Real-time command strategies for smart grids based on the Robust Contract-based Collaboration Problem
Stratégies de commande en temps réel pour les smart grids basées sur le Robust Contract-based Collaboration Problem
Résumé
With the advent of smart grids, the use of sensors, online connections, computational resources and control strategies play a key role to ensure reliability, reduce costs and improve the efficiency of energy networks. Thanks to instant communication, control devices are important elements in this ecosystem. Based on a Real-Time Control Strategy (RTCS), they execute frequent commands according to fluctuations in energy production (e.g. solar panels in cloudy weather) and consumption in different periods of time. Interesting examples involve the use of energy generators during a period of higher demand and, analogously, employing a set of batteries to store energy during off-peak times so as to ease high demand-supply in peak periods. In this work, we study robust command-and-control strategies to be used by smart control devices within a contract-based collaboration framework, established between two systems, both producers and consumers of the same kind of energy resource. One system is called the client and the other one the partner. These two systems have to collaborate in order to balance their consumption and production over a given time horizon. Such time horizon is divided into a set T = {0 ,. .. , t' −1 } of t' time periods where t = [ t , t+1), for each t ∈ {0, 1, 2,. .. ,t' − 1}. Typically the time horizon has a length of 24 hours divided into 24 periods of 1 hour. Client-partner collaboration is established by the use of a set of contracts of consumption and/or production, both offered by the partner, each one having its own functional constraints and gain/cost functions. At each time period, the client is free to enter into a commitment with the partner through any subset of contracts. However, such commitments must be honored. Also, at any time period, the client can consume the energy resource out of any engaged contract but at a very high cost which can vary with the time period. The client system is composed of subsystems that produce/consume the energy resource. Each subsystem also presents functional constraints and a cost/gain of consuming/producing over the time periods. From a real-time point of view, the instantaneous production/consumption of each system is measured every ∆ time units.
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