J. C. Alt, Hydrothermal oxide and nontronite deposits on seamounts in the eastern Pacific, Marine Geology, vol.81, pp.227-239, 1988.

A. C. Aplin and D. S. Cronan, Ferromanganese oxide deposits from the central Pacific Ocean, II. Nodules and associated sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.49, pp.437-451, 1985.

A. M. Asavin, I. V. Kubrakova, M. E. Mel'nikov, O. A. Tyutyunnik, and E. I. Chesalova, , 2010.

, Geochemical zoning in ferromanganese crusts of Ita-MaiTai guyot, Geochemistry International, vol.48, pp.423-445

V. Balaram, K. V. Anjaiah, and M. R. Reddy, Comparative study on the trace and rare earth element enalysis of an Indian polymetallic nodule reference sample by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Analyst, vol.120, pp.1401-1406, 1995.

J. A. Barrat, F. Keller, J. Amosse, R. N. Taylor, R. W. Nesbitt et al., Determination of rare earth elements in sixteen silicate reference samples by ICP-MS after Tm addition and ion exchange separation, Geostandards Newsletter, vol.20, pp.133-139, 1996.

T. J. Barret, P. N. Taylor, and J. Lugoqski, Metalliferous sediments from DSDP Leg 92: The East Pacific Rise Transect, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.51, pp.2241-2253, 1987.

T. J. Barret and I. Jarvis, Rare earth element geochemistry of metalliferous sediments from DSDP LEG 92: The East Pacific Rise Transect, Chemical Geology, vol.67, pp.243-259, 1988.

G. N. Baturin and V. T. Dubinchuck, Composition of ferromanganese nodules from Riga Bay, Oceanology, vol.49, pp.111-120, 2009.

G. N. Baturin and V. T. Dubinchuck, On the composition of ferromanganese nodules of the Indian Ocean, Doklady Earth Sciences, vol.434, pp.1179-1183, 2010.

G. N. Baturin, V. T. Dubinchuck, and V. A. Rashidov, Composition of Fe-Mn crusts from Okhotsk Sea. Minerals of the Ocean-5 & Deep-sea minerals and mining-2 Joint International Conference, 2010.

G. N. Baturin and V. T. Dubinchuck, Mineralogy and chemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic Ocean, Geochemistry International, vol.48, pp.578-593, 2011.

M. Bau, Rare-earth element mobility during hydrothermal and metamorphic fluid-rock interaction and the significance of the oxidation state of europium, Chemical Geology, vol.93, pp.219-230, 1991.

M. Bau, A. Koschinsky, P. Dulski, and J. R. Hein, Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater. Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta, vol.60, pp.1709-1725, 1996.

M. Bau and A. Koschinsky, Oxidative scavenging of cerium on hydrous Fe oxide: Evidence from the distribution of rare earth elements and yttrium between Fe oxides and Mn oxides in hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts, Geochemical Journal, vol.43, pp.37-47, 2009.

M. Bau, K. Schmidt, A. Koschinsky, J. R. Hein, and A. Usui, Discriminating between different genetic types of marine ferro-manganese crusts and nodules based on rare earth elements and yttrium, Chemical Geology, vol.381, pp.1-9, 2014.

E. Bonatti, T. Kraemer, and H. Rydell, Classification and genesis of submarine iron-manganese deposits, Ferromanganese Deposits on the Ocean Floor, pp.149-165, 1972.

E. Bonatti, Metallogenesis at oceanic spreading centers, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol.3, pp.401-431, 1975.

K. W. Bruland, Trace elements in seawater, Chemical Oceanography, pp.157-200, 1983.

K. P. Burgath and U. Von-stackelberg, Sulfide-impregnated volcanics and ferromanganese incrustations from the southern Lau Basin (southwest Pacific). Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, vol.13, pp.263-308, 1995.

S. E. Calvert and N. B. Price, Geochemical variation in ferromanganese nodules and associated sediments from the Pacific Ocean, Marine Chemistry, vol.5, pp.43-74, 1977.

S. E. Calvert and D. Z. Piper, Geochemistry of ferromanganese nodules from DOMES Site A, northern equatorial Pacific: Multiple diagenetic metal source in the deep sea, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.48, pp.1913-1928, 1984.

J. R. Cann, C. K. Winter, and R. G. Pritchard, A hydrothermal deposit from the floor of the Gulf of Aden. Mineralogy Magazine of London, vol.41, pp.193-199, 1977.

J. H. Choi and Y. Hariya, Geochemistry and depositional environment of Mn oxide deposits in the Tokoro Belt, northeastern Hokkaido, Japan. Economic Geology, vol.87, pp.1265-1274, 1992.

A. G. Conly, S. D. Scott, and H. Bellon, Metalliferous manganese oxide mineralization associated with the Boléo Cu-Co-Zn district, Mexico. Economic Geology, vol.106, pp.1173-1196, 2011.

T. Conrad, J. R. Hein, A. Paytan, and D. A. Clague, Formation of Fe-Mn crusts within a continental margin environment, Ore Geology Review, 2016.

J. B. Corliss, M. Lyle, J. Dymond, and K. Crane, The chemistry of hydrothermal mounds near the Galapagos rift, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.40, pp.12-24, 1978.

P. R. Craddock, W. Bach, J. S. Seewald, O. J. Rouxel, E. Reeves et al., Rare earth element abundances in hydrothermal fluids from the Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea: Indicators of sub-seafloor hydrothermal processes in back-arc basins, Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta, vol.74, pp.5494-5513, 2010.

E. H. De-carlo and G. M. Mc-murtry, Rare-earth element geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Hawaiian Archipelago, central Pacific, Chemical Geology, vol.95, pp.235-250, 1992.

V. M. Dekov, G. D. Kamenov, C. Savelli, J. Stummeyer, M. Thiry et al., Metalliferous sediments from Eolo Seamount (Tyrrhenian Sea): Hydrothermal deposition and re-deposition in a zone of oxygen depletion, Chemical Geology, vol.264, pp.347-363, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00564968

V. M. Dekov, T. B. Boycheva, U. Halenius, K. Billstrom, G. D. Kamenov et al., Mineralogical and geochemical evidence for hydrothermal activity at the west wall of 12°50?N core complex (Mid-Atlantic ridge): A new ultramafic-hosted seafloor hydrothermal deposit? Marine Geology, vol.288, pp.90-102, 2011.

E. Douville, P. Bienvenu, J. L. Charlou, J. P. Donval, Y. Fouquet et al., , 1999.

, Yttrium and rare earth elements in fluids from various deep-sea hydrothermal systems, Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta, vol.63, pp.627-643

E. Douville, J. L. Charlou, E. H. Oelkers, P. Bienvenu, C. F. Jove-colon et al., The rainbow vent fluids (36°14'N, MAR): The influence of ultramafic rocks and phase separation on trace metal content in Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal fluids, Chemical Geology, vol.184, pp.37-48, 2002.

J. Dymond, M. Lyle, B. Finney, D. Z. Piper, K. Murphy et al., , 1984.

, Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP Sites H, S and R -Control of mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.48, pp.931-949

H. N. Edmonds and C. R. German, Particle geochemistry in the Rainbow hydrothermal plume, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.68, pp.759-772, 2004.

K. J. Edwards, B. T. Glazer, O. J. Rouxel, W. Bach, D. Emerson et al., Ultra-diffuse hydrothermal venting supports Feoxidizing bacteria and massive umber deposition at 5000m off Hawaii, International Society for Microbial Ecology, vol.5, pp.1748-1758, 2011.

C. E. Fitzgerald and K. M. Gillis, Hydrothermal manganese oxide deposits from Baby Bare seamount in the Northeast Pacific Ocean, Marine Geology, vol.225, pp.145-156, 2006.

Y. Fouquet, U. Von-stackelberg, J. L. Charlou, J. Erzinger, P. M. Herzig et al., Metallogenesis in back-arc environments, Economic Geology, vol.88, pp.2154-2181, 1993.

Y. Fouquet, C. Scalabrin, A. S. Alix, J. P. Donval, S. Dupré et al., , 2015.

, Multi scales exploration strategy -Example of research for hydrothermal mineralization in the French EEZ of Wallis and Futuna, Offshore Technology Conference, pp.4-07

C. R. German, S. Colley, M. R. Palmer, A. Khripounoff, and G. P. Klinkhammer, Hydrothermal plume-particle fluxes at 13°N on the East Pacific Rise, Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.49, pp.1921-1940, 2002.

H. C. Goulding, R. A. Mills, and R. W. Nesbitt, Precipitation of hydrothermal sediments on the active TAG mound: implications for ochre formation, Modern Ocean Floor Processes and the Geological Record, vol.148, pp.201-216, 1998.

P. Halbach, C. Scherhag, U. Hebish, and V. Marchig, Geochemical and mineralogical control of different genetic types of deep-sea nodules from the Pacific Ocean, Mineralium Deposita, vol.16, pp.59-84, 1981.

P. Halbach, G. Friedrich, and U. Von-stackelberg, The manganese nodule belt of the Pacific Ocean geological environment, nodule formation, and mining aspects, p.245, 1988.

P. Halbach and D. Puteanus, Geochemical trends of different genetic types of nodules and crusts, The manganese nodule belt of the Pacific Ocean. Ferdinand Enke, pp.61-69, 1988.

J. R. Hein, H. Yeh, S. H. Gunn, A. E. Gibbs, and C. Wang, Composition and origin of hydrothermal ironstones from central Pacific seamounts, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.58, pp.179-189, 1994.

J. R. Hein, A. E. Gibbs, D. A. Clague, and M. Torresan, Hydrothermal mineralization along submarine rift zones, Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, vol.14, pp.177-203, 1996.

J. R. Hein, A. Koschinsky, P. Halbach, F. T. Manheim, M. Bau et al., Manganese mineralization: Geochemistry and mineralogy of terrestrial and marine deposits, pp.123-138, 1997.

J. R. Hein, A. Koschinsky, M. Bau, F. T. Manheim, J. Kang et al., Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Pacific, pp.239-279, 2000.

J. R. Hein, A. Koschinsky, and B. R. Mc-intyre, Mercury-and silver-rich ferromanganese oxides, southern California borderland: Deposit model and environmental implications, Economic Geology, vol.100, pp.1151-1168, 2005.

J. R. Hein, D. A. Clague, R. A. Koski, R. W. Embley, and R. E. Dunham, Metalliferous sediment and a silica-hematite deposit within the Blanco Fracture Zone, northeast Pacific, Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, vol.26, issue.4, pp.317-339, 2008.

J. R. Hein, M. S. Schulz, R. E. Dunham, R. J. Stern, and S. H. Bloomer, Diffuse flow hydrothermal manganese mineralization along the active Mariana and southern Izu-Bonin arc system, western Pacific, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.113, p.29, 2008.

J. R. Hein and A. Koschinsky, Deep-ocean ferromanganese crusts and nodules, 2013.

, Treatise on geochemistry 2nd Edition, vol.13, pp.273-291

J. R. Hein, K. Mizell, A. Koschinsky, and T. A. Conrad, Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high-and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources, Ore Geology Reviews, vol.51, pp.1-14, 2013.

J. R. Hein, C. E. Ronde, R. A. Koski, R. G. Ditchburn, K. Mizell et al., Layered hydrothermal barite-sulfide mount field, vol.109, pp.2179-2206, 2014.

H. Jung and C. Lee, Growth of diagenetic ferromanganese nodules in an oxic deep-sea sedimentary environment, northeast equatorial Pacific, Marine Geology, vol.157, pp.127-144, 1999.

A. Koschinsky, U. Fritsche, and A. Winkler, Sequential leaching of Peru Basin surface sediment for the assessment of aged and fresh heavy metal associations and mobility, Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, vol.48, pp.3683-3699, 2001.

T. Kuhn, M. Bau, N. Blum, and P. Halbach, Origin of negative Ce anomalies in mixed hydrothermal-hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts from the Central Indian Ridge, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.163, pp.207-220, 1998.

T. Kuhn, B. C. Bostick, A. Koschinsky, P. Halbach, and S. Fendorf, Enrichment of Mo in hydrothermal Mn precipitates: possible Mo sources, formation process and phase associations, Chemical Geology, vol.199, pp.29-43, 2003.

A. Michard, Rare earth element systematics in hydrothermal fluids, Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta, vol.53, pp.745-750, 1989.

R. A. Mills, D. M. Wells, and S. Roberts, Genesis of ferromanganese crusts from the TAG hydrothermal field, Chemical Geology, vol.176, pp.283-293, 2001.

S. B. Muiños, J. R. Hein, M. Frank, J. H. Monteiro, L. Gaspar et al., Deep-sea Fe-Mn crusts from the northeast Atlantic Ocean: Composition and resource considerations, Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, vol.31, pp.40-70, 2013.

K. Nicholson, Contrasting mineralogical-geochemical signatures of manganese oxides: Guides to metallogenesis, Economic Geology, vol.87, pp.1253-1264, 1992.

A. Ohta, S. Ishii, M. Sakakibara, A. Mizuno, and I. Kawabe, Systematic correlation of the Ce anomaly with the Co/(Ni+Cu) ratio and Y fractionation from Ho in distinct types of Pacific deep-sea nodules, Geochemical Journal, vol.33, pp.399-417, 1999.

J. N. Pattan and V. K. Banakar, Rare earth element distribution and behaviour in buried managanese nodules from the Central India Basin, Marine Geology, vol.112, pp.303-312, 1993.

E. Pelleter, Y. Fouquet, J. Etoubleau, S. Cheron, S. Labanieh et al., Ni-CuCo-rich hydrothermal manganese mineralization in the Wallis and Futuna back-arc environment (SW Pacific), Ore Geology Review, 2016.

B. Pelletier, Y. Lagabrielle, M. Benoit, G. Cabioch, S. Calmant et al., Newly identified segments of the Pacific-Australia plate boundary along the North Fiji transform zone, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.193, pp.347-358, 2001.

O. Pourret and M. Davranche, Rare earth element sorption onto hydrous manganese oxide: A modeling study, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.395, pp.18-23, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00801166

J. Schijf, E. A. Christenson, and R. H. Byrne, YREE scavenging in seawater: A new look at an old model, Marine Chemistry, vol.177, pp.460-471, 2015.

K. Schmidt, M. Bau, J. Hein, and A. Koschinsky, Fractionation of the geochemical twins Zr-Hf and Nb-Ta during scavenging from seawater by hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2014.

H. D. Schultz, Quantification of early diagenesis: Dissolved constituents in pore water and signals in the solid phase, Marine geochemistry, 2006.

. Heidelberg, , pp.75-77, 2006.

S. Severmann, R. A. Mills, M. R. Palmer, and A. E. Fallick, The origin of clay minerals in active and relict hydrothermal deposits, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.68, pp.73-88, 2004.

Z. Sun, H. Zhou, Q. Yang, Z. Sun, S. Bao et al., Hydrothermal Fe-Si-Mn oxide deposits from the central and south Valu Fa Ridge, Lau Basin. Applied Geochemistry, vol.26, pp.1192-1204, 2011.

Z. Sun, H. Zhou, G. P. Glasby, Q. Yang, X. Yin et al., Formation of Fe-Mn-Si oxide and nontronite deposits in hydrothermal fields on the Valu Fa Ridge, Lau Basin, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, vol.43, pp.64-76, 2012.

L. Surya-prakash, D. Ray, A. L. Paropkari, A. V. Mudholkar, M. Satyanarayanan et al., Distribution of REEs and yttrium among major geochemical phases of marine Fe-Mn-oxides: Comparative study between hydrogenous and hydrothermal deposits, Chemical Geology, pp.127-137, 2012.

Y. Takahashi, A. Manceau, N. Geoffroy, M. A. Marcus, and A. Usui, Chemical and structural control of the partitioning of Co, Ce, and Pb in marine ferromanganese oxides, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.71, pp.984-1008, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00199775

S. R. Taylor and S. M. Mclennan, The continental Crust: Its composition and Evolution, vol.312, 1985.

V. Stackelberg and U. , Manganese Mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits, pp.153-176, 1997.

A. V. Wegorzewski and T. Kuhn, The influence of suboxic diagenesis on the formation of manganese nodules in the Clarion Clipperton nodule belt of the Pacific Ocean, Marine Geology, 2014.

Z. Zeng, H. Ouyang, X. Yin, S. Chen, X. Wang et al., Formation of Fe-Si-Mn oxyhydroxides at the PACMANUS hydrothermal field, eastern Manus Basin: Mineralogical and geochemical evidence, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, vol.60, pp.130-146, 2012.