, The Impact of the Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism on Louisiana's Economy and Quality of Life for Louisiana Citizens, PBS.org, vol.24, 2004.

R. D. Abrahams, N. Spitzer, J. F. Szwed, and R. Thompson, Blues for New Orleans: Mardi Gras and America's Creole Soul, 2006.

M. Agier, Anthropologie du carnaval. La ville, la fête et l'Afrique à Bahia, 2000.

M. Alexander, Zulus Bring Zulus to New Orleans, 2006.

C. Babington, Hastert Tries Damage Control After Remarks Hit a Nerve, Washington Post, vol.3, 2005.

M. Bakhtin, Translated by Hélène Iswolsky, 1984.

K. Barber, Mardi Gras and Post-Katrina Politics, 2009.

D. Barry, In Mardi Gras, a City Leans to Party Again, New York Times, 2006.

K. Bates and . Grisby, Zulu Krewe Loves a Parade, 2006.

C. Becker, New Orleans Mardi Gras Indians: Mediating Racial Politics from the Backstreets to Main Streets, African Arts, vol.46, pp.36-49, 2013.

C. Burdeau, Katrina Refugees Say It's No Time to Party for Mardi Gras, San Diego Daily Transcript, 2005.

R. D. Burton, Afro-Creole: Power, Opposition, and Play in the Caribbean, 1997.

R. Campanella, Bienville's Dilemma. A Historical Geography of, 2008.

T. J. Campanella, Urban Resilience and the Recovery of New Orleans, Journal of the American Planning Association, vol.72, issue.2, pp.141-146, 2006.

A. Cohen, Masquerade Politics: Explorations in the Structure of Urban Cultural Contexts, 1993.

E. Cohn and . Paul, Too Soon to Party, Times-Picayune, 2006.

R. Damatta, Rogues and Heroes: An Interpretation of the Brazilian Dilemma, 1991.

K. Deloughery, Is New Orleans Ready to Celebrate After Katrina? Evidence from Mardi Gras and the Tourism Industry, Natural Disaster Analysis after Hurricane Katrina: Risk Assessment, Economic Impacts, and Social Implications, pp.134-146, 2008.

C. L. Dufour, Mardi Gras Is More Fun If You Are Dressed For It. Here Is the Greatest Free Show on Earth, Southern Living, pp.14-19, 1967.

T. W. Eagleton and . Benjamin, or Towards a Revolutionary Criticism, 1981.

C. J. Forsyth, Parade Strippers: A Note on Being Naked in Public, Deviant Behavior, vol.13, pp.391-403, 1992.

R. Girard and L. Violence, , 1972.

K. Gotham and . Fox, Tourism from Above and Below: Globalization, Localization and New Orleans's Mardi Gras, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol.29, pp.309-326, 2005.

K. Gotham, R. Fox, and . Campanella, Constructions of Resilience: Ethnoracial Diversity, Inequality, and Post-Katrina Recovery, the Case of New Orleans, Social Sciences, vol.2, issue.4, pp.298-317, 2013.

W. Hallett-richard and J. Kaplan-veinger, Official Tourism Websites: A Discourse Analysis Perspective, 2010.

. Kapucu, C. V. Naim, F. I. Hawkins, and . Rivera, Disaster Resiliency: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 2012.

S. Kinser, A. Carnival, and . Style, Mardi Gras at New Orleans and Mobile, 1990.

S. Kinser, Violence Ritually Enjoined: The Mardi Gras Indians of New Orleans, Cahiers de littérature orale de l'INALCO, vol.37, pp.116-150, 1995.

A. B. Kushner, Is Louisiana the Most Corrupt State?, Time, vol.10, 2010.

K. J. Leong, A. Christopher, A. Airriess, V. M. Chia-chen-chen, and . Keith, Resilient History and the Rebuilding of a Community: The Vietnamese American Community in New Orleans East, American Journal of History, vol.94, pp.770-779, 2007.

G. Lipsitz, Mardi Gras Indians: Carnival and Counter-Narrative in Black New Orleans, Cultural Critique, vol.10, pp.99-121, 1988.
DOI : 10.2307/1354109

A. P. Long, The Great Southern Babylon: Sex, Race, and Respectability in New Orleans, 1865-1920, 2005.

R. Mitchell, Carnival and Katrina, Journal of American History, vol.94, pp.789-794, 2007.
DOI : 10.2307/25095140

R. Mitchell, All on Mardi Gras Day: Episodes in the History of New Orleans Carnival, 2009.

R. Mowbray, Mardi Gras to Seek Its First Sponsor, Times-Picayune, 2005.

R. Nagin, Speech Given during a Program at City Hall Commemorating Martin Luther King, Jr, 2006.

M. Pelling, The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural Disasters and Social Resilience, 2003.

S. Pickett, M. Cadenasso, and B. Mcgrath, Resilience in Ecology and Urban Design, 2013.

H. Price, Resilience and Resistance: Public Narratives from Post-Katrina New Orleans, 2006.

C. L. Redman, Resilience Theory in Archeology, American Anthropologist, vol.107, pp.70-77, 2005.

K. Ringle, Mardi Gras After Katrina: Laughing In the Face of Fate, Washington Post, 2006.

G. Rivlin, Mardi Gras All Set to Go, But Officials Want Help, New York Times, 2006.

J. Roach, Carnival and the Law in New Orleans, The Drama Review, vol.37, pp.42-73, 1993.

C. Rose, Dead in Attic: After Katrina, 2005.

K. Rozario, Making Progress: Disaster Narratives and the Art of Optimism in Modern America, The Resilient City: How Modern Cities Recover from Disaster, pp.27-54, 2005.

J. A. Schumpeter, . Capitalism, . Socialism, . Democracy, and . London, , 2013.

J. C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts, 1990.

Y. Sheffi, The Resilient Enterprise, 2005.

R. J. Sparks, An Anchor to the People: Hurricane Katrina, Religious Life, and Recovery in New Orleans, Journal of Southern Religion, 2009.

R. Sparks, American Sodom: New Orleans Faces Its Critics and an Uncertain Future, Resilient City"? The Double Face of the 2006 Mardi Gras Celebr
DOI : 10.4000/nuevomundo.3941
URL : https://doi.org/10.4000/nuevomundo.3941

, It is now used across academic disciplines -psychology, biology, sociology, economics, ecology, environmental science, archeology, and urban studies -to refer to the capacity of a system (a species, a company, a city, etc.) to spring back into shape, to recover quickly from difficulties, i.e "[to] return to a pre-disaster state of stability or equilibrium" (Gotham and Campanella 299), the field of material science, the concept of resilience has become pervasive (one might even say "fashionable") in recent years, 2006.

C. Pickett and . Mcgrath,

;. Redman, . Vale, ;. Campanella, and . Sheffi,

, Still America's Most Romantic, Walkable, Historic City, respectively coined by the New Orleans Metropolitan Convention and Visitors Bureau (NOMCVB) and the New Orleans Jazz Orchestra (NOJO)

, Unfortunately, this 2006 logo could not be retrieved via a Google search, and we must NuevoMundo, Mundos Nuevos, vol.8, p.15, 2007.

P. Stallybrass and A. White, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression, 1986.

R. W. Stevenson and A. E. Kornblut, Director of FEMA Stripped of Role as Relief Leader, New York Times, vol.10, 2005.

J. Swenson, New Atlantis: Musicians Battle for the Survival of, 2011.

R. Tallant, Mardi Gras? As It Was, 1947.

L. J. Vale and T. J. Campanella, The Resilient City: How Modern Cities Recover from Disaster, 2005.

K. Vaz and . Marie, The "Baby Dolls": Breaking the Race and Gender Barriers of the New Orleans Mardi Gras Tradition, 2013.

T. Weiss, The Economic Impact of the Mardi Gras Season on the New Orleans Economy and the Net Fiscal Benefit of Staging Mardi Gras for the City of New Orleans, 2011.

K. H. Williams, W. Riley, and R. A. Williams, Keeping Tourists Safe: The Resurgence and Resilience of Mardi Gras in New Orleans, 26 th EuroCHRIE Conference. Dubai. October, 2008.

J. Zaninetti and M. Lee, ): sous l'influence du cyclone Katrina, The Double Face of the 2006 Mardi Gras Celebr, vol.109, 2005.

, therefore take Hallett's and Kaplan-Weinger's word for it

, As explained here, this was the result of a last-minute lobbying campaign by a private citizen named Steve Apple

, One notable exception to that tolerance has been the conviction of former mayor Ray Nagin in February 2014 on twenty of twenty-one charges of wire fraud, bribery, and money laundering related to payoffs, free trips, and gratuities from city contractors before and after Hurricane Katrina. The first mayor of New Orleans to be criminally charged for corruption while in office, Nagin is now serving a ten-year sentence in a Texas federal prison. Times-Picayune journalists and watchdog groups such as the Bureau of Governmental Research, the New Orleans Anti-Corruption Coalition

, for instance, yellow fever hit the lower Mississippi River Valley and killed over 30,000 people from New Orleans to Memphis, Tennessee, and beyond. Over 4,000 people died in New Orleans alone, vol.1878

, On this particular subject, see David Redmon's 2005 documentary film, Made in China (Carnivalesque Films)

G. Aurélie and «. City, Aurélie Godet currently holds a position as Senior Lecturer in U.S. history at Paris Diderot University, Since 2013 she has been investigating U.S. festive practices and Louisiana political culture, leading her to showcase the infra-political dimension of New Orleans Mardi Gras. Her publications on this subject include: "'Meet De Boys on the Battlefront': Festive Parades and the Struggle for Public Space in New Orleans Post Katrina, vol.14, 2008.

, elle a travaillé sur l'évolution des mouvements conservateurs au cours des XX e et XXI e siècles, publiant notamment un ouvrage sur le mouvement Tea Party (Le Tea Party. Portrait d'une Amérique désorientée) aux éditions Vendémiaire en 2012. Depuis la fin 2013, elle enquête sur les liens entre carnaval et politique à la Nouvelle-Orléans. Ce travail devrait donner lieu à la publication d'une histoire politique du carnaval louisianais. Copyright E-rea est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution, titulaire de l'agrégation d'anglais (2003) et d'un doctorat d'études anglophones, 2000.