber magnatum, Methods in Molecular Biology? Rubini, vol.132, pp.6584-6589, 2000.

A. Rubini, B. Belfiori, C. Riccioni, E. Tisserant, S. Arcioni et al., Isolation and characterization of MAT genes in the symbiotic ascomycete Tuber melanosporum, New Phytol, vol.189, pp.710-722, 2011.

A. Rubini, B. Belfiori, C. Riccioni, S. Arcioni, F. Martin et al., Tuber melanosporum: mating type distribution in a natural plantation and dynamics of strains of different mating types on the roots of nurseryinoculated host plants, New Phytol, vol.189, pp.723-735, 2011.

A. Rubini, C. Riccioni, B. Belfiori, and F. Paolocci, Impact of the competition between mating types on the cultivation of Tuber melanosporum: Romeo and Juliet and the matter of space and time, Mycorrhiza, vol.24, pp.19-27, 2014.

C. Sbrana, M. P. Nuti, and M. Giovanetti, Selfanastomosing ability and vegetative incompatibility of Tuber borchii isolates, Mycorrhiza, vol.17, pp.667-675, 2007.

L. Schneider-maunoury, C. Clément, H. Coves, J. Lambourdière, S. Leclercq et al., Is Tuber melanosporum colonizing the roots of herbaceous, non-ectomycorrhizal plants?, Fungal Ecol, vol.31, pp.59-68, 2018.

M. A. Selosse, D. Jacquot, D. Bouchard, F. Martin, L. Tacon et al., Temporal persistence and spatial distribution of an American inoculant strain of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor in a French forest plantation, Mol Ecol, vol.7, pp.561-573, 1998.

M. A. Selosse, E. Taschen, G. , and T. , Do black truffles avoid sexual harassment by linking mating type and vegetative incompatibility, New Phytol, vol.199, pp.10-13, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01575933

M. A. Selosse, L. Schneider-maunoury, E. Taschen, F. Rousset, R. et al., Black truffle, a hermaphrodite with forced unisexual behavior, Trends Microbiol, vol.25, pp.784-787, 2017.

P. Stenberg, M. Lundmark, and A. Saura, MLGsim: a program for detecting clones using a simulation approach, Mol Ecol Notes, vol.3, pp.329-331, 2003.

E. Taschen, F. Rousset, M. Sauve, L. Benoit, M. Dubois et al., How the truffle got its mate: insights from genetic structure in spontaneous and planted Mediterranean populations of Tuber melanosporum, Mol Ecol, vol.25, pp.5611-5627, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01395118

A. Urban, I. Neuner-plattner, I. Krisai-greilhuber, and K. Haselwandter, Molecular studies on terricolous microfungi reveal novel anamorphs of two Tuber species, Mycol Res, vol.108, pp.749-758, 2004.

A. Zambonelli and M. Morara, Le specie di Tuberales dell'Emilia Romagna, ecologia e distribuzione, Natura e Montagna, vol.4, pp.9-32, 1984.

A. Zambonelli, S. Salomoni, and A. Pisi, Caratterizzazione anatomo-morfologica e micromorfologica delle micorrize di Tuber spp, su Quercus pubescens Willd. Micol Ital, vol.3, pp.73-90, 1993.

A. Zambonelli, M. Iotti, I. Rossi, and I. Hall, Interaction between Tuber borchii and other ectomycorrhizal fungi in a field plantation, Mycol Res, vol.104, pp.698-702, 2000.

A. Zambonelli, M. Iotti, G. Giomaro, I. Hall, and V. Stocchi, T. borchii cultivation: an interesting perspective, Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms. Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop on Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms, 2002.

A. Zambonelli, M. Iotti, and F. Piattoni, Problems and perspectives in the production of Tuber infected plants, Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products. Proceeding of the Sixth International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, pp.263-271, 2008.

A. Zambonelli, M. Iotti, and I. Hall, Current status of truffle cultivation: recent results and future perspectives, Ital J Mycol, vol.44, pp.31-40, 2015.

A. Zambonelli, C. Murat, and M. Iotti, True truffle (Tuber spp.) in the world, In Soil Biology, vol.47, 2016.

A. Zambonelli, F. Ori, and I. Hall, Mycophagy and spore dispersal by vertebrates, The Fungal Community. Its Organization and Role in Ecosystems, pp.347-358, 2017.

E. Zampieri, R. Rizzello, P. Bonfante, and A. Mello, The detection of mating type genes of Tuber melanosporum in productive and non productive soils, Appl Soil Ecol, vol.57, pp.9-15, 2012.