S. J. Shettleworth, Cognition, evolution, and behavior, 2010.

J. Van-horik and N. J. Emery, Evolution of cognition, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci, vol.2, pp.621-633, 2011.

J. O. Van-horik, N. S. Clayton, and N. J. Emery, Convergent evolution of cognition in corvids, apes and other animals, 2012.

E. L. Maclean, How does cognition evolve? Phylogenetic comparative psychology, Anim. Cogn, vol.15, pp.223-238, 2012.

A. Thornton, J. Isden, and J. R. Madden, Toward wild psychometrics: linking individual cognitive differences to fitness, Behav. Ecol, vol.25, pp.1299-1301, 2014.

M. Cauchoix and A. S. Chaine, How can we study the evolution of animal minds?, Front. Psychol, vol.7, p.358, 2016.

R. Dukas and E. A. Bernays, Learning improves growth rate in grasshoppers, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, vol.97, pp.2637-2640, 2000.

N. E. Raine and L. Chittka, The correlation of learning speed and natural foraging success in bumble-bees, 2008.

, Proc. R. Soc. B, vol.275, pp.803-808

G. Pasquier and C. Grüter, Individual learning performance and exploratory activity are linked to colony foraging success in a mass-recruiting ant, Behav. Ecol, vol.27, pp.1702-1709, 2016.

A. Maille and C. Schradin, Survival is linked with reaction time and spatial memory in African striped mice, Biol. Lett, vol.12, pp.646-652, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01372434

J. Keagy, J. Savard, and G. Borgia, Male satin bowerbird problem-solving ability predicts mating success, Anim. Behav, vol.78, pp.809-817, 2009.

E. F. Cole, J. Morand-ferron, A. E. Hinks, and J. L. Quinn, Cognitive ability influences reproductive life history variation in the wild, Curr. Biol, vol.22, pp.1808-1812, 2012.

L. Cauchard, N. J. Boogert, L. Lefebvre, F. Dubois, and B. Doligez, Problem-solving performance is correlated with reproductive success in a wild bird population, Anim. Behav, vol.85, pp.19-26, 2013.

B. J. Ashton, A. R. Ridley, E. K. Edwards, and A. Thornton, Cognitive performance is linked to group size and affects fitness in Australian magpies, Nature, vol.554, pp.364-367, 2018.

J. Isden, C. Panayi, C. Dingle, and J. Madden, Performance in cognitive and problem-solving tasks in male spotted bowerbirds does not correlate with mating success, Anim. Behav, vol.86, pp.829-838, 2013.

A. S. Dunlap and D. W. Stephens, Reliability, uncertainty, and costs in the evolution of animal learning, Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci, vol.12, pp.73-79, 2016.

F. Mery, Natural variation in learning and memory, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol, vol.23, pp.52-56, 2013.

T. J. Kawecki, Evolutionary ecology of learning: insights from fruit flies, Popul. Ecol, vol.52, pp.15-25, 2009.

A. Kotrschal, B. Rogell, A. Bundsen, B. Svensson, S. Zajitschek et al., Artificial selection on relative brain size in the guppy reveals costs and benefits of evolving a larger brain, Curr. Biol, vol.23, pp.168-171, 2013.

J. A. Endler, Natural selection in the wild, 1986.

M. R. Dohm, Repeatability estimates do not always set an upper limit to heritability, Funct. Ecol, vol.16, pp.273-280, 2002.

A. Edwards and D. S. Falconer, Introduction to quantitative genetics, Biometrics, vol.38, p.1128, 1982.

A. J. Wilson, How should we interpret estimates of individual repeatability?, Evol. Lett, vol.2, pp.4-8, 2018.

A. S. Griffin, L. M. Guillette, and S. D. Healy, Cognition and personality: an analysis of an emerging field, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.30, pp.207-214, 2015.

J. Martin and D. Réale, Temperament, risk assessment and habituation to novelty in eastern chipmunks, Tamias striatus, Anim. Behav, vol.75, pp.309-318, 2008.

A. M. Bell, S. J. Hankison, and K. L. Laskowski, The repeatability of behaviour: a meta-analysis, 2009.

, Anim. Behav, vol.77, pp.771-783

N. A. Dochtermann, T. Schwab, and A. Sih, The contribution of additive genetic variation to personality variation: heritability of personality, Proc. R. Soc. B, vol.282, 2015.

B. Holtmann, M. Lagisz, and S. Nakagawa, Metabolic rates, and not hormone levels, are a likely mediator rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org Phil, Trans. R. Soc. B, vol.373, pp.685-696, 2017.

N. Dingemanse and D. Réale, Natural selection and animal personality, Behaviour, vol.142, pp.1159-1184, 2005.

M. Nicolaus, J. M. Tinbergen, K. M. Bouwman, S. Michler, R. Ubels et al., Experimental evidence for adaptive personalities in a wild passerine bird, Proc. R. Soc. B, vol.279, pp.4885-4892, 2012.

N. J. Dingemanse and M. Wolf, Recent models for adaptive personality differences: a review, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol.365, pp.3947-3958, 2010.

S. Dall, A. I. Houston, and J. M. Mcnamara, The behavioural ecology of personality: consistent individual differences from an adaptive perspective, Ecol. Lett, vol.7, pp.734-739, 2004.

C. Hughes, A. Adlam, F. Happé, J. Jackson, A. Taylor et al., Good test -retest reliability for standard and advanced false-belief tasks across a wide range of abilities, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, vol.41, pp.483-490, 2000.

A. Guenther and V. Brust, Individual consistency in multiple cognitive performance: behavioural versus cognitive syndromes, Anim. Behav, vol.130, pp.119-131, 2017.

V. Brust and A. Guenther, Stability of the guinea pigs personality -cognition -linkage over time, Behav. Processes, vol.134, pp.4-11, 2017.

J. Gibelli and F. Dubois, Does personality affect the ability of individuals to track and respond to changing conditions?, Behav. Ecol, vol.28, pp.101-107, 2016.

M. C. Tello-ramos, C. L. Branch, A. M. Pitera, D. Y. Kozlovsky, E. S. Bridge et al., Memory in wild mountain chickadees from different elevations: comparing first-year birds with older survivors, Anim. Behav, vol.137, pp.149-160, 2018.

L. Chittka, A. G. Dyer, F. Bock, and A. Dornhaus, Psychophysics: bees trade off foraging speed for accuracy, Nature, vol.424, 2003.

S. Dalesman, A. Rendle, and S. Dall, Habitat stability, predation risk and 'memory syndromes, 2015.

, Sci. Rep, vol.5, 10538.

J. Morand-ferron, E. F. Cole, and J. L. Quinn, Studying the evolutionary ecology of cognition in the wild: a review of practical and conceptual challenges, Biol. Rev, vol.91, pp.367-389, 2016.

C. Rowe and S. D. Healy, Measuring variation in cognition, Behav. Ecol, vol.25, pp.1287-1292, 2014.

J. O. Van-horik, E. Langley, M. A. Whiteside, P. R. Laker, C. E. Beardsworth et al., Do detour tasks provide accurate assays of inhibitory control?, Proc. R. Soc. B, vol.285, 2018.

N. J. Dingemanse and N. A. Dochtermann, Quantifying individual variation in behaviour: mixed-effect modelling approaches, J. Anim. Ecol, vol.82, pp.39-54, 2013.

S. Nakagawa and H. Schielzeth, Repeatability for Gaussian and non-Gaussian data: a practical guide for biologists, Biol. Rev, vol.85, pp.935-956, 2010.

D. Moher, A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, D. G. Altman, P. The et al., Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, PLoS Med, vol.6, 2009.

A. L. Duckworth and M. L. Kern, A meta-analysis of the convergent validity of self-control measures, J. Res. Pers, vol.45, pp.259-268, 2011.

R. L. Rodríguez and M. D. Gloudeman, Estimating the repeatability of memories of captured prey formed by Frontinella communis spiders (Araneae: Linyphiidae), Anim. Cogn, vol.14, pp.675-682, 2011.

A. C. Schuster, U. Zimmermann, C. Hauer, and K. Foerster, A behavioural syndrome, but less evidence for a relationship with cognitive traits in a spatial orientation context, Front. Zool, vol.14, 2017.

A. C. Schuster, T. Carl, and K. Foerster, Repeatability and consistency of individual behaviour in juvenile and adult Eurasian harvest mice, Naturwissenschaften, vol.104, 2017.

R. C. Shaw, Testing cognition in the wild: factors affecting performance and individual consistency in two measures of avian cognition, Behav. Processes, vol.134, pp.31-36, 2017.

E. F. Cole, D. L. Cram, and J. L. Quinn, Individual variation in spontaneous problem-solving performance among wild great tits, Anim. Behav, vol.81, pp.491-498, 2011.

J. Koricheva, J. Gurevitch, and K. Mengersen, Handbook of meta-analysis in ecology and evolution, 2013.

. Development-core, R: a language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2017.

M. A. Stoffel, S. Nakagawa, and H. Schielzeth, rptR: repeatability estimation and variance decomposition by generalized linear mixed-effects models, Methods Ecol. Evol, vol.8, pp.1639-1644, 2017.

C. M. Lessells and P. T. Boag, Unrepeatable repeatabilities: a common mistake, Auk, vol.104, pp.116-121, 1987.

B. Holtmann, E. Santos, C. E. Lara, and S. Nakagawa, Personality-matching habitat choice, rather than behavioural plasticity, is a likely driver of a phenotype -environment covariance, Proc. R. Soc. B, vol.284, 2017.

M. E. Wolak, D. J. Fairbairn, and Y. R. Paulsen, Guidelines for estimating repeatability, Methods Ecol. Evol, vol.3, pp.129-137, 2011.

W. Viechtbauer, Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package, J. Stat. Softw, vol.36, pp.1-48, 2010.

C. E. Hinchliff, Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, vol.112, pp.764-776, 2015.

F. Michonneau, J. W. Brown, and D. Winter, 2016 rotl, an R package to interact with the Open Tree of Life data

S. Nakagawa and H. Schielzeth, The mean strikes back: mean-variance relationships and heteroscedasticity, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.27, pp.474-475, 2012.

Y. Benjamini and Y. Hochberg, Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing, J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol, vol.57, pp.289-300, 1995.

J. Higgins and S. G. Thompson, Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis, Stat. Med, vol.21, pp.1539-1558, 2002.

S. Nakagawa and E. Santos, Methodological issues and advances in biological meta-analysis, 2012.

, Evol. Ecol, vol.26, pp.1253-1274

M. Egger, D. Smith, G. Schneider, M. Minder, and C. , Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test, BMJ, vol.315, pp.629-634, 1997.

S. G. Moreno, A. J. Sutton, A. E. Ades, T. D. Stanley, K. R. Abrams et al., Assessment of regression-based methods to adjust for publication bias through a comprehensive simulation study, BMC Med. Res. Methodol, vol.9, 2009.

S. Nakagawa, D. Noble, A. M. Senior, and M. Lagisz,

, Meta-evaluation of meta-analysis: ten appraisal questions for biologists, BMC Biol, vol.15

R. Croston, C. L. Branch, D. Y. Kozlovsky, R. Dukas, and V. V. Pravosudov, Heritability and the evolution of cognitive traits, Behav. Ecol, vol.26, pp.1447-1459, 2015.

B. Sauce, S. Bendrath, M. Herzfeld, D. Siegel, C. Style et al., The impact of environmental interventions among mouse siblings on the heritability and malleability of general cognitive ability, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol.373, 2018.

E. Sorato, J. Zidar, L. Garnham, A. Wilson, and H. Lovlie, Heritabilities and co-variation among cognitive traits in red junglefowl, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol.373, 2018.

J. Burger, M. Kolss, J. Pont, and T. J. Kawecki, Learning ability and longevity: a symmetrical evolutionary trade-off in Drosophila, Evolution, vol.62, pp.1294-1304, 2008.

E. C. Snell-rood, G. Davidowitz, and D. R. Papaj, Reproductive tradeoffs of learning in a butterfly, Behav. Ecol, vol.22, pp.291-302, 2011.

R. C. Tryon, Studies in individual differences in maze ability. VII. The specific components of maze rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org Phil, J. Comp. Psychol, vol.373, pp.283-335, 1940.

A. Thornton and D. Lukas, Individual variation in cognitive performance: developmental and evolutionary perspectives, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol.367, pp.2773-2783, 2012.

C. J. Völter, B. Tinklenberg, J. Call, and A. M. Seed, Comparative psychometrics: establishing what differs is central to understanding what evolves, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol.373, 2018.

F. L. Wäckers and W. J. Lewis, A comparison of color-, shape-and pattern-learning by the hymenopteran parasitoid Microplitis croceipes, J. Comp. Physiol. A, vol.184, pp.387-393, 1999.

M. Aronsson and G. Gamberale-stille, Domestic chicks primarily attend to colour, not pattern, when learning an aposematic coloration, Anim. Behav, vol.75, pp.417-423, 2008.

M. O'hara, L. Huber, and G. K. Gajdon, The advantage of objects over images in discrimination and reversal learning by kea, Nestor notabilis, Anim. Behav, vol.101, pp.51-60, 2015.

P. Chow, L. A. Leaver, M. Wang, and S. Lea, Touch screen assays of behavioural flexibility and error characteristics in Eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), Anim. Cogn, vol.20, pp.459-471, 2017.

P. A. Biro and J. A. Stamps, Using repeatability to study physiological and behavioural traits: ignore time-related change at your peril, Anim. Behav, vol.105, pp.223-230, 2015.

M. Ono, R. Kawai, T. Horikoshi, T. Yasuoka, and M. Sakakibara, Associative learning acquisition and retention depends on developmental stage in Lymnaea stagnalis, Neurobiol. Learn. Mem, vol.78, pp.53-64, 2002.

T. Ushitani, C. J. Perry, K. Cheng, and A. B. Barron, Accelerated behavioural development changes finescale search behaviour and spatial memory in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), J. Exp. Biol, vol.219, pp.412-418, 2016.

Z. Jonasson, Meta-analysis of sex differences in rodent models of learning and memory: a review of behavioral and biological data, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev, vol.28, pp.811-825, 2005.

G. Vallortigara, Learning of colour and position cues in domestic chicks: males are better at position, females at colour, Behav. Processes, vol.36, issue.95, pp.63-64, 1996.

K. N. Laland and S. M. Reader, Foraging innovation in the guppy, Anim. Behav, vol.57, pp.331-340, 1999.

A. S. Griffin and D. Guez, Innovation and problem solving: a review of common mechanisms, Behav. Processes, vol.109, pp.121-134, 2014.

J. O. Van-horik and J. R. Madden, A problem with problem solving: motivational traits, but not cognition, predict success on novel operant foraging tasks, Anim. Behav, vol.114, pp.189-198, 2016.

J. Morand-ferron and J. L. Quinn, The evolution of cognition in natural populations, Trends Cogn. Sci, vol.19, pp.235-237, 2015.

L. R. Dougherty and L. M. Guillette, Linking personality and cognition: a meta-analysis, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol.373, 2018.

J. Martin, D. H. Nussey, A. J. Wilson, and D. Réale, Measuring individual differences in reaction norms in field and experimental studies: a power analysis of random regression models, .x) 92. van de Pol M, vol.2, pp.753-758, 2009.

, rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol.373, p.20170281