R. Adrian, C. Meinhart, and C. Tomkins, Vortex organization in the outer region of 658 the turbulent boundary layer, J. Fluid Mech, vol.422, pp.1-54, 2000.

W. Anderson, Amplitude modulation of streamwise velocity fluctuations in the roughness 660 sublayer: evidence from large-eddy simulations, J. Fluid Mech, vol.789, pp.567-588, 2016.

A. Awasthi and W. Anderson, Numerical study of turbulent channel flow perturbed 662 by spanwise topographic heterogeneity: Amplitude and frequency modulation within low-663 and high-momentum pathways, Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol.3, p.44602, 2018.

W. Baars, N. Hutchins, and I. Marusic, Spectral stochastic estimation of high-665, 2016.

, Reynolds-number wall-bounded turbulence for a refined inner-outer interaction model

, Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol.1, pp.1-23

W. J. Baars, N. Hutchins, and I. Marusic, Spectral stochastic estimation of high-668, 2016.

, Reynolds-number wall-bounded turbulence for a refined inner-outer interaction model

, Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol.1, p.54406

W. J. Baars, K. M. Talluru, N. Hutchins, and I. Marusic, Wavelet analysis of wall 671 turbulence to study large-scale modulation of small scale, Exp. Fluids, vol.56, issue.188, pp.1-15, 2015.

J. Basley, L. Perret, and R. Mathis, Spatial modulations of kinetic energy in the 673 roughness sublayer, J. Fluid Mech, vol.850, pp.584-610, 2018.

J. Basley, L. Perret, and R. Mathis, Structure of high Reynolds number boundary 675 layers over cube canopies, J. Fluid Mech, 2019.

K. Blackman and L. Perret, Non-linear interactions in a boundary layer developing over 677 an array of cubes using stochastic estimation, Phys. Fluids, vol.28, p.95108, 2016.

K. Blackman, L. Perret, and I. Calmet, Energy transfer and non-linear interactions in 679 an urban boundary layer using stochastic estimation, J. Turb, vol.19, pp.849-867, 2018.

K. Blackman, L. Perret, and E. Savory, aspect ratio on non-linear interactions between a street-canyon flow and the overlying 684 boundary layer, Bound. Layer Meteorol, vol.15, pp.375-409, 2015.

S. Duvvuri and B. Mckeon, Triadic scale interactions in a turbulent boundary layer, 2015.

, J. Fluid Mech, vol.767, p.4

M. Ghisalberti, Obstructed shear flows: similarities across systems and scales, J. Fluid 692 Mech, vol.641, pp.51-61, 2009.

C. S. Grimmond and T. R. Oke, Aerodynamic properties of urban areas derived 694 from analysis of surface form, J. Appl. Meteorol, vol.38, p.1262, 1999.

M. Guala, M. Metzger, and B. J. Mckeon, Interactions within the turbulent boundary 696 layer at high reynolds number, J. Fluid Mech, vol.666, pp.573-604, 2011.

S. Herpin, L. Perret, R. Mathis, C. Tanguy, and J. Lasserre, Investigation of the 698 flow inside an urban canopy immersed into an atmospheric boundary layer using laser 699, 2018.

, Doppler anemometry, Exp. Fluids, vol.59, pp.1-80

M. Hultmark and A. Smits, Temperature corrections for constant temperature and 701 constant current hot-wire anemometers, Meas. Sci. Technol, vol.21, p.105404, 2010.

F. Hussain, Coherent structures -reality and myth, Phys. Fluids, vol.26, pp.2816-2838, 1983.

N. Hutchins and I. Marusic, Evidence of very long meandering features in the logarithmic 704 region of turbulent boundary layers, J. Fluid Mech, vol.579, pp.1-28, 2007.

M. Inoue, R. Mathis, I. Marusic, and D. Pullin, Inner-layer intensities for the flat-plate 706 turbulent boundary layer combining a predictive wall-model with large-eddy simulation, 2012.

, Phys. Fluids, vol.24, p.75102

R. W. Macdonald, R. F. Griffiths, and D. J. Hall, An improved method for estimation 709 of surface roughness of obstacle arrays, Atmos. Environ, vol.32, pp.857-1864, 1998.

I. Marusic, R. Mathis, and N. Hutchins, A wall-shear stress predictive model, 711 Proceedings of 13 th European Turbulence Conference (ETC13), 2011.

R. Mathis, N. Hutchins, and I. Marusic, Large-scale amplitude modulation of the 713 small-scale structures in turbulent boundary layers, J. Fluid Mech, vol.628, pp.311-337, 2009.

R. Mathis, N. Hutchins, and I. Marusic, A predictive inner-outer model for streamwise 715 turbulence statistics in wall-bounded flows, J. Fluid Mech, vol.681, pp.537-566, 2011.

R. Mathis, N. Hutchins, and I. Marusic, Relationship between turbulence modulation 717 and skewness in wall bounded flows, Proceedings of 7 th Turbulent and Shear Flow 718 Phenomena conference (TSFP7), vol.1, pp.1-6, 2011.

R. Mathis, I. Marusic, N. Hutchins, and K. R. Sreenivasan, The relationship between 720 the velocity skewness and the amplitude modulation of the small scale by the large scale 721 in turbulent boundary layers, Phys. Fluids, vol.23, issue.12, p.121702, 2011.

M. Nadeem, J. H. Lee, J. Lee, and H. J. Sung, Turbulent boundary layers over 723 sparsely-spaced rod-roughened walls, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol.56, pp.16-27, 2015.

G. Pathikonda and K. T. Christensen, Inner-outer interactions in a turbulent boundary 725 layer overlying complex roughness, Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol.2, p.44603, 2017.

L. Perret, J. Basley, R. Mathis, and T. Piquet, Atmospheric boundary layers over 727 urban-like terrains: influence of the plan density on the roughness sublayer dynamics, 2019.

, Bound. Layer Meteorol, vol.170, pp.205-234

L. Perret and C. Rivet, Dynamics of a turbulent boundary layer over cubical roughness 730 elements: insight from PIV measurements and POD analysis, Proceedings of 8 th Inter-731 national Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena (TSFP8), vol.3, pp.732-733, 2013.

L. Perret and C. Rivet, A priori analysis of the performance of cross hot-wire probes 734 in a rough wall boundary layer based on stereoscopic PIV, Exp. Fluids, vol.59, issue.10, p.153, 2018.

K. N. Rao, R. Narasimha, and M. A. Narayanan, The 'bursting' phenomenon in a 736 turbulent boundary layer, J. Fluid Mech, vol.48, issue.2, pp.339-352, 1971.

K. Blackman and L. Perret,

S. T. Salesky and W. Anderson, Buoyancy effects on large-scale motions in convective 740 atmospheric boundary layers: implications for modulation of near-wall processes, J. Fluid 741 Mech, vol.856, pp.135-168, 2018.

E. Savory, L. Perret, and C. Rivet, Modelling considerations for examining the mean 743 and unsteady flow in a simple urban-type street canyon, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys, vol.121, pp.1-16, 2013.

D. T. Squire, C. Morill-winter, N. Hutchins, M. P. Schultz, J. C. Klewicki et al., Comparison of turbulent boundary layers over smooth and rough surfaces up to 746 high Reynolds numbers, J. Fluid Mech, vol.795, pp.210-240, 2016.

H. Takimoto, A. Inagaki, M. Kanda, A. Sato, and T. Michioka, Length-scale similarity 748 of turbulent organized structures over surfaces with different roughness types, Bound. Layer 749 Meteorol, vol.147, issue.2, pp.217-236, 2013.

K. M. Talluru, R. Baidya, N. Hutchins, and I. Marusic, Amplitude modulation of all 751 three velocity components in turbulent boundary layers, J. Fluid Mech, vol.746, p.1, 2014.

A. Townsend, The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow, 1976.