M. Salimbeni, W. Santulin, S. Scherer, D. Schippkus, S. Schulte-kortnack et al., More information on AlpArray can be found at www.alpar ray.ethz.ch. AlpArray would not exist without the financial commitment of numerous national funding agencies and institutions for which we thank here

, ); (f) CzechGeo/EPOS (large research infrastructure, Grants LM2010008 and LM2015079); (g) Austrian Science Fund FWF (Project Numbers 26391 and 30707); (h) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG (Grants SPP2017 and MerMet 14-94); (i) INGV for committing internal funding, (b) National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, Hungary (Grant NKFI K124241); (c) Hungarian Academy of Sciences

, ANR-AA-EQPX-0040); (l) French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) for funding the EGS-Alsace project; (m) Labex OSUG@2020 programme (Investissements d'Avenir, France, ANR10 LABX56); (n) Croatian Science Foundation, RESIF National Research Infrastructure (Investissements d'Avenir, France

. Similarly, AlpArray would not exist without the long-term operation and improvement of numerous permanent networks in the region

, A second, anonymous reviewer is acknowledged for his suggestions. Thanks to Jörn Kummerow for excavating original TRANSALP station information. The AlpArray logo was selected by internal voting of project participants of that time among several anonymous designs; the final logo was created by Dénes Hetényi whom we acknowledge here. Maps have been prepared using the Generic Mapping Tools, Many thanks to Stephan Husen and Alex Brisbourne for their input during the incubation of the project and to Stefan Schmid for continuous support and constructive review, 2013.

A. Network, Eastern Alpine Seismic Investigation (EASI)-AlpArray Complementary Experiment. AlpArray Working Group, 2014.

A. Network, AlpArray Seismic Network (AASN) temporary component. AlpArray Working Group, 2015.

A. Network, Central Adriatic Seismic Experiment (CASE)-AlpArray. AlpArray Working Group, 2016.

, A Lithospheric seismic profile along the axis of the Alps, 1975, I: first results, Pure Appl Geophys, vol.114, pp.1109-1130, 1976.

A. Amato, Passive seismology and deep structure in central Italy, Pure Appl Geophys, vol.151, pp.479-493, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s000240050124

F. M. Anglin, Detection capabilities of the Yellowknife seismic array and regional seismicity, Bull Seismol Soc Am, vol.61, pp.993-1008, 1971.

V. Babu?ka, J. Plomerová, and M. Granet, The deep lithosphere in the Alps: a model inferred from P residuals, Tectonophysics, vol.176, pp.137-165, 1990.

G. Barruol, M. Bonnin, H. Pedersen, G. Bokelmann, and C. Tiberi, Belt-parallel mantle flow beneath a halted continental collision: the Western Alps, Earth Planet Sci Lett, vol.302, pp.429-438, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.040
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617828

B. Beránek, A. Dudek, and M. Zounková, Velocity models of the crust in the Bohemian Massif and the Western Carpathians (Rychlostní modely stavby zemské k?ry v ?eském masívu a Západních Karpatech), J Geol Sci Appl Geophys, vol.13, pp.7-17, 1975.

M. Beyreuther, R. Barsch, L. Krischer, T. Megies, Y. Behr et al., ObsPy: a python toolbox for seismology, Seismol Res Lett, vol.81, pp.530-533, 2010.
DOI : 10.1785/gssrl.81.3.530

I. Bianchi, M. Anselmi, M. T. Apoloner, E. Qorbani, K. Gribovski et al., The installation campaign of 9 seismic stations around the KTB site to test anisotropy detection by the receiver function technique, Adv Geosci, vol.41, pp.11-23, 2015.

D. J. Blundell, R. Freeman, and S. Müller, A continent revealed. The European geotraverse, structure and dynamic evolution, p.288, 1992.

R. Bousquet, S. M. Schmid, and G. Zeilinger, Tectonic framework of the Alps. CCGM/CGMW, commission for the geological map of the world, 2012.

E. Brückl and F. Bleibinhaus, The ALP2002 refraction experiment and its relation to TRANSALP, Alp2002 working group, vol.54, pp.239-242, 2003.

E. Brückl, ALPASS-passive seismic monitoring in the Eastern Alps. Poster Presentation at AGU Fall Meeting, pp.5-9, 2005.

E. Brückl, M. Behm, and K. Decker, Crustal structure and active tectonics in the Eastern Alps. Tectonics 29:TC2011, 2010.

H. Bungum, E. S. Husebye, and F. Ringdal, The NORSAR array and preliminary results of data analysis, Geophys J Int, vol.25, pp.115-126, 1971.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246x.1971.tb02334.x
URL : https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/25/1-3/115/1517073/25-1-3-115.pdf

B. Buttkus, Ten years of the Gräfenberg array, Geologisches Jahrbuch Reihe E, vol.35, 1986.

C. Ciesin, Gridded population of the World Version, GPWv3): population density grids, vol.3, 2005.

P. Cnrs, B. Dando, G. W. Stuart, G. A. Houseman, E. Hegedus et al., Teleseismic tomography of the mantle in the Carpathian-Pannonian region of central Europe, Recherches séismologiques dans les Alpes Occidentales au moyen de grandes explosions en, vol.186, pp.11-31, 1956.

T. Diehl, S. Husen, E. Kissling, and N. Deichmann, High-resolution 3-D P-wave model of the Alpine crust, Geophys J Int, vol.179, pp.1133-1147, 2009.

D. Stefano, R. Kissling, E. Chiarabba, C. Amato, A. Giardini et al., Shallow subduction beneath Italy: three-dimensional images of the Adriatic-European-Tyrrhenian lithosphere system based on highquality P wave arrival times, J Geophys Res, vol.114, 2009.

D. Stefano, R. Bianchi, I. Ciaccio, M. G. Carrara, G. Kissling et al., Three-dimensional Moho topography in Italy: new constraints from receiver functions and controlled source seismology, Geochem Geophys Geosystems, vol.12, 2011.

C. Faccenna, T. W. Becker, F. P. Lucente, L. Jolivet, and F. Rossetti, History of subduction and back-arc extension in the Central Mediterranean, Geophys J Int, vol.145, pp.809-820, 2001.

G. Ferrari, Two hundred years of seismic instruments in Italy 1731-1940. SGA, Bologna Frosch RA, Green PE (1966) The concept of the large aperture seismic array, Proc R Soc Lond Ser A, vol.290, pp.368-384, 1992.

B. Fry, F. Deschamps, E. Kissling, L. Stehly, and D. Giardini, Layered azimuthal anisotropy of Rayleigh wave phase velocities in the European Alpine lithosphere inferred from ambient noise, Earth Planet Sci Lett, vol.297, pp.95-102, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00730550

F. Fuchs, P. Kolínský, G. Gröschl, and G. Bokelmann, AlpArray Working Group (2016) AlpArray in Austria and Slovakia: technical realization, site description and noise characterization, Adv Geosci, vol.43, pp.1-13
DOI : 10.5194/adgeo-43-1-2016
URL : https://www.adv-geosci.net/43/1/2016/adgeo-43-1-2016.pdf

W. H. Geissler, H. Kämpf, and R. Kind, Seismic structure and location of a CO 2 source in the upper mantle of the western Eger (Oh?e) Rift, central, Europe. Tectonics, vol.24, p.5001, 2005.

3. Géofrance, Colloque GéoFrance 3D-résultats et perspectives, Documents du BRGM, p.293, 1999.

G. Giacomuzzi, C. Chiarabba, D. Gori, and P. , Linking the Alps and Apennines subduction systems: new constraints revealed by high-resolution teleseismic tomography, Earth Planet Sci Lett, vol.301, pp.31-543, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.033

G. Giacomuzzi, M. Civalleri, D. Gori, P. Chiarabba, and C. , A 3D Vs model of the upper mantle beneath Italy: insight on the geodynamics of central Mediterranean, Earth Planet Sci Lett, vol.335, pp.105-120, 2012.

A. Govoni, L. Bonatto, and M. Capello, AlpArray-Italy: site description and noise characterization, Adv Geosci, vol.43, pp.39-52, 2017.
DOI : 10.5194/adgeo-43-39-2017
URL : https://www.adv-geosci.net/43/39/2017/adgeo-43-39-2017.pdf

M. Grad, T. Janik, and A. Guterch, Lithospheric structure of the western part of the East European Craton investigated by deep seismic profiles, Geol Q, vol.50, pp.9-22, 2006.

M. Granet, G. Stool, J. Dorel, U. Achauer, G. Poupinet et al., Massif central (France): new constraints on the geodynamical evolution from teleseismic tomography, Geophys J Int, vol.121, pp.3-48, 1995.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246x.1995.tb03509.x
URL : https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/121/1/33/1649007/121-1-33.pdf

G. Grünthal, R. Wahlström, and D. Stromeyer, The SHARE European earthquake catalogue (SHEEC) for the time period 1900-2006 and its comparison to the European-Mediterranean earthquake catalogue (EMEC), J Seismol, vol.17, pp.1339-1344, 2013.

M. R. Handy, S. M. Schmid, R. Bousquet, E. Kissling, and D. Bernoulli, Reconciling plate-tectonic reconstructions of Alpine Tethys with the geological-geophysical record of spreading and subduction in the Alps, Earth Sci Rev, vol.102, pp.121-158, 2010.

M. R. Handy, K. Ustaszewski, and E. Kissling, Reconstructing the Alps-Carpathians-Dinarides as a key to understanding switches in subduction polarity, slab gaps and surface motion, Int J Earth Sci, vol.104, pp.1-26, 2015.

B. Heit, M. Weber, F. Tilmann, C. Haberland, Y. Jia et al., The Swath-D seismic network in Italy and Austria. GFZ Data Services, 2017.

G. Hetényi, G. W. Stuart, G. A. Houseman, F. Horváth, E. Heged?s et al., Anomalously deep mantle transition zone below Central Europe: evidence of lithospheric instability, Geophys Res Lett, vol.36, p.21307, 2009.

G. Hetényi, Y. Ren, B. Dando, G. W. Stuart, E. Heged?s et al., Crustal structure of the Pannonian basin: the AlCaPa and Tisza Terrains and the Mid-Hungarian zone, vol.646, pp.106-116, 2015.

G. Hetényi, R. Cattin, T. Berthet, L. Moigne, N. Chophel et al., Segmentation of the Himalayas as revealed by arc-parallel gravity anomalies, Sci Rep, vol.6, p.33866, 2016.

G. Hetényi, J. Plomerová, S. Solarino, M. Scarponi, L. Vecsey et al., IvreaArray-an AlpArray complementary experiment, 2017.

T. Hyvönen, E. Kozlovskaya, . Svekalapko-seismic-tomography-working, and . Group, Deep seismic topography of the crust and lithosphere-astenosphere system in the Fennoscandian shield-prestudies and first results, Lithosphere 2000-a symposium on the structure, composition and evolution of the lithosphere in Finland, pp.35-41, 2000.

, USArray transportable array. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks, IberArray. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks. Other/Seismic Network, p.224, 2003.

H. Karousová, J. Plomerová, and V. Babu?ka, Upper mantle structure beneath the southern Bohemian Massif and its surroundings imaged by high-resolution tomography, Geophys J Int, vol.194, pp.1203-1215, 2013.

C. G. Keen, J. Montgomery, W. Mowat, J. E. Mullard, and D. C. Platt, British seismometer array recording systems, Radio Electron Eng, vol.30, pp.297-306, 1965.
DOI : 10.1049/ree.1965.0106

E. Kissling, S. M. Schmid, R. Lippitsch, J. Ansorge, and B. Fügenschuh, Lithosphere structure and tectonic evolution of the Alpine arc: new evidence from high-resolution teleseismic tomography, European lithosphere dynamics. Geol Soc Lond Mem, vol.32, pp.129-145, 2006.

E. Kozlovskaya, . Polenet/lapnet-working, and . Group, POLENET/LAPNET-a multidisciplinary seismic array research in northern Fennoscandia: first results, Geophys Res Abs, vol.10, pp.2008-07878, 2008.

L. Krischer, T. Megies, R. Barsch, M. Beyreuther, T. Lecocq et al., ObsPy: a bridge for seismology into the scientific Python ecosystem, Comput Sci Discov, vol.8, p.14003, 2015.

J. Kummerow, R. Kind, and O. Oncken, A natural and controlled source seismic profile through the Eastern Alps, TRANSALP. Earth Planet Sci Lett, vol.225, pp.115-129, 2004.

J. Kummerow, R. Kind, . Transalp-working, and . Group, Shear wave splitting in the Eastern Alps observed at the TRANSALP network, Tectonophysics, vol.414, pp.117-125, 2006.

C. Larroque, O. Scotti, and M. Ioualalen, Reappraisal of the 1887 Ligurian earthquake (western Mediterranean) from macroseismicity, active tectonics and tsunami modelling, Geophys J Int, vol.190, pp.87-104, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00715980

A. Levander, Continuing Colorado plateau uplift by delamination-style convective lithospheric downwelling, Nature, vol.472, pp.461-465, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nature10001

R. Lippitsch, E. Kissling, and J. Ansorge, Upper mantle structure beneath the Alpine orogen from high-resolution teleseismic tomography, J Geophys Res, vol.108, p.2376, 2003.

L. Margheriti, F. P. Lucente, and S. Pondrelli, SKS splitting measurements in the Apenninic-Tyrrhenian domains (Italy) and their relation with lithospheric subduction and mantle convection, J Geophys Res, vol.108, p.2218, 2003.

L. Margheriti, S. Pondrelli, and D. Piccinini, RETREAT seismic deployment in the Northern Apennines, Ann Geophys, vol.49, pp.4-5, 2006.

T. Megies, M. Beyreuther, R. Barsch, L. Krischer, and J. Wassermann, ObsPy-what can it do for data centers and observatories?, Ann Geophys, vol.54, pp.47-58, 2011.

A. Meltzer, USArray initiative, GSA Today, vol.9, pp.8-10, 1999.

U. Mitterbauer, M. Behm, E. Brückl, R. Lippitsch, A. Guterch et al., Shape and origin of the East-Alp slab constrained by the ALPASS teleseismic model, Tectonophysics, vol.510, pp.195-206, 2011.

I. Molinari, J. Verbeke, L. Boschi, E. Kissling, and A. Morelli, Italian and Alpine three-dimensional crustal structure imaged by ambient-noise surface-wave dispersion, Geochem Geophys Geosystems, vol.16, pp.4405-4421, 2015.
DOI : 10.1002/2015gc006176
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01270621

I. Molinari, J. Clinton, and E. Kissling, Swiss-AlpArray temporary broadband seismic stations deployment and noise characterization, Adv Geosci, vol.43, pp.15-29, 2016.
DOI : 10.5194/adgeo-43-15-2016
URL : https://www.adv-geosci.net/43/15/2016/adgeo-43-15-2016.pdf

M. P. Moschetti, Seismic evidence for widespread western-US deep-crustal deformation caused by extension, Nature, vol.464, pp.885-889, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nature08951

H. Munzarová, J. Plomerová, V. Babu?ka, and L. Vecsey, Upper-mantle fabrics beneath the Northern Apennines revealed by seismic anisotropy, Geochem Geophys Geosystems, vol.14, pp.1156-1181, 2013.

O. Oncken, G. Chong, G. Franz, P. Giese, H. J. Götze et al., The Andes: active subduction orogeny, p.569, 2006.

O. A. Pfiffner, P. Lehner, P. Heitzmann, S. Mueller, and A. Steck, Deep structure of the Swiss Alps, 1997.

C. Piromallo and A. Morelli, P wave tomography of the mantle under the Alpine-Mediterranean area, J Geophys Res, vol.108, p.2065, 2003.

C. Piromallo and C. Faccenna, How deep can we find the traces of Alpine subduction, Geophys Res Lett, vol.31, p.6605, 2004.

M. Pistone, O. Müntener, L. Ziberna, G. Hetényi, and A. Zanetti, Report on the ICDP workshop DIVE (Drilling the Ivrea-Verbano ZonE), Sci Drill, vol.23, pp.47-56, 2017.
DOI : 10.5194/sd-23-47-2017
URL : https://www.sci-dril.net/23/47/2017/sd-23-47-2017.pdf

J. Plomerová and V. Babu?ka, Long memory of mantle lithosphere fabric-European LAB constrained from seismic anisotropy, Lithos, vol.120, pp.131-143, 2010.

J. Plomerová, V. Babu?ka, J. ?ílený, and J. Horálek, Seismic anisotropy and velocity variations in the mantle beneath the Saxothuringicum-Moldanubicum contact in central, Europe. Pure Appl Geophys, vol.151, pp.365-394, 1998.

J. Plomerová, L. Vecsey, V. Babu?ka, M. Granet, and U. Achauer, Passive seismic experiment MOSAIC-a pilote study of mantle lithosphere of the Bohemian Massif, Stud Geophys Geod, vol.49, pp.541-560, 2005.

J. Plomerová, L. Margheriti, and J. Park, Seismic anisotropy beneath the Northern Apennines (Italy): mantle flow or lithosphere fabric?, Earth Planet Sci Lett, vol.247, pp.157-170, 2006.

J. Plomerová, L. Vecsey, and V. Babu?ka, Mapping seismic anisotropy of the lithospheric mantle beneath the northern and eastern, Tectonophysics, vol.564, pp.38-53, 2012.

C. Prodehl and W. D. Mooney, Exploring the Earth's crust: history and results of controlled-source seismology, GSA Memoirs, vol.208, 2012.

E. Qorbani, G. Bokelmann, I. Kovács, F. Horváth, and G. Falus, Deformation in the asthenospheric mantle beneath the Carpathian-Pannonian region, J Geophys Res, vol.121, pp.6644-6657, 2016.

H. Reich, Seismische Beobachtungen bei gro?en Steinbruchsprengungen und deren Ergebnisse, Z dr Geol Ges, vol.104, pp.174-175, 1952.

Y. Ren, S. Grecu, G. Stuart, G. Houseman, E. Hegedus et al., Crustal structure of the Carpathian-Pannonian region from ambient noise tomography, Geophys J Int, vol.195, pp.1351-1369, 2013.

J. Ritter, U. Achauer, and U. R. Christensen, Team The Eifel Plume (2000) The teleseismic tomography experiment in the Eifel Region, Central Europe: design and first results, Seismol Res Lett, vol.71, pp.437-443

J. Ritter, M. Wagner, K. P. Bonjer, and D. Schmidt, The 2005 Heidelberg and Speyer earthquakes and their relationships to active tectonics in the central Upper Rhine Graben, Int J Earth Sci, vol.98, pp.697-705, 2009.

S. Rost and C. Thomas, Array seismology: methods and applications, Rev Geophys, vol.40, p.1008, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2000rg000100
URL : https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2000RG000100

F. Roure, R. Polino, and R. Nicolich, Early Neogene deformation beneath the Po plain, constraints on the postcollisional Alpine evolution, Deep structure of the Alps, vol.1, pp.309-322, 1990.

S. Salimbeni, S. Pondrelli, and L. Margheriti, Hints on the deformation penetration induced by subductions and collision processes: seismic anisotropy beneath the Adria region (Central Mediterranean), J Geophys Res, vol.118, pp.5814-5826, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/2013jb010253

S. M. Schmid and D. Slejko, Seismic source characterization of the Alpine foreland in the context of a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis by PEGASOS Expert Group 1 (EG1a), Swiss J Geosci, vol.102, pp.121-148, 2009.

S. Schmid, B. Fügenschuh, B. Kissling, and R. Schuster, Tectonic map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen, Eclogae Geol Helv, vol.97, pp.93-117, 2004.

S. M. Schmid, D. Bernoulli, and B. Fügenschuh, The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units, Swiss J Geosci, vol.101, pp.139-183, 2008.

S. M. Schmid, E. Kissling, T. Diehl, D. Van-hinsbergen, and M. G. , Ivrea mantle wedge, arc of the Western Alps, and kinematic evolution of the Alps-Apennines orogenic system, Swiss J Geosci, vol.110, pp.581-612, 2017.

M. Spada, I. Bianchi, E. Kissling, P. Agostinetti, N. Wiemer et al., Combining controlled-source seismology and receiver function information to derive 3-D Moho topography for Italy, Geophys J Int, vol.194, pp.1050-1068, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggt148
URL : https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/194/2/1050/17052682/ggt148.pdf

W. Spakman and M. Wortel, The transmed Atlas-the mediterranean region from crust to mantle, pp.31-52, 2004.

M. Stucchi, A. Rovida, and A. A. Gomez-capera, The European earthquake catalogue (SHEEC) 1000-1899, J Seismol, vol.17, pp.523-544, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s10950-012-9335-2
URL : https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10950-012-9335-2.pdf

S. Suba?i?, S. Prevolnik, D. Herak, and M. Herak, Observations of SKS splitting in the central external Dinarides-Adria collision zone, Tectonophysics, vol.705, pp.93-100, 2017.

. Tor-working-group, J. Plomerová, V. Babu?ka, L. Vecsey, and D. Kouba, Seismic anisotropy of the lithosphere around the trans-European Suture zone (TESZ) based on teleseismic body-wave data of the TOR experiment, Tectonophysics, vol.360, issue.02, pp.349-358, 2002.

K. Ustaszewski, S. M. Schmid, B. Fügenschuh, M. Tischler, E. Kissling et al., A map-view restoration of the Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic system for the early Miocene, Swiss J Geosci, vol.101, pp.273-294, 2008.

L. Vecsey, J. Plomerová, P. Jedli?ka, H. Munzarová, and V. Babu?ka, AlpArray Working Group (2017) Data quality control and tools in passive seismic experiments exemplified on Czech broad-band seismic pool MOB-NET in the AlpArray collaborative project, Geosci Instrum Methods Data Syst, vol.6, pp.505-521

G. Vignaroli, C. Faccenna, L. Jolivet, C. Piromallo, and F. Rossetti, Subduction polarity reversal at the junction between the Western Alps and the Northern Apennines, Italy. Tectonophys, vol.450, pp.34-50, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.12.012
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00442089

G. Vignaroli, C. Faccenna, and F. Rossetti, ): arguments for an extensional origin and implications for the Alps-Apennines linkage, Int J Earth Sci, vol.98, pp.1077-1093, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00531-008-0305-4

P. Wessel, Generic mapping tools: improved version released, EOS Trans AGU, vol.94, pp.409-410, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/2013eo450001
URL : https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2013EO450001

M. Wilde-piórko, W. H. Geissler, and J. Plomerová, PASSEQ 2006-2008: passive seismic experiment in trans-European Suture zone, Stud Geophys Geod, vol.52, pp.439-448, 2008.

C. Yu, Y. Zheng, and X. Shang, Crazyseismic: a MATLAB GUI-based software package for passive seismic data preprocessing, Seismol Res Lett, vol.88, pp.410-415, 2017.
DOI : 10.1785/0220160207
URL : https://authors.library.caltech.edu/73702/2/410.full.pdf

L. Zhao, A. Paul, and S. Guillot, First seismic evidence for continental subduction beneath the Western Alps, Geology, vol.43, pp.815-818, 2015.
DOI : 10.1130/g36833.1

L. Zhao, A. Paul, and M. Malusà, Continuity of the Alpine slab unraveled by high-resolution P-wave tomography, J Geophys Res, vol.121, pp.8720-8737, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-02124374