The Hot and Energetic Universe: A White Paper presenting the science theme motivating the Athena+ mission

Kirpal Nandra , Didier Barret (1) , Xavier Barcons , Andy Fabian , Jan-Willem den Herder , Luigi Piro , Mike Watson , Christophe Adami (2) , James Aird , Jose Manuel Afonso , Dave Alexander , Costanza Argiroffi (3) , Lorenzo Amati , Monique Arnaud (4) , Jean-Luc Atteia (5) , Marc Audard (6) , Carles Badenes (7) , Jean Ballet (8) , Lucia Ballo , Aya Bamba , Anil Bhardwaj , Elia Stefano Battistelli , Werner Becker , Michaël de Becker , Ehud Behar , Stefano Bianchi , Veronica Biffi , Laura Bîrzan , Fabrizio Bocchino , Slavko Bogdanov , Laurence Boirin , Thomas Boller , Stefano Borgani , Katharina Borm , Nicolas Bouche , Herve Bourdin (9) , Richard Bower (10) , Valentina Braito , Enzo Branchini (11) , Graziella Branduardi-Raymont (12) , Joel Bregman , Laura Brenneman , Murray Brightman , Marcus Brüggen , Johannes Buchner (13) , Esra Bulbul , Marcella Brusa , Michal Bursa , Alessandro Caccianiga , Ed Cackett , Sergio Campana , Nico Cappelluti , Massimo Cappi , Francisco Carrera , Maite Ceballos , Finn E. Christensen (14) , You-Hua Chu , Eugene Churazov , Nicolas Clerc (5) , Stéphane Corbel (15) , Amalia Corral , Andrea Comastri , Elisa Costantini (16) , Judith Croston , Mauro Dadina , Antonino d'Ai , Anne Decourchelle (8) , Roberto Della Ceca , Konrad Dennerl (17) , Klaus Dolag , Chris Done (18) , Michal Dovciak , Jeremy Drake , Dominique Eckert (19) , Alastair Edge , Stefano Ettori , Yuichiro Ezoe (20) , Eric D. Feigelson (21) , Rob Fender , Chiara Feruglio (22) , Alexis Finoguenov (23) , Fabrizio Fiore , Massimiliano Galeazzi (24) , Sarah Gallagher , Poshak Gandhi (18) , Massimo Gaspari , Fabio Gastaldello , Antonis Georgakakis , Ioannis Georgantopoulos , Marat Gilfanov , Myriam Gitti , Randy Gladstone , René Goosmann (25) , Eric Gosset , Nicolas Grosso (26) , Manuel Guedel , Martin Guerrero , Frank Haberl , Martin Hardcastle , Sebastian Heinz , Almudena Alonso Herrero , Anthony Hervé , Mats Holmström (27) , Kazushi Iwasawa , Peter Jonker , Jelle Kaastra (16) , Erin Kara , Vladimir Karas (28) , Joel Kastner , Andrew King , Daria Kosenko , Dimitra Koutroumpa (29) , Ralph Kraft , Ingo Kreykenbohm , Rosine Lallement (30) , Giorgio Lanzuisi , J. Lee , Marianne Lemoine-Goumard (31) , Andrew Lobban , Giuseppe Lodato , Lorenzo Lovisari , Simone Lotti , Ian Mccharthy , Brian Mcnamara , Antonio Maggio (32) , Roberto Maiolino (33) , Barbara de Marco , Domitilla de Martino , Silvia Mateos , Giorgio Matt (11) , Ben Maughan , Pasquale Mazzotta (34) , Mariano Mendez , Andrea Merloni (35) , Giuseppina Micela (32) , Marco Miceli , Robert Mignani , Jon Miller , Giovanni Miniutti , Silvano Molendi , Rodolfo Montez , Alberto Moretti , Christian Motch (26) , Yaël Nazé (36) , Jukka Nevalainen (37) , Fabrizio Nicastro , Paul Nulsen , Takaya Ohashi , Paul O'Brien , Julian Osborne , Lida Oskinova , Florian Pacaud (38) , Frederik Paerels , Mat Page , Iossif Papadakis , Giovanni Pareschi , Robert Petre , Pierre-Olivier Petrucci (39) , Enrico Piconcelli , Ignazio Pillitteri (32) , C. Pinto , Jelle de Plaa , Etienne Pointecouteau (5) , Trevor Ponman , Gabriele Ponti , Delphine Porquet (26) , Ken Pounds , Gabriel Pratt (15) , Peter Predehl (17) , Daniel Proga , Dimitrios Psaltis , David Rafferty , Miriam Ramos-Ceja , Piero Ranalli , Elena Rasia , Arne Rau , Gregor Rauw (36) , Nanda Rea , Andy Read , James Reeves , Thomas Reiprich , Matthieu Renaud (8) , Chris Reynolds , Guido Risaliti , Jerome Rodriguez (15) , Paola Rodriguez Hidalgo , Mauro Roncarelli , David Rosario , Mariachiara Rossetti , Agata Rozanska , Emmanouil Rovilos , Ruben Salvaterra , Mara Salvato (23) , Tiziana Di Salvo , Jeremy Sanders , Jorge Sanz-Forcada (40) , Kevin Schawinski , Joop Schaye (41) , Axel Schwope , Salvatore Sciortino (32) , Paola Severgnini , Francesco Shankar (42) , Debora Sijacki , Stuart Sim , Christian Schmid (43) , Randall Smith , Andrew Steiner , Beate Stelzer (32) , Gordon Stewart (44) , Tod Strohmayer , Lothar Strüder , Ming Sun , Yoh Takei , V. Tatischeff , Andreas Tiengo , Francesco Tombesi , Ginevra Trinchieri , T. G. Tsuru , Asif Ud-Doula (45) , Eugenio Ursino (24) , Lynne Valencic , Eros Vanzella , Simon Vaughan , Cristian Vignali , Jacco Vink (46) , Fabio Vito , Marta Volonteri (47) , Daniel Wang , Natalie Webb (5) , Richard Willingale , Joern Wilms , Michael Wise (7) , Diana Worrall , Andrew Young , Luca Zampieri , Jean In'T Zand , Silvia Zane , Andreas Zezas , Yuying Zhang (48) , Irina Zhuravleva

1 CESR - Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements
2 LAM - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
3 DiFC - Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica [Palermo]
4 IRFU - Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers
5 IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie
6 CAL - Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory
7 Department of Astrophysical Sciences [Princeton]
8 DAP - Département d'Astrophysique (ex SAP)
9 CASSIOPEE - Laboratoire de Cosmologie, Astrophysique Stellaire & Solaire, de Planétologie et de Mécanique des Fluides
10 ICC - Institute for Computational Cosmology
11 DF-Roma3 - Dipartimento de Fisica Roma Tre
12 MSSL - Mullard Space Science Laboratory
13 TUM - Technische Universität Munchen - Technical University Munich - Université Technique de Munich
14 DTU Space - National Space Institute [Lyngby]
15 AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation
16 SRON - SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
17 MPE - Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik
18 Department of Physics [Durham University]
19 EPFL - Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
20 TMU - Tokyo Metropolitan University [Tokyo]
21 Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics [PennState]
22 IRAM - Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique
23 MPIA - Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
24 Department of Physics [Coral Gables]
25 LUTH (UMR_8102) - Laboratoire Univers et Théories
26 ObAS - Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg
27 IRF - Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Kiruna]
28 ASU / CAS - Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences
29 HELIOS - LATMOS
30 OBSPM - Observatoire de Paris - Site de Meudon
31 CENBG - Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan
32 OAPa - INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo
33 Cavendish Laboratory
34 Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma] = University of Rome Tor Vergata
35 MPA - Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik
36 Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège]
37 CfA - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
38 Observatoire de Paris
39 IPAG - Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
40 CAB - Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid]
41 Leiden Observatory [Leiden]
42 School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton]
43 ETH Zürich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich]
44 Department of Computer Science
45 Penn State - Pennsylvania State University
46 AI PANNEKOEK - Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek
47 IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris
48 LLNL - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

This White Paper, submitted to the recent ESA call for science themes to define its future large missions, advocates the need for a transformational leap in our understanding of two key questions in astrophysics: 1) How does ordinary matter assemble into the large scale structures that we see today? 2) How do black holes grow and shape the Universe? Hot gas in clusters, groups and the intergalactic medium dominates the baryonic content of the local Universe. To understand the astrophysical processes responsible for the formation and assembly of these large structures, it is necessary to measure their physical properties and evolution. This requires spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy with a factor 10 increase in both telescope throughput and spatial resolving power compared to currently planned facilities. Feedback from supermassive black holes is an essential ingredient in this process and in most galaxy evolution models, but it is not well understood. X-ray observations can uniquely reveal the mechanisms launching winds close to black holes and determine the coupling of the energy and matter flows on larger scales. Due to the effects of feedback, a complete understanding of galaxy evolution requires knowledge of the obscured growth of supermassive black holes through cosmic time, out to the redshifts where the first galaxies form. X-ray emission is the most reliable way to reveal accreting black holes, but deep survey speed must improve by a factor ~100 over current facilities to perform a full census into the early Universe. The Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (Athena+) mission provides the necessary performance (e.g. angular resolution, spectral resolution, survey grasp) to address these questions and revolutionize our understanding of the Hot and Energetic Universe. These capabilities will also provide a powerful observatory to be used in all areas of astrophysics.

Mots clés: Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics; Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena; Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics; Astrophysics - Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics; Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Domaines: Planète et Univers [physics]; Astrophysique [astro-ph]

Kirpal Nandra, Didier Barret, Xavier Barcons, Andy Fabian, Jan-Willem den Herder, et al.. The Hot and Energetic Universe: A White Paper presenting the science theme motivating the Athena+ mission. [Research Report] Max Plank Institute for Extraterrestial Life. 2013. ⟨hal-02325875⟩