M. Reivich, Measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolism in man with 18 F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose, Acta Neurol Scand Suppl, vol.64, pp.190-191, 1977.

C. Kennedy, O. Sakurada, M. Shinohara, J. Jehle, and L. Sokoloff, Local cerebral glucose utilization in the normal conscious macaque monkey, Ann Neurol, vol.4, pp.293-301, 1978.

M. E. Phelps, Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with (F-18)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: Validation of method, Ann Neurol, vol.6, pp.371-388, 1979.

D. L. Rothman, H-Observe/ 13 C-decouple spectroscopic measurements of lactate and glutamate in the rat brain in vivo, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.82, pp.1633-1637, 1985.

G. F. Mason, D. L. Rothman, K. L. Behar, and R. G. Shulman, NMR determination of the TCA cycle rate and alpha-ketoglutarate/glutamate exchange rate in rat brain, J CerebBlood Flow Metab, vol.12, pp.434-447, 1992.

G. F. Mason, Simultaneous determination of the rates of the TCA cycle, glucose utilization, alpha-ketoglutarate/glutamate exchange, and glutamine synthesis in human brain by NMR, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, vol.15, pp.12-25, 1995.

G. F. Mason, Measurement of the tricarboxylic acid cycle rate in human grey and white matter in vivo by 1 H-[ 13 C] magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 4.1T, J CerebBlood Flow Metab, vol.19, pp.1179-1188, 1999.

J. Shen, Determination of the rate of the glutamate/glutamine cycle in the human brain by in vivo 13 C NMR, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.96, pp.8235-8240, 1999.

R. Gruetter, E. R. Seaquist, and K. Ugurbil, A mathematical model of compartmentalized neurotransmitter metabolism in the human brain, AmJ Physiol Endocrinol Metab, vol.281, pp.100-112, 2001.

W. Chen, Study of tricarboxylic acid cycle flux changes in human visual cortex during hemifield visual stimulation using 1 H-[ 13 C] MRS and fMRI, Magn Reson Med, vol.45, pp.349-355, 2001.

N. Chhina, Measurement of human tricarboxylic acid cycle rates during visual activation by 13 C magnetic resonance spectroscopy, J Neurosci Res, vol.66, pp.737-746, 2001.

E. A. Shoubridge, R. W. Briggs, and G. K. Radda, 31 P NMR saturation transfer measurements of the steady state rates of creatine kinase and ATP synthetase in the rat brain, FEBS Lett, vol.140, pp.289-292, 1982.

H. Lei, K. Ugurbil, and W. Chen, Measurement of unidirectional Pi to ATP flux in human visual cortex at 7 T by using in vivo 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.100, pp.14409-14414, 2003.

X. H. Zhu, Development of 17 O NMR approach for fast imaging of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in rat brain at high field, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.99, pp.13194-13199, 2002.

N. Zhang, X. Zhu, H. Lei, K. Ugurbil, and W. Chen, Simplified methods for calculating cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen based on 17 O magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging measurement during a short 17 O2 inhalation, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, vol.24, pp.840-848, 2004.

X. Zhu, In vivo 17 O NMR approaches for brain study at high field, NMR Biomed, vol.18, pp.83-103, 2005.

T. R. Brown, K. Ugurbil, and R. G. Shulman, 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of ATPase kinetics in aerobic Escherichia coli cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.74, pp.5551-5553, 1977.

F. Du, Tightly coupled brain activity and cerebral ATP metabolic rate, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.105, pp.6409-6414, 2008.

S. L. Campbell-burk, J. A. Hollander, J. R. Alger, and R. G. Shulman, 31 P NMR saturationtransfer and 13 C NMR kinetic studies of glycolytic regulation during anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis, Biochemistry, vol.26, pp.7493-7500, 1987.

K. M. Brindle and G. K. Radda, 31 P-NMR saturation transfer measurements of exchange between Pi and ATP in the reactions catalysed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase in vitro, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.928, pp.45-55, 1987.

P. B. Kingsley-hickman, 31 P NMR studies of ATP synthesis and hydrolysis kinetics in the intact myocardium, Biochemistry, vol.26, pp.7501-7510, 1987.

B. M. Jucker, Assessment of mitochondrial energy coupling in vivo by 13 C/ 31 P NMR, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.97, pp.6880-6884, 2000.

V. Lebon, Effect of triiodothyronine on mitochondrial energy coupling in human skeletal muscle, J ClinInvest, vol.108, pp.733-737, 2001.

J. E. Jensen, D. J. Drost, R. S. Menon, and P. C. Williamson, vivo brain 31 P-MRS: Measuring the phospholipid resonances at 4 Tesla from small voxels, vol.15, pp.338-347, 2002.

G. Hamilton, N. Patel, D. M. Forton, J. V. Hajnal, and S. D. Taylor-robinson, Prior knowledge for time domain quantification of in vivo brain or liver 31 P MR spectra, NMR Biomed, vol.16, pp.168-176, 2003.

M. Boska, ATP production rates as a function of force level in the human gastrocnemius/soleus using 31 P MRS, Magn Reson Med, vol.32, pp.1-10, 1994.

V. L. Doyle, G. S. Payne, D. J. Collins, M. W. Verrill, and M. O. Leach, Quantification of phosphorus metabolites in human calf muscle and soft-tissue tumours from localized MR spectra acquired using surface coils, Phys Med Biol, vol.42, pp.691-706, 1997.

H. P. Hetherington, D. D. Spencer, J. T. Vaughan, and J. W. Pan, Quantitative 31 P spectroscopic imaging of human brain at 4 Tesla: Assessment of gray and white matter differences of phosphocreatine and ATP, Magn Reson Med, vol.45, pp.46-52, 2001.

J. J. Potwarka, D. J. Drost, and P. C. Williamson, Quantifying 1 H decoupled in vivo 31 P brain spectra, NMR Biomed, vol.12, pp.8-14, 1999.

F. Boumezbeur, Glycolysis versus TCA cycle in the primate brain as measured by combining 18 F-FDG PET and 13 C-NMR, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, vol.25, pp.1418-1423, 2005.

A. Noda, Age-related changes in cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in conscious rhesus monkeys, Brain Res, vol.936, pp.76-81, 2002.

R. G. Shulman, D. L. Rothman, K. L. Behar, and F. Hyder, Energetic basis of brain activity: Implications for neuroimaging, Trends Neurosci, vol.27, pp.489-495, 2004.

P. G. Henry, Decreased TCA cycle rate in the rat brain after acute 3-NP treatment measured by in vivo 1 H-[ 13 C] NMR spectroscopy, J Neurochem, vol.82, pp.857-866, 2002.

F. Orzi, Local cerebral glucose utilization in controlled graded levels of hyperglycemia in the conscious rat, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, vol.8, pp.346-356, 1988.

S. G. Hasselbalch, G. M. Knudsen, B. Capaldo, A. Postiglione, and O. B. Paulson, Blood-brain barrier transport and brain metabolism of glucose during acute hyperglycemia in humans, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, vol.86, pp.1986-1990, 2001.

J. Lukkarinen, J. M. Oja, M. Turunen, and R. A. Kauppinen, Quantitative determination of glutamate turnover by 1 H-observed, 13 C-edited nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the cerebral cortex ex vivo: Interrelationships with oxygen consumption, Neurochem Int, vol.31, pp.95-104, 1997.

B. S. Richardson, A. R. Hohimer, J. M. Bissonnette, and C. M. Machida, Cerebral metabolism in hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic fetal lambs, Am J Physiol, vol.245, pp.730-736, 1983.

D. A. Pelligrino, G. L. Becker, D. J. Miletich, and R. F. Albrecht, Cerebral mitochondrial respiration in diabetic and chronically hypoglycemic rats, Brain Res, vol.479, pp.241-246, 1989.

P. C. Hinkle, P/O ratios of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.1706, pp.1-11, 2005.

D. Liu, Mitochondrial UCP4 mediates an adaptive shift in energy metabolism and increases the resistance of neurons to metabolic and oxidative stress, Neuromol Med, vol.8, pp.389-414, 2006.

S. L. Chan, Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-4 regulates calcium homeostasis and sensitivity to store depletion-induced apoptosis in neural cells, J Biol Chem, vol.281, pp.37391-37403, 2006.

L. Pellerin and P. J. Magistretti, Glutamate uptake into astrocytes stimulates aerobic glycolysis: A mechanism coupling neuronal activity to glucose utilization, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.91, pp.10625-10629, 1994.

L. Pellerin, Activity-dependent regulation of energy metabolism by astrocytes: An update, Glia, vol.55, pp.1251-1262, 2007.

G. A. Dienel and N. F. Cruz, Nutrition during brain activation: Does cell-to-cell lactate shuttling contribute significantly to sweet and sour food for thought?, Neurochem Int, vol.45, pp.321-351, 2004.

M. Fillenz, The role of lactate in brain metabolism, Neurochem Int, vol.47, pp.413-417, 2005.

M. T. Lin and M. F. Beal, Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases, Nature, vol.443, pp.787-795, 2006.

E. Brouillet, C. Jacquard, N. Bizat, and D. Blum, 3-Nitropropionic acid: A mitochondrial toxin to uncover physiopathological mechanisms underlying striatal degeneration in Huntington's disease, J Neurochem, vol.95, pp.1521-1540, 2005.

J. F. Mangin, V. Frouin, I. Bloch, B. Bendriem, and J. Lopez-krahe, Fast nonsupervised 3D registration of PET and MR images of the brain, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, vol.14, pp.749-762, 1994.

C. Burger and A. Buck, Requirements and implementation of a flexible kinetic modeling tool, J Nucl Med, vol.38, pp.1818-1823, 1997.

R. Gruetter, Automatic, localized in vivo adjustment of all first-and second-order shim coils, Magn Reson Med, vol.29, pp.804-811, 1993.

R. A. De-graaf, Y. Luo, M. Garwood, and K. Nicolay, B1-insensitive, single-shot localization and water suppression, J Magn Reson B, vol.113, pp.35-45, 1996.

F. Boumezbeur, NMR measurement of brain oxidative metabolism in monkeys using 13 C-labeled glucose without a 13 C radiofrequency channel, Magn Reson Med, vol.52, pp.33-40, 2004.

I. Tkac, Z. Starcuk, I. Y. Choi, and R. Gruetter, In vivo 1 H NMR spectroscopy of rat brain at 1-ms echo time, Magn Reson Med, vol.41, pp.649-656, 1999.

A. Naressi, C. Couturier, I. Castang, R. De-beer, and D. Graveron-demilly, Java-based graphical user interface for MRUI, a software package for quantitation of in vivo/ medical magnetic resonance spectroscopy signals, Comput Biol Med, vol.31, pp.269-286, 2001.

H. Ratiney, Time-domain semi-parametric estimation based on a metabolite basis set, NMR Biomed, vol.18, pp.1-13, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00443422

V. Govindaraju, K. Young, and A. A. Maudsley, Proton NMR chemical shifts and coupling constants for brain metabolites, NMR Biomed, vol.13, pp.129-153, 2000.

J. Valette, M. Guillermier, P. Hantraye, and V. Lebon, OVS-localized 31 P NMR spectroscopy in the primate brain, Proceedings of the ISMRM meeting, p.3093, 2006.

L. Vanhamme, . Van-den, V. Ba, and S. Huffel, Improved method for accurate and efficient quantification of MRS data with use of prior knowledge, J Magn Reson, vol.129, pp.35-43, 1997.

H. Lei, X. H. Zhu, X. L. Zhang, K. Ugurbil, and W. Chen, In vivo 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human brain at 7 T: An initial experience, Magn Reson Med, vol.49, pp.199-205, 2003.