, Nombre de sorties en lanche, vol.41, 2005.

É. Pnba, CHAPITRE, vol.1

A. Aziz, S. A. Nedwell, and D. B. , The nitrogen cycle of an East Coast, UK saltmarsh: II. Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, tidal exchange, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.22, pp.689-704, 1986.

A. Hamid and M. L. , Évaluation économique des services écosystémiques offerts par les aires marines protégées en Afrique de l'Ouest : exemple Parc National du Banc d'Arguin -Mauritanie, vol.259, 2018.

A. Hamid, M. L. Braham, and C. B. , Étude pour la mise en place d'un système de valorisation des produits de la pêche artisanale dans le cadre de la lutte contre la pauvreté en milieu urbain, vol.128, 2015.

A. Abdulla, M. Gomei, E. Maison, C. ;. Piante, . Uicn et al., Statut des Aires Marines Protégées en Mer Méditerranée, vol.156, 2008.

J. D. Ackerman and A. Okubo, Reduced mixing in a marine macrophyte canopy, Functional Ecology, vol.7, pp.305-309, 1993.

M. F. Adame, S. F. Wright, A. Grinham, K. Lobb, C. E. Reymond et al., Terrestrial-marine connectivity: Patterns of terrestrial soil carbon deposition in coastal sediments determined by analysis of glomalin related soil protein, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.57, issue.5, pp.1492-1502, 2012.

M. F. Adame, S. Cherian, R. Reef, and B. Stewart-koster, Mangrove root biomass and the uncertainty of belowground carbon estimations, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.403, pp.52-60, 2017.

. Aerm, Les procédés d'épuration des petites collectivités du bassin Rhin-MeuseEléments de comparaison techniques et économiques, vol.173, 2007.

N. S. Agawin and C. M. Duarte, Evidence of direct particle trapping by a tropical seagrass meadow, Estuaries, vol.25, pp.1205-1209, 2002.

S. A. Ahmad and N. Hanley, Willingness to pay for reducing crowding effect damages in marine parks in Malaysia, The Singapore Economic Review, vol.54, pp.21-39, 2009.

A. Salem and M. V. , Variations saisonnières et interactions proies prédateurs dans un écosystème intertidal du Banc d'Arguin (NW de Mauritanie), vol.171, 2014.

I. Ajzen, From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior, pp.11-39, 1985.

I. Ajzen and M. Et-fishbein, Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour, 1980.

F. Alban and J. Boncoeur, An assessment of the potential interest of fishermen to engage in boat-chartering in the context of a marine park: the case of the Iroise Sea, Contesting the Foreshore. Tourism (Society and Politics on the Coast, 2004.

N. Aleman, R. Certain, J. Barusseau, T. Courp, and A. Dia, Post-glacial filling of a semienclosed basin: the Arguin Basin (Mauritania), Marine Geology, vol.349, pp.126-135, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01265881

G. Allain, Modélisation biophysique pour la prévision du recrutement, vol.192, 2004.

G. Allain, P. Petigas, P. Grellier, and P. Lazure, The selection process from larval to juvenile stages of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay investigated by Lagrangian simulations and comparative otolith growth, Fisheries Oceanography, vol.12, pp.407-418, 2003.

D. M. Alongi, Present state and future of the world's mangrove forests, Environmental conservation, vol.29, pp.331-349, 2002.

D. Alongi, The energetics of mangrove forests, vol.216, 2009.

D. M. Alongi and S. K. Et-mukhopadhyay, Contribution of mangroves to coastal carbon cycling in low latitude seas. Agricultural and forest meteorology, vol.213, pp.266-272, 2015.

W. Altenburg, M. Engelmoer, R. Mes, and T. Piersma, Wintering waders on the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania. Stichting Veth tot Steun aan Waddenonderzoek, pp.1-283, 1982.

C. S. Amadou, La pêcherie de courbine aux sites d'Arkeiss et d'Agadir du Parc National Banc d'Arguin et savoir écologique des pêcheurs artisans sur les lieux, 2013.

A. Amin, Exploring the role of economic incentives and spillover effects in biodiversity conservation policies in sub-Saharan Africa, Ecological Economics, vol.127, pp.185-191, 2016.

I. C. Anderson, C. R. Tobias, B. B. Neikirk, and R. L. Wetzel, Development of a processbased nitrogen mass balance model for a Virginia (USA) Spartina alterniflora salt marsh: implications for net DIN flux, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.159, pp.13-27, 1997.

K. Anderson and K. J. Gaston, Lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles will revolutionize spatial ecology, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.11, pp.138-146, 2013.
DOI : 10.1890/120150

URL : https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/16852/1/Anderson_Gaston_Frontiers_ecology_envt_2013.pdf

R. Anthonioz, Les Imraguen pêcheurs nomades de Mauritanie. Bulletin de l'IFAN, vol.2, pp.695-738, 1967.

A. Araujo and P. Campredon, The Wetland Book: II: Distribution, Description and Conservation, pp.1-14, 2016.

C. Ashley and J. Barnes, Wildlife use for economic gain: The potential for wildlife to contribute to development in Namibia, Environmental Sustainability: Practical Global Applications, pp.163-192, 1997.

H. S. Auta, C. Emenike, and S. Fauziah, Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions, Environment international, vol.102, pp.165-176, 2017.

Y. Avnimelech, G. Ritvo, L. E. Meijer, and M. Et-kochba, Water content, organic carbon and dry bulk density in flooded sediments, Aquacultural Engineering, vol.25, pp.25-33, 2001.

K. Baldwin, Drones for conservation: lessons learned in Antigua and Barbuda. UAS for PA monitoring, 2016.

A. C. Ball, Enquête cadre socioéconomique le long du littoral mauritanien. LESE, du 27 Juillet au 15 Août, vol.13, 2015.

T. Q. Bao, Effect of mangrove forest structures on wave attenuation in coastal Vietnam, Oceanologia, vol.53, pp.807-818, 2011.

E. B. Barbier, E. W. Koch, B. R. Silliman, S. D. Hacker, E. Wolanski et al., Coastal ecosystem-based management with non-linear ecological functions and values, Science, vol.319, pp.321-344, 2008.

E. B. Barbier, S. D. Hacker, C. Kennedy, E. W. Koch, A. C. Stier et al., The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services, Ecological Monographs, vol.81, pp.169-193, 2011.

M. Barnardon and M. O. Vall, Le Mulet en Mauritanie : biologie, écologie, pêche et aménagement. FIBA, UICN, PRCM, vol.56, 2004.

J. I. Barnes, Economic returns and allocation of resources in the wildlife sector of Botswana, South African Journal of Wildlife Research, vol.31, pp.141-153, 2001.

J. I. Barnes, J. Macgregor, and L. C. Weaver, Economic Efficiency and Incentives for Change within Namibia's Community Wildlife Use Initiatives. World Development, vol.30, pp.134-140, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/s0305-750x(01)00134-6

A. Barnett, Régulation de l'activité photosynthétique du microphytobenthos et conséquence sur la dynamique temporelle de la production primaire dans les vasières intertidales de la côte atlantique de l'Europe de l'Ouest, vol.360, 2013.

J. P. Barusseau, Eds) Actes du colloque pluridisciplinaire franco-japonais d'océanographie. Vie marine, Fascicule 1 / Océanographie physique et dynamique sédimentaire, Annale Fondation Océanographique Ricard, pp.63-74, 1985.

A. Batel, F. Linti, M. Scherer, L. Erdinger, and T. Braunbeck, Transfer of benzo [a] pyrene from microplastics to Artemia nauplii and further to zebrafish via a trophic food web experiment: CYP1A induction and visual tracking of persistent organic pollutants, Environmental toxicology and chemistry, vol.35, pp.1656-1666, 2016.

N. H. Batjes, Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.47, pp.151-163, 1996.

M. W. Beck, K. L. Heck, K. W. Able, D. L. Childers, D. B. Eggleston et al., The identification, conservation, and management of estuarine and marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates: a better understanding of the habitats that serve as nurseries for marine species and the factors that create site-specific variability in nursery quality will improve conservation and management of these areas, AIBS Bulletin, vol.51, pp.633-641, 2001.

N. Becker, M. Inbar, O. Bahat, Y. Choresh, G. Ben-noon et al., Estimating the economic value of viewing griffon vultures Gyps fulvus: a Travel Cost Model study at Gamla Nature Reserve, Israel, Oryx, vol.39, pp.429-434, 2005.

A. Benazzouz, S. Mordane, A. Orbi, M. Chagdali, K. Hilmi et al., An improved coastal upwelling index from sea surface temperature using satellite-based approach-The case of the Canary Current upwelling system, Continental Shelf Research, vol.81, pp.38-54, 2014.

M. Bernardon, Etude socio-économique de la pêcherie Imraguen, 1999.

G. Bianchi, K. Carpenter, J. Roux, F. Molloy, D. Boyer et al., FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes: the living marine resources of Namibia, FAO, vol.265, 1993.

T. Bierschenk and J. O. De-sardan, Les pouvoirs au village : Le Bénin rural entre démocratisation et décentralisation. Éditions Karthala, vol.300, 1998.

T. Binet, P. Failler, P. N. Chavance, and M. A. Mayif, First international payment for marine ecosystem services: The case of the Banc d'Arguin National Park, Global Environmental Change, vol.23, pp.1434-1443, 2013.

, IUCN Red List for Birds, BirdLife International, 2018.

T. Blackburn, D. Nedwell, and W. Wiebe, Active mineral cycling in a Jamaican seagrass sediment, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.110, pp.233-239, 1994.

P. Blandin, De la protection de la nature au pilotage de la biodiversité, 2009.

P. Blanquet, Revue bibliographique : évaluation des biens et services rendus par les écosystèmes coralliens. Direction des études Economiques et de l'Evaluation Environnementale, 2008.

F. Blasco, About the mangroves of Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania. ISME/GLOMIS Electronic Journal, vol.8, pp.13-15, 2010.

T. Blayac, S. Mathé, H. Rey-valette, and P. Fontaine, Perceptions of the services provided by pond fish farming in Lorraine (France), Ecological Economics, vol.108, pp.115-123, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01562176

T. Boely, J. Chabanne, P. Fréon, and B. Stéquer, Cycle sexuel et migrations de Sardinella auritus sur le plateau continental ouest-africain des îles Bissagos à la Mauritanie. Rapport de Procès Verbal du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la mer, vol.180, pp.350-355, 1982.

D. F. Boesch, Challenges and opportunities for science in reducing nutrient overenrichment of coastal ecosystems, Estuaries, vol.25, pp.886-900, 2002.

M. Bonnet, J. Duclerc, and P. Et-pichot, Nouvelle étude sur les fonds de pêche du banc d'Arguin et de ses abords. Campagne de la «Thalassa», Janvier-février 1971, Science et Pêche, vol.203, pp.1-15, 1971.

A. R. Bos, T. J. Bouma, G. L. De-kort, and M. M. Et-van-katwijk, Ecosystem engineering by annual intertidal seagrass beds: sediment accretion and modification, Estuarine, coastal and shelf science, vol.74, pp.344-348, 2007.

E. Bouché, La nécessaire symbiose du processus et du contexte dans la gestion participative des aires protégées : le cas du Parc national du Banc d'Arguin. Mémoire de master Institut catholique de Paris, vol.83, 2009.

S. Bouillon, F. Dahdouh-guebas, A. V. Rao, N. Koedam, and F. Dehairs, Sources of organic carbon in mangrove sediments: Variability and possible implications for ecosystem functioning, Hydrobiologia, vol.495, pp.33-39, 2003.

S. Bouillon, F. Dehairs, B. Velimirov, G. Abril, and A. V. Borges, Dynamics of organic and inorganic carbon across contiguous mangrove and seagrass systems, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.G2, p.112, 2007.

S. Bouillon, A. V. Borges, E. Castañeda-moya, K. Diele, T. Dittmar et al., Mangrove production and carbon sinks: a revision of global budget estimates, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, issue.2, p.22, 2008.

S. Boulay, La valorisation des produits du mulet chez les pêcheurs Imraguen du Parc National du Banc d'Arguin (MAURITANIE) : Une démarche pertinente de conservation de la biodiversité et de développement durable ? Actes du colloque international pluridisciplinaire "Le littoral : subir, dire, agir, vol.10, pp.16-18, 2008.

S. Boulay, Le savoir-faire des femmes Imraguen du littoral mauritanien à l'épreuve de la mondialisation, vol.5, pp.492-508, 2011.

S. Boulay, Pêcheurs Imraguen du Sahara Atlantique : Mutations techniques et changements sociaux des années 1970 à nos jours. Editions Karthala, vol.235, 2013.

T. Bouma, M. De-vries, E. Low, G. Peralta, I. V. Tánczos et al., Trade-offs related to ecosystem engineering: a case study on stiffness of emerging macrophytes, Ecology, vol.86, pp.2187-2199, 2005.

T. J. Bouma, J. Van-belzen, T. Balke, Z. Zhu, L. Airoldi et al., Identifying knowledge gaps hampering application of intertidal habitats in coastal protection: Opportunities & steps to take, Coastal Engineering, vol.87, pp.147-157, 2014.

J. M. Bowker and J. R. Stoll, Use of Dichotomous Choice Nonmarket Methods to Value the Whooping Crane Resource, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol.70, pp.372-381, 1988.

L. C. Braat, The value of the ecosystem services concept in economic and biodiversity policy, Ecosystem Services, pp.97-103, 2014.

L. C. Braat, Five reasons why the Science publication "Assessing nature's contributions to people" (Díaz et al. 2018) would not have been accepted in Ecosystem Services. Ecosystem Services, 30, part A, pp.1-2, 2018.

K. Bradley and C. Houser, Relative velocity of seagrass blades: Implications for wave attenuation in low-energy environments, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, vol.114, p.1004, 2009.

C. B. Braham, P. Labrosse, and M. Bouzouma, Catalogue des engins de pêche artisanale en Mauritanie, IMROP, vol.64, p.p, 2005.

C. B. Braham, Programme Suivi de la Pêcherie Imraguen, vol.48, 2015.

C. B. Braham and O. H. Et-wagne, Analyse de l'activité des pêches (efforts et captures) au niveau du Parc National du Banc d'Arguin en 2012 et premier semestre de 2013, vol.47, 2013.

J. L. Breithaupt, J. M. Smoak, T. J. Smith, C. J. Sanders, and A. Hoare, Organic carbon burial rates in mangrove sediments: Strengthening the global budget, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.26, p.3011, 2012.

S. Bremer and B. Et-glavovic, Mobilizing knowledge for coastal governance: reframing the science-policy interface for integrated coastal management, Coastal Management, vol.41, pp.39-56, 2013.

J. C. Brethes, J. Ould-habed, O. Hamady, B. , M. Boujemaa et al., Évolutions majeures de l'environnement marin et incidence éventuelles sur les ressources exploitées et les écosystèmes, Gascuel (éds), vol.279, p.p, 2006.

S. D. Bridgham, J. P. Megonigal, J. K. Keller, N. B. Bliss, and C. Et-trettin, The carbon balance of North American wetlands, Wetlands, vol.26, pp.889-916, 2006.

R. M. Brinkman, S. R. Massel, P. V. Ridd, and K. Et-furakawa, Surface wave attenuation in mangrove forests, Proceedings of the 13 th Australasian Coastal and Ocean Engineering Conference, vol.2, pp.941-979, 1997.

R. Brouwer, P. Van-beukering, and E. Sultanian, The impact of the bird flu on public willingness to pay for the protection of migratory birds, Ecological Economics, vol.64, pp.575-585, 2008.

J. S. Brown, B. P. Kotler, R. J. Smith, and W. O. Wirtz, The effects of owl predation on the foraging behavior of heteromyid rodents, Oecologia, vol.76, issue.3, pp.408-415, 1988.

R. Brubakker, Au-delà de l'identité. Acte de la recherche scientifique, vol.139, pp.68-65, 2002.

M. J. Burish, H. Y. Kueh, and S. S. Wang, Brain Architecture and Social Complexity in Modern and Ancient Birds, Brain, Behavior and Evolution, vol.63, pp.107-124, 2004.
DOI : 10.1159/000075674

J. M. Caffrey and W. M. Kemp, Nitrogen cycling in sediments with estuarine populations of Potamogeton perfoliatus and Zostera marina, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.66, pp.147-160, 1990.

D. K. Cairns, Seabirds as Indicators of Marine Food Supplies, Biological Oceanography, vol.5, pp.261-271, 1988.

D. K. Cairns, Bridging the Gap between Ornithology and Fisheries Science: Use of Seabird Data in Stock Assessment Models. The Condor, vol.94, pp.811-824, 1992.

S. Calba, V. Maris, and V. Devictor, Measuring and explaining large-scale distribution of functional and phylogenetic diversity in birds: separating ecological drivers from methodological choices, Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol.23, pp.669-678, 2014.

M. Camhi, S. Fowler, J. Musick, A. Bräutigam, and S. Fordham, Les requins et autres poissons cartilagineux : Ecologie et conservation. Groupe de spécialistes des requins de la CSE de l'UICN, 1998.

C. J. Camphuysen and J. Van-der-meer, Wintering seabirds in West Africa: foraging hotspots off Western Sahara and Mauritania driven by upwelling and fisheries, African Journal of Marine Science, vol.27, pp.427-437, 2005.
DOI : 10.2989/18142320509504101

P. Campredon, Entre le Sahara et l'Atlantique, le Parc National du Banc d'Arguin. La Tour du Valat, 2000.

D. G. Capone, D. A. Bronk, M. R. Mulholland, and E. J. Carpenter, Nitrogen in the marine environment, 2008.

C. Carere, D. Costantini, A. Sorace, D. Santucci, and E. Alleva, Bird populations as sentinels of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita, vol.46, pp.81-88, 2010.
DOI : 10.1590/s0021-25712010000100010

URL : https://doi.org/10.1590/s0021-25712010000100010

A. Carlier, L. Chauvaud, M. Van-der-geest, F. Le-loc'h, M. Le-duff et al., Trophic connectivity between offshore upwelling and the inshore food web of Banc d'Arguin (Mauritania): New insights from isotopic analysis, vol.165, pp.149-158, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01167013

T. N. Carlson and D. A. Ripley, On the relation between NDVI, fractional vegetation cover, and leaf area index. Remote sensing of Environment, vol.62, pp.241-252, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/s0034-4257(97)00104-1

A. Caron, C. Thomas, E. Ariel, K. Berry, S. Boyle et al., Extraction and identification of microplastics from sea turtles: method development and preliminary results, Tropical Water Report, 2016.

G. Castro, N. Stoyan, and J. P. Myers, Assimilation efficiency in birds: A function of taxon or food type?, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, vol.92, pp.271-278, 1989.

. Cclme, Évaluation de l'état de la biodiversité marine dans la région du CCLME, vol.175, 2014.

J. Cebrián, C. M. Duarte, N. Marbà, and S. Enríquez, Magnitude and fate of the production of four co-occurring Western Mediterranean seagrass species, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.155, pp.29-44, 1997.

J. Cebrian, Patterns in the fate of production in plant communities, The American Naturalist, vol.154, pp.449-468, 1999.

P. Cenival and T. Monod, Description de la Côte d'Afrique de Ceuta au Sénégal produit par Valentin Fernandes, pp.1506-1507, 1938.

. Certif, Enquête de référence sur la population Imraguen. Rapport définitif, Conseils Etudes Réalisation de Travaux d'Ingénierie Financière, vol.37, 2009.

. Certif, Enquête des ménages du PNBA, vol.41, 2010.

C. Chaboud, M. Kebe, A. O. Ahmed, and H. Diop, Eléments sur la pêche artisanale mauritanienne, Bulletin CNROP, vol.16, pp.1-48, 1988.

C. Chaboud and J. Ferraris, Rapport d'évaluation des systèmes d'échantillonnage de la pêche artisanale mauritanienne au CNROP, ORSTOM, vol.70, 1995.

S. Chakour and T. Et-dahou, Gouverner une AMP, une affaire publique ? Exemples sudméditerranéens. VertigO-la revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement -Horssérie, vol.6, 2009.
DOI : 10.4000/vertigo.9156

URL : https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.9156

K. M. Chan, T. Satterfield, and J. Goldstein, Rethinking ecosystem services to better address and navigate cultural values, Ecological Economics, vol.74, pp.8-18, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.11.011

URL : https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/download/pdf/52383/1.0132715/1

T. Changeux and M. Zylberblat, Analyse des statistiques de pêche aux engins dans le bassin du Rhône. Seconde partie : Etudes des captures. Bulletin français de la pêche et de la pisciculture, vol.330, pp.271-294, 1993.

L. N. Chao, E. ;. Et-trewavas, J. C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post et al., Sciaenidae. In: Quero, Check-list of the fishes the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA), pp.813-826, 1990.

S. G. Chastain, Interactive comment on "Carbon Stocks and Accumulation Rates in Salt Marshes of the Pacific Coast of Canada, Programme Gestion des Ressources Naturelles -Composante PNBA Appui Institutionnel et Technique au PNBA (ProGRN -PNBA), vol.57, p.p, 2007.

J. Chauveau, E. Jul-larsen, and C. Chaboud, Les pêches piroguières en Afrique de l'Ouest : dynamique institutionnelle, pouvoirs, mobilité et marché, CMI et IRD (Collection Hommes et Sociétés), 2000.

A. Cheminée, E. Sala, J. Pastor, P. Bodilis, P. Thiriet et al., Nursery value of Cystoseira forests for Mediterranean rocky reef fishes, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.442, pp.70-79, 2013.

S. N. Chen, L. P. Sanford, E. W. Koch, F. Shi, and E. W. North, A nearshore model to investigate the effects of seagrass bed geometry on wave attenuation and suspended sediment transport. Estuaries and Coasts, vol.30, pp.296-310, 2007.

J. P. Chery, M. Deshayes, and M. Et-taqarort, PACOBA : Projet d'Approfondissement des COnnaissances scientifiques des écosystèmes du Golfe du Banc d'Arguin, 2012.

G. L. Chmura, S. C. Anisfeld, D. R. Cahoon, and J. C. Lynch, Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.17, p.1111, 2003.

A. S. Choi and K. S. Fielding, Environmental attitudes as WTP predictors: A case study involving endangered species, Ecological Economics, vol.89, pp.24-32, 2013.

Y. Choi and Y. Wang, Dynamics of carbon sequestration in a coastal wetland using radiocarbon measurements, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.18, p.4016, 2004.

M. J. Christianen, J. Van-belzen, P. M. Herman, M. M. Van-katwijk, L. P. Lamers et al., Low-canopy seagrass beds still provide important coastal protection services, Plos One, vol.8, p.62413, 2013.

M. Christie, I. Fazey, R. Cooper, T. Hyde, and J. O. Kenter, An evaluation of monetary and non-monetary techniques for assessing the importance of biodiversity and ecosystem services to people in countries with developing economies, Ecological Economics, vol.83, pp.67-78, 2012.

J. A. Church, J. M. Gregory, P. Huybrechts, M. Kuhn, K. Lambeck et al., Changes in sea level, Climate Change, pp.639-694, 2001.

J. A. Church and N. J. White, Sea-level rise from the late 19th to the early 21 st century, vol.32, pp.585-602, 2011.

. Cid and . Scet-rim, Réactualisation de l'étude du Plan Directeur de l'Assainissement de la ville de Nouakchott. Note de synthèse, version définitive, vol.14, 2007.

J. Clavier, L. Chauvaud, E. Amice, P. Lazure, M. Van-der-geest et al., Benthic metabolism in shallow coastal ecosystems of the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.501, pp.11-23, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01024487

B. Clucas, S. Rabotyagov, and J. M. Marzluff, How much is that birdie in my backyard? A cross-continental economic valuation of native urban songbirds. Urban Ecosystems, vol.18, pp.251-266, 2015.

S. L. Collins, S. R. Carpenter, S. M. Swinton, D. E. Orenstein, D. L. Childers et al., An integrated conceptual framework for longterm social-ecological research, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.9, pp.351-357, 2011.

D. J. Cooper and J. H. Kagel, Other-regarding preferences. The handbook of experimental economics, vol.2, p.217, 2016.

S. M. Cormier, D. Juhé-beaulaton, J. Boutras, and B. Roussel, Patrimonialiser la nature tropicale : dynamiques locales, enjeux internationaux. Paris (FRA) ; Paris : IRD ; MNHN, vol.267, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00176039

J. E. Corredor and J. M. Et-morell, Nitrate depuration of secondary sewage effluents in mangrove sediments, Estuaries, vol.17, pp.295-300, 1994.

J. E. Corredor, J. M. Morell, and J. Bauza, Atmospheric nitrous oxide fluxes from mangrove sediments, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.38, pp.473-478, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/s0025-326x(98)00172-6

R. Costanza, R. Arge, R. De-groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso et al., The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital, Nature, p.253, 1997.

R. Costanza, R. De-groot, L. Braat, I. Kubiszewski, L. Fioramonti et al., Twenty years of ecosystem services: How far have we come and how far do we still need to go? Ecosystem Services, vol.28, pp.1-16, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.09.008

C. Craft, P. Megonigal, S. Broome, J. Stevenson, R. Freese et al., The pace of ecosystem development of constructed Spartina alterniflora marshes, Ecological applications, vol.13, pp.1417-1432, 2003.

J. P. Croxall, S. H. Butchart, B. E. Lascelles, A. J. Stattersfield, B. E. Sullivan et al., Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assessment, Bird Conservation International, vol.22, pp.1-34, 2012.

F. Dahdouh-guebas and N. Koedam, Are the northernmost mangroves of West-Africa viable? A case study in Banc d'Arguin National Park, Hydrobiologia, vol.458, pp.241-253, 2001.

F. Dahdouh-guebas, L. P. Jayatissa, D. Di-nitto, J. O. Bosire, D. L. Seen et al., How effective were mangroves as a defence against the recent tsunami?, Current Biology, vol.15, pp.1337-1338, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.025

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.025

M. Dahl, D. Deyanova, S. Gütschow, M. E. Asplund, L. D. Lyimo et al., Sediment properties as important predictors of carbon storage in Zostera marina meadows: a comparison of four European areas, PLoS ONE, p.167493, 2016.

T. Dahou, J. Weigel, A. Mohamed-ould-saleck, A. S. Da-silva, M. Mbaye et al., La gouvernance des aires marines protégées : leçons ouest africaines. VertigO, vol.5, 2004.
DOI : 10.4000/vertigo.3327

URL : https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.3327

D. C. Dauwalter, K. A. Fesenmyer, and R. Bjork, Using aerial imagery to characterize redband trout habitat in a remote desert landscape, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol.144, pp.1322-1339, 2015.
DOI : 10.1080/00028487.2015.1088471

M. D. Davidson, On the relation between ecosystem services, intrinsic value, existence value and economic valuation, Ecological Economics, vol.95, pp.171-177, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.09.002

J. L. Davis, B. Nowicki, and C. Wigand, Denitrification in fringing salt marshes of Narragansett Bay, vol.24, pp.870-878, 2004.
DOI : 10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0870:difsmo]2.0.co;2

S. Dedah, Wind, surface water temperature, surface salinity and pollution in the area of the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania. Ecological studies in the coastal waters of Mauritania, pp.9-19, 1993.

Y. De-la-torre, R. Belon, Y. Balouin, and A. Stepanian, Inventaire et analyse des solutions douces de lutte contre l'érosion côtière et applicabilité au littoral corse. Rapport final. BRGM/RP-63034-FR, vol.59, 2014.

R. Delaune, T. Feijtel, and W. Patrick, Nitrogen flows in Louisiana Gulf Coast salt marsh: Spatial considerations, Biogeochemistry, vol.8, pp.25-37, 1989.

J. Delegido, J. Verrelst, L. Alonso, and J. F. Moreno, Evaluation of Sentinel-2 Red-Edge Bands for Empirical Estimation of Green LAI and Chlorophyll Content, Sensors, vol.11, pp.7063-7081, 2011.

J. Del-hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and J. Et-de, Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 2018.

C. B. De-los-santos, F. G. Brun, J. J. Vergara, and J. L. Perez-llorens, New aspect in seagrass acclimation: leaf mechanical properties vary spatially and seasonally in the temperate species Cymodocea nodosa Ucria (Ascherson), Marine Biology, vol.160, pp.1083-1093, 2013.

H. Demarcq and V. Faure, Coastal upwelling and associated retention indices derived from satellite SST. Application to Octopus vulgaris recruitment, Oceanologica acta, vol.23, pp.391-408, 2000.

S. Derbel, Z. Noumi, K. Werner-anton, and M. Chaieb, Life cycle of the coleopter Bruchidius raddianae and the seed predation of the Acacia tortilis Subsp. raddiana in Tunisia, Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol.330, pp.49-54, 2007.

B. Desaigues and V. Lesgards, L'évaluation contingente des actifs naturels. Revue d'économie politique, vol.102, pp.99-122, 1992.

T. L. Devault, J. C. Beasley, Z. H. Olson, M. Moleón, M. Carrete et al., Ecosystem services provided by avian scavengers, Why Birds Matter: Avian Ecological Function and Ecosystem Services, pp.235-270, 2016.

B. M. Dewsbury, M. Bhat, and J. W. Et-fourqurean, A review of seagrass economic valuations: gaps and progress in valuation approaches, Ecosystem Services, vol.18, pp.68-77, 2016.

F. A. Diagana, Etude sur la problématique du crédit sur la zone du Parc Banc d'Arguin (PNBA), 1999.

A. Diagne, Métabolisme benthique des herbiers du Banc d'Arguin (Mauritanie), vol.30, 2010.

A. Diagne, A. O. Samba, and A. Niang, Inventaire des différentes espèces de poissons juvéniles des herbiers de la baie de l'Etoile, IMROP, vol.12, 2012.

S. Díaz, S. Demissew, J. Carabias, C. Joly, M. Lonsdale et al., The IPBES Conceptual Framework-connecting nature and people, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, vol.14, pp.1-16, 2015.

S. Díaz, U. Pascual, M. Stenseke, B. Martín-lópez, R. T. Watson et al., , vol.359, pp.270-272, 2018.

M. Diop, The shrimps in Mauritania, Biology and Fishing. Bulletin Scientifique CNROP, vol.18, pp.28-40, 1989.

P. Dixon, VEGAN, a package of R functions for community ecology, Journal of Vegetation Science, vol.14, pp.927-930, 2003.
DOI : 10.1658/1100-9233(2003)014[0927:vaporf]2.0.co;2

D. C. Donato, J. B. Kauffman, D. Murdiyarso, S. Kurnianto, M. Stidham et al., Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics, Nature geoscience, vol.4, pp.293-297, 2011.

C. L. Doughty, J. A. Langley, W. S. Walker, I. C. Feller, R. Schaub et al., Mangrove range expansion rapidly increases coastal wetland carbon storage, Estuaries and Coasts, vol.39, pp.385-396, 2016.
DOI : 10.1007/s12237-015-9993-8

C. M. Duarte, N. Marbà, E. Gacia, J. W. Fourqurean, J. Beggins et al., Seagrass community metabolism: Assessing the carbon sink capacity of seagrass meadows, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.24, p.4032, 2010.

C. M. Duarte, J. J. Middelburg, and N. Caraco, Major role of marine vegetation on the oceanic carbon cycle, Biogeosciences discussions, vol.1, pp.659-679, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00297509

C. M. Duarte and J. Et-cebrián, The fate of marine autotrophic production, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.41, pp.1758-1766, 1996.

C. M. Duarte and C. L. Chiscano, Seagrass biomass and production: a reassessment, Aquatic botany, vol.65, pp.159-174, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/s0304-3770(99)00038-8

C. M. Duarte, I. J. Losada, I. E. Hendriks, I. Mazarrasa, and N. Marbà, The role of coastal plant communities for climate change mitigation and adaptation, Nature Climate Change, vol.3, pp.961-968, 2013.

M. Ducrocq, M. L. Ould-sidi, and L. Et-ould-yarba, Comment le Parc National du Banc d'Arguin est devenu le plus grand sanctuaire d'Afrique pour les requins. FIBA, IUCN, PRCM, vol.54, pp.2-95149, 2004.

R. E. Dunlap, K. D. Van-liere, A. G. Mertig, and R. E. Jones, Measuring endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm: A revised NEP scale, Journal of Social Issues, vol.56, pp.425-442, 2000.

E. M. Eid and K. H. Shaltout, Distribution of soil organic carbon in the mangrove Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. along the Egyptian Red Sea Coast, Regional Studies in Marine Science, vol.3, pp.76-82, 2016.

L. D. Einoder, A review of the use of seabirds as indicators in fisheries and ecosystem management, Fisheries Research, vol.95, pp.6-13, 2009.

E. Haut and !. , Bellaat, une nouvelle lagune au Banc d'Arguin -Un phénomène qui interpelle sur les effets du changement climatique, 2016.

B. J. Ens, T. Piersma, W. J. Wolff, and L. Et-zwarts, Homeward bound: problems waders face when migrating from the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania, to their northern breeding grounds in spring, Ardea, vol.78, pp.1-364, 1990.

P. G. Ericksson, J. M. Svensson, and G. M. Carrer, Temporal changes and spatial variation of soil oxygen consumption, nitrification and denitrification rates in a tidal salt marsh of the Lagoon of Venice, Italy. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.58, pp.861-871, 2003.

D. V. Erler, T. Duncan, R. Murray, D. T. Maher, I. R. Santos et al., Applying cavity ring-down spectroscopy for the measurement of dissolved nitrous oxide concentrations and bulk nitrogen isotopic composition in aquatic systems: Correcting for interferences and field application, Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, vol.13, pp.391-401, 2015.

B. D. Eyre and A. J. Ferguson, Comparison of carbon production and decomposition, benthic nutrient fluxes and denitrification in seagrass, phytoplankton, benthic microalgae-and macroalgae-dominated warm-temperate Australian lagoons, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.229, pp.43-59, 2002.

. Faidherbe, Les berbères et les Arabes au bord du Sénégal. Bulletin de la société de géographie de Paris, pp.89-112, 1854.

P. Failler, M. Diop, M. A. Dia, C. A. O/inejih, and P. Tous, Évaluation des stocks et aménagement des pêcheries de la ZEE mauritanienne, vol.66, p.p, 2002.

P. Failler and H. Et-pan, Global value, full value and societal costs: capturing the true cost of destroying marine ecosystems, Social Science Information, vol.46, pp.109-134, 2007.

P. Failler, E. Pètre, and J. P. Maréchal, Détermination de la valeur socio-économique des récifs coralliens, des mangroves et des herbiers de phanérogames de la Martinique, 2010.

A. Fall, Le Parc National du Banc d'Arguin : pêche, conservation et développement durable dans une aire marine et côtière protégée, vol.268, 2014.

A. D. Fall and A. D. Dia, Estimation et catégorisation socioprofessionnelle des emplois dans le secteur de la pêche au parc national du banc d'Arguin, 2015.

A. Fall, E. Kane, and M. Haidallah, Les produits traditionnelles de pêche Imraguen à l'heure de la maximisation de la rente économique dans l'Aires Marines Protégées du Banc d'Arguin, vol.18, 2017.

A. D. Fall, L'utopie de l'idéal de développement dans les Aires Marines Protégées : L'évidence dans le Parc National du Banc d'Arguin en Mauritanie. Editions universitaires européennes, vol.96, 2017.

. Fao, Rapport du Groupe de travail technique sur la conservation et la gestion des requins. Tokyo, Japon, 23-27 avril 1998. FAO Rapport sur les pêches, vol.583, 1998.

. Fao, The world's mangroves 1980-2005, vol.89, 2007.

O. Farikou, S. Sawadogo, A. Niang, J. Brajard, C. Mejia et al., Multivariate analysis of the Senegalo-Mauritanian area by merging satellite remote sensing ocean color and SST observations, Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, vol.5, pp.756-768, 2013.

T. E. Fatoyinbo and M. Simard, Height and biomass of mangroves in Africa from ICESat/GLAS and SRTM, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.34, pp.668-681, 2013.

I. Faye, Dynamique du trait de côte sur les littoraux sableux de la Mauritanie à la Guinée-Bissau (Afrique de l'Ouest) : Approches régionale et locale par photointerprétation, traitement d'images et analyse de cartes anciennes, vol.322, 2010.

R. A. Feagin, Vegetation's role in coastal protection, Science, vol.320, pp.176-77, 2008.

R. A. Feagin, M. L. Martinez, G. Mendoza-gonzalez, and R. Costanza, Salt Marsh Zonal Migration and Ecosystem Service Change in Response to Global Sea Level Rise, A Case Study from an Urban Region, Ecology and Society, vol.15, issue.4, p.14, 2010.

S. O. Fernandes, P. A. Lokabharathi, P. C. Bonin, and V. D. Michotey, Denitrification: an important pathway for nitrous oxide production in tropical mangrove sediments (Goa, India), Journal of Environmental Quality, vol.39, pp.1507-1516, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00506441

S. Fernandez, Vers une estimation de la valeur économique totale du Parc National du Banc d'Arguin. Rapport de Stage M2 « économie et développement international », Centre d'études et de Recherche en Développement International, vol.94, 2009.

P. Ferreira, E. Fonte, M. E. Soares, F. Carvalho, and L. Guilhermino, Effects of multistressors on juveniles of the marine fish Pomatoschistus microps: gold nanoparticles, microplastics and temperature, Aquatic Toxicology, vol.170, pp.89-103, 2016.

. Fiba, Évolution des stratégies de pêche au PNBA. Projet RARES « Régulation de l'accès aux Ressources naturelles et Surveillance dans le PNBA ». Fondation Internationale du Banc d'Arguin, vol.112, 2004.

E. Fichet-calvet, I. Jomâa, R. Ben-ismail, and R. W. Ashford, Leishmania major infection in the fat sand rat Psammomys obesus in Tunisia: interaction of host and parasite populations, Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, vol.97, pp.593-603, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02024625

J. R. Fischer, R. M. Krogman, and M. C. Quist, Influences of native and non-native benthivorous fishes on aquatic ecosystem degradation, Hydrobiologia, vol.711, pp.187-199, 2013.

D. M. Fitzgerald, M. S. Fenster, B. A. Argow, and I. V. Buynevich, Coastal impacts due to sea-level rise, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol.36, pp.601-647, 2008.

J. A. Foley, G. P. Asner, M. H. Costa, M. T. Coe, R. Defries et al., Amazonia revealed: forest degradation and loss of ecosystem goods and services in the Amazon Basin, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.5, pp.25-32, 2007.

M. S. Fonseca and J. A. Et-cahalan, A preliminary evaluation of wave attenuation by four species of seagrass, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.35, pp.565-576, 1992.

P. Forster, V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, R. Betts et al., Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, 2007.

M. C. Fossi, L. Marsili, M. Baini, M. Giannetti, D. Coppola et al., Fin whales and microplastics: The Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Cortez scenarios, Environmental Pollution, vol.209, pp.68-78, 2016.

D. Fowler, C. E. Steadman, D. Stevenson, M. Coyle, R. M. Rees et al., Effects of global change during the 21st century on the nitrogen cycle, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.15, pp.13849-13893, 2015.

M. Frankignoulle and J. Gattuso, Interactions of C, N, P and S biogeochemical cycles and global change, pp.233-248, 1993.

M. G. Frisk, T. J. Miller, and M. J. Fogarty, Estimation and analysis of biological parameters in elasmobranch fishes: a comparative life history study, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol.58, pp.969-981, 2001.

R. Froese and D. Pauly, FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, p.6, 2018.

R. W. Furness and P. Et-monaghan, Seabird Feeding Ecology, Seabird Ecology, pp.23-34, 1987.

S. M. Garcia, D. Gascuel, L. Mars-henichart, J. Boncoeur, F. Alban et al., Les aires marines protégées dans la gestion des pêches : Synthèse de l'état de l'art, vol.83, p.1103270, 2013.

D. Gascuel, P. Labrosse, B. Meissa, M. Taleb-sidi, and S. Guénette, Decline of demersal resources in North-West Africa: an analysis of Mauritanian trawl-survey data over the past 25 years, African Journal of Marine Science, vol.29, pp.331-345, 2007.

A. Geffen, H. Van-der-veer, and R. Nash, The cost of metamorphosis in flatfishes, Journal of Sea Research, vol.58, pp.35-45, 2007.

S. Getzin, K. Wiegand, and I. Schöning, Assessing biodiversity in forests using very highresolution images and unmanned aerial vehicles, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol.3, pp.397-404, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2041-210x.2011.00158.x

URL : https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00158.x

W. Ghawar, A. Toumi, M. Snoussi, S. Chlif, A. Zâatour et al., Leishmania Major Infection Among Psammomys Obesus and Meriones Shawi: Reservoirs of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sidi Bouzid (Central Tunisia). Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, vol.11, pp.1561-1568, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00859432

R. K. Pachauri and . Et-reisinger, Contribution des Groupes de travail I, II et III au quatrième Rapport d'évaluation du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat, GIEC, vol.103, 2007.

D. W. Gilmore, Ecosystem management -a needs driven, resource-use philosophy. The Forestry Chronicle, vol.73, pp.560-564, 1997.

. Giz, Le patrimoine maritime, une opportunité pour la valorisation du territoire du Banc d'Arguin, vol.55, 2013.

M. A. Gleyzes, L. Perret, and P. Kubik, Pleiades system architecture and main performances. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol.39, pp.537-542, 2012.
DOI : 10.5194/isprsarchives-xxxix-b1-537-2012

E. Gómez-baggethun, R. De-groot, P. L. Lomas, and C. Montes, The history of ecosystem services in economic theory and practice: from early notions to markets and payment schemes, Ecological Economics, vol.69, pp.1209-1218, 2010.

J. H. Grabowski, R. D. Brumbaugh, R. F. Conrad, A. G. Keeler, J. J. Opaluch et al., Economic valuation of ecosystem services provided by oyster reefs, BioScience, vol.62, pp.900-909, 2012.
DOI : 10.1525/bio.2012.62.10.10

URL : https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-pdf/62/10/900/19405343/62-10-900.pdf

A. J. Green and J. Et-elmberg, Ecosystem services provided by waterbirds, Biological Reviews, vol.89, pp.105-122, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/brv.12045

URL : https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/90051/1/AcceptedVersion.pdf

P. J. Greenwood, Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals, Animal Behaviour, vol.28, pp.80103-80108, 1980.

J. T. Greiner, K. J. Mcglathery, J. Gunnell, and B. A. Mckee, Seagrass restoration enhances "Blue Carbon" sequestration in coastal waters, PLoS ONE, vol.8, p.72469, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0072469

URL : https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0072469&type=printable

B. Gribsholt and E. Et-kristensen, Benthic metabolism and sulfur cycling along an inundation gradient in a tidal Spartina anglica salt marsh, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.48, pp.2151-2162, 2003.

N. Gruber and J. N. Galloway, An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle, Nature, vol.451, pp.293-296, 2008.

A. Gruvel and R. Chudeau, Conférence sur la mission effectuée sur les côtes de l'Afrique occidentale en Afrique, vol.11, 1905.

A. Gruvel and R. Chudeau, A travers la Mauritanie occidentale, 1909.

G. Guannel, P. Ruggiero, J. Faries, K. Arkema, M. Pinsky et al., Integrated modeling framework to quantify the coastal protection services supplied by vegetation, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.120, pp.324-345, 2015.
DOI : 10.1002/2014jc009821

URL : https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2014JC009821

S. Guenette, B. Meissa, and D. Gascuel, Assessing the Contribution of Marine Protected Areas to the Trophic Functioning of Ecosystems: A Model for the Banc d'Arguin and the Mauritanian Shelf, PloS One, vol.9, issue.4, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01210225

M. Gullström, L. D. Lyimo, M. Dahl, G. S. Samuelsson, M. Eggertsen et al., Blue carbon storage in tropical seagrass meadows relates to carbonate stock dynamics, plant-sediment processes, and landscape context: insights from the western Indian Ocean, Ecosystems, vol.21, pp.551-566, 2018.

S. Gürlük and E. Rehber, A travel cost study to estimate recreational value for a bird refuge at Lake Manyas, Turkey, Journal of Environmental Management, vol.88, pp.1350-1360, 2008.

J. Habermas, De l'éthique de la discussion, 1991.

N. Hadker, S. Sharma, A. David, and T. R. Muraleedharan, Willingness-to-pay for Borivli National Park: evidence from a contingent valuation, Ecological Economics, vol.21, pp.105-122, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/s0921-8009(96)00094-8

P. Haffray, R. Malha, M. O. Sidi, N. Prista, M. Hassan et al., Very high genetic fragmentation in a large marine fish, the meagre Argyrosomus regius (Sciaenidae, Perciformes): impact of reproductive migration, oceanographic barriers and ecological factors, Aquatic Living Resources, vol.25, pp.173-183, 2012.

S. Hahn, S. Bauer, and F. Liechti, The natural link between Europe and Africa -2.1 billion birds on migration, Oikos, vol.118, pp.624-626, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17309.x

E. Haines, A. Chalmers, R. Hanson, and B. Sherr, Circulation, Sediments, and Transfer of Material in the Estuary, Estuarine Processes, vol.II, pp.241-254, 1977.

M. R. Hamersley and B. L. Howes, Contribution of denitrification to nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen cycling in tidal creek sediments of a New England salt marsh, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.262, pp.55-69, 2003.

M. R. Hamersley and B. L. Howes, Coupled nitrification-denitrification measured in situ in a Spartina alterniflora marsh with a 15NH4+ tracer, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.299, pp.123-135, 2005.

T. J. Hanebuth and H. Lantzsch, A Late Quaternary sedimentary shelf system under hyperarid conditions: Unravelling climatic, oceanographic and sea-level controls (Golfe d'Arguin, Marine Geology, vol.256, pp.77-89, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.margeo.2008.10.001

T. J. Hanebuth, H. Mersmeyer, H. R. Kudrass, and H. Westphal, Aeolian to shallowmarine shelf architecture off a major desert since the Late Pleistocene (northern Mauritania), Geomorphology, vol.203, pp.132-147, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.08.031

D. Harding and J. W. Talbot, Recent studies on the eggs and larvae of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) in the Southern Bight. Rapport de Procès-Verbal du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la mer, vol.164, pp.261-269, 1973.

K. Heck, G. Hays, and R. J. Orth, Critical evaluation of the nursery role hypothesis for seagrass meadows, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.253, pp.123-136, 2003.

K. L. Heck and J. F. Valentine, Plant-herbivore interactions in seagrass meadows, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.330, pp.420-436, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.044

A. Hedenström, Adaptations to migration in birds: behavioural strategies, morphology and scaling effects, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.363, pp.287-299, 2008.

L. Hein, K. Van-koppen, R. S. De-groot, and E. C. Et-van-ierland, Spatial scales, stakeholders and the valuation of ecosystem services, Ecological Economics, vol.57, pp.209-228, 2006.

M. Heithaus, A. Frid, A. Wirsing, and B. Worm, Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.23, pp.202-210, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2008.01.003

M. A. Hemminga and C. M. Duarte, Seagrass ecology, vol.298, 2000.

G. Hempel, The Canary Current: Studies of an upwelling system, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer Palaegade 2, pp.11-14, 1978.

K. Dk-1261-copenhague and . Danemark,

I. E. Hendriks, T. Sintes, T. J. Bouma, and C. M. Duarte, Experimental assessment and modeling evaluation of the effects of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica on flow and particle trapping, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.356, pp.163-173, 2008.

A. Hernández-guerra, E. Fraile-nuez, F. López-laatzen, A. Martínez, G. Parrilla et al., Canary Current and North Equatorial Current from an inverse box model, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, issue.C12, p.110, 2005.

C. Hily and F. Et-kerninon, RESOBS Herbiers. Présentation UMR 6539 UBO, CNRS, IRD, IFREMER. TIT IFRECOR, vol.37, 2012.

P. C. Hollman, H. Bouwmeester, and R. J. Peters, Microplastics in aquatic food chain: sources, measurement, occurrence and potential health risks. RIKILT Re-port 2013.003, 2013.

L. B. Holthuis, Shrimps and prawns of the world. An annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries, FAO Fisheries Synopsis, vol.1, p.p, 1980.

E. Honkavaara, H. Saari, J. Kaivosoja, I. Pölönen, T. Hakala et al., Processing and assessment of spectrometric, stereoscopic imagery collected using a lightweight UAV spectral camera for precision agriculture, Remote Sensing, vol.5, pp.5006-5039, 2013.

P. J. Honkoop, E. M. Berghuis, S. Holthuijsen, M. S. Lavaleye, and T. Et-piersma, Molluscan assemblages of seagrass-covered and bare intertidal flats on the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania, in relation to characteristics of sediment and organic matter, Journal of Sea Research, vol.60, pp.235-243, 2008.

E. D. Houde, L. A. Éditions-fuiman, and R. G. Werner, The unique contributions of early life stages. Fishery science, pp.64-87, 2002.

C. Hougner, J. Colding, and T. Söderqvist, Economic valuation of a seed dispersal service in the, Ecological Economics, vol.59, pp.364-374, 2006.

J. Howard, S. Hoyt, K. Isensee, and M. Telszewski, Coastal Blue Carbon: Methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal salt marshes, and seagrasses. Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature, vol.182, 2014.

H. Hu, G. Wang, G. Liu, T. Li, D. Ren et al., Influences of alpine ecosystem degradation on soil temperature in the freezing-thawing process on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Environmental Geology, vol.57, pp.1391-1397, 2009.

C. Hudon, M. De-sève, and A. Cattaneo, Increasing occurrence of the benthic filamentous cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei: a symptom of freshwater ecosystem degradation, Freshwater Science, vol.33, pp.606-618, 2014.

. Ifremer-environnement, Équivalent habitant : unité d'évaluation de la pollution correspondant à celle d'un habitant réel, 2018.

H. Iizumi, Soil nutrient dynamics, Workshop on Mangrove Ecosystem Dynamics. UNDP/UNESCO Regional Project, pp.171-180, 1986.

H. Iizumi, A. Hattori, and C. P. Mcroy, Nitrate and nitrite in interstitial waters of eelgrass beds in relation to the rhizosphere, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.47, pp.191-201, 1980.

, 7 ème groupe de travail sur l'évaluation des ressources, l'aménagement des pêcheries mauritaniennes et la gestion de leur environnement, IMROP, 2010.

, L'évaluation et l'aménagement des pêcheries mauritaniennes et la gestion de leur environnement, IMROP, vol.38, 2014.

, Base de données pêche au PNBA : prix moyen au débarquement, Institut Mauritanien de Recherches Océanographiques et des Pêches. Données non-publiées, 2017.

M. L. Ipcc-;-parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, L. Pjvd, and C. E. Hanson, Contribution of Working Group II, Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007.

T. F. Ipcc-;-stocker, Summary for policymakers, Climate Change, The Physical Science Basis, 2013.

P. Ipcc-;-v.-masson-delmotte, H. O. Zhai, D. Pörtner, J. Roberts, P. R. Skea et al., Summary for Policymakers, 2018.

W. Matthews, C. Moufouma-okia, R. Péan, N. Pidcock, M. Reay et al., Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways

E. L. Jackson, S. E. Rees, C. Wilding, and M. J. Attrill, Use of a seagrass residency index to apportion commercial fishery landing values and recreation fisheries expenditure to seagrass habitat service, Conservation Biology, vol.29, pp.899-909, 2015.

Z. Jager, The distribution and abundance of young fish in the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania, Hydrobiologia, vol.258, pp.185-196, 1993.

W. Jaouadi, K. Mechergui, Y. Ammari, L. Hamrouni, M. Hanana et al., Étude ethnobotanique et ethnopharmacologique d'Acacia tortilis (Forssk) Hayne subsp. raddiana (Savi) de la steppe arborée du Nord de l, Afrique. Phytothérapie, vol.14, pp.285-292, 2016.

M. Jeanson, Morphodynamique du littoral de Mayotte : des processus au réseau de surveillance, vol.353, 2009.

T. C. Jennerjahn and V. Ittekkot, Relevance of mangroves for the production and deposition of organic matter along tropical continental margins, Naturwissenschaften, vol.89, pp.23-30, 2002.

S. Jentoft, T. C. Van-son, and M. Bjørkan, Marine Protected Areas: A Governance System Analysis, Human Ecology, vol.35, pp.611-622, 2007.

S. Jeschke and C. Wojtan, Water wave animation via wavefront parameter interpolation, ACM Transactions on Graphics, p.34, 2015.

W. Jetz, G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann, and A. O. Mooers, The global diversity of birds in space and time, Nature, vol.491, pp.444-448, 2012.

J. J. , Low cost retrofits for nitrogen removal at wastewater treatment plants in the Upper Long Island Sound Watershed. Final report, prepared by JJ Environmental, LLC for NEIWPCC, vol.110, 2015.

M. D. Johnson and S. C. Hackett, Why birds matter: avian ecological functions and ecosystem services, pp.27-48, 2016.

G. P. Jones, L. G. Pearlstine, and H. F. Percival, An Assessment of Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Wildlife Research, vol.34, pp.750-758, 2006.

S. B. Joye and H. W. Paerl, Biological N cycling in a marine microbial mat: Contemporaneous rates and patterns of denitrification and N2 fixation, Marine Biology, vol.119, pp.285-295, 1994.

S. Kalmár, Different applications of aerial photography using radio-controlled model airplanes, International Scientific Conference on Sustainable Development & Ecological Footprint, vol.26, pp.1-4, 2012.

D. Kahneman, I. Ritov, K. E. Jacowitz, and P. Grant, Stated willingness to pay for public goods: A psychological perspective, Psychological Science, vol.4, pp.310-315, 1993.

B. Kalaora and C. Lionel, Intervention sociologique et développement durable : le cas de la gestion intégrée des zones côtières, Sciences et Sociétés, vol.8, pp.31-38, 2000.

E. A. Kane, Contribution du secteur des pêches à l'économie nationale, 2014.

E. A. Kane, A. C. Ball, M. S. Haidallah, and A. Et-fall, Analyse des données économiques et sociales de l'Aire Marine Protégée du Parc National du Banc d'Arguin. Groupe de Travail IMROP-PNBA, 2016.

E. A. Kane, A. C. Ball, M. S. Haidallah, and A. Et-fall, Indicateurs socio-économiques de la pêche artisanale et côtière maritime en Mauritanie. Résultats des enquêtes effectuées en avril et juillet, vol.31, 2016.

E. A. Kane, M. S. Haidallah, and A. D. Et-fall, Étude sur la commercialisation des produits de pêches transformés par les Imraguen et écoulés dans les grandes agglomérations du littoral (Mauritanie). Document technique, Projet régional de Gouvernance, Politiques de gestion des ressources marines et réduction de la pauvreté (GOWAMER), vol.31, p.p, 2015.

E. A. Kane, Étude socioéconomie de la pêche artisanale maritime en Mauritanie : Coûts et revenus, vol.39, 1998.

E. A. Kane, Étude de faisabilité concernant la mise en place d'un système d'indicateurs de tendance socioéconomique pour l'efficacité de l'Aire Marine Protégée de la pêche au parc national du banc d'Arguin, 2009.

E. A. Kane, Performance économique des unités artisanales du Golfe d'Arguin. Commission socioéconomie -8ème Groupe de Travail de l'IMROP, Nouadhibou, 30 novembre-05 décembre, 2014.

E. A. Kane, N. Roncin, and J. Et-boncoeur, Évaluation de l'efficacité des Aires Marines Protégées par les indicateurs socioéconomiques : Cas du Parc National du Banc d'Arguin, Colloque de clôture AMPHORE, vol.11, pp.13-15, 2011.

N. Kannan, N. Thirunavukkarasu, A. Suresh, and K. Rajagopal, Analysis of heavy metals accumulation in mangroves and associated mangroves species of Ennore mangrove ecosystem, east coast India, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, issue.46, p.9, 2016.

W. Kaplan, I. Valiela, and J. Teal, Denitrification in a salt marsh ecosystem, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.24, pp.726-734, 1979.

W. H. Karasov, Digestive Plasticity in Avian Energetics and Feeding Ecology, Avian Energetics and Nutritional Ecology, pp.61-84, 1996.

H. F. Kasper, Denitrification, nitrate reduction to ammonium, and inorganic nitrogen pools in intertidal sediments, Marine Biology, vol.74, pp.133-139, 1983.

G. Kelleher, C. Bleakley, and S. M. Wells, A global representative system of marine protected areas, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol.32, pp.123-126, 1995.

S. R. Kellert and . Wilson, The biophilia hypothesis, 1995.

W. M. Kemp and J. C. Cornwell, Role of Benthic Communities in the Cycling and Balance of Nitrogen in Florida Bay. Final report to the, vol.53, 2001.

H. Kennedy, J. Beggins, C. M. Duarte, J. W. Fourqurean, M. Holmer et al., Seagrass sediments as a global carbon sink: Isotopic constraints, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.24, p.4026, 2010.

H. Kennedy and M. Et-björk, The management of natural coastal carbon sinks, vol.53, 2009.

L. Kinadjian, M. L. Ould-tarbiya, E. Ould-sidina, M. S. Ould-haidalla, L. Ould-yarba et al., Étude sur analyse économique des principales filières de pêche au PNBA pour évaluer les richesses et retombées tirées, leur répartition entre les bénéficiaires et leur mode l'investissement, dans un objectif d'assurer une pêche durable. Rapport final, Projet d'Appui à la GEstion des Pêches Artisanales Transfrontalières (PARTAGE) : Volet 1.4 du Projet AFD/CSRP « Cogestion et AMP ». PNBA, IUCN, CSRP, vol.41, 2012.

A. Klicpera, J. Michel, and H. Westphal, Facies patterns of a tropical heterozoan carbonate platform under eutrophic conditions: The Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania. Facies, 61, p.421, 2015.

M. Kniivilä, Users and non-users of conservation areas: Are there differences in WTP, motives and the validity of responses in CVM surveys?, Ecological Economics, vol.59, pp.530-539, 2006.

M. Koch, E. Maltby, G. Oliver, and S. Bakker, Factors controlling denitrification rates of tidal mudflats and fringing salt marshes in South-west England, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.34, pp.471-485, 1992.

E. W. Koch, L. P. Sanford, S. Chen, D. J. Shafer, and J. M. Smith, Waves in seagrass systems: review and technical recommendations, 2006.

E. W. Koch, E. B. Barbier, B. R. Silliman, D. J. Reed, G. M. Perillo et al., Non-linearity in ecosystem services: temporal and spatial variability in coastal protection, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.7, pp.29-37, 2009.

L. P. Koh and S. A. Wich, Dawn of drone ecology: Low-cost autonomous aerial vehicles for conservation, Tropical Conservation Science, vol.5, pp.121-132, 2012.

P. D. Komar, Wave erosion of a massive artificial coastal landslide, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.23, pp.415-428, 1998.

M. J. Kotchen and S. D. Et-reiling, Environmental attitudes, motivations, and contingent valuation of nonuse values: a case study involving endangered species, Ecological Economics, vol.32, pp.93-107, 2000.

C. Koutsikopoulos, Y. Desaunay, D. Dorel, and J. Marchand, The role of coastal areas in the life history of sole (Solea solea L.) in the Bay of Biscay, Scientia marina, vol.53, pp.567-575, 1989.

C. Koutsikopoulos, L. Fortier, and J. A. Gagne, Cross-well dispersion of dover sole (Solea solea (L.)) eggs and larvae in Biscay Bay and recruitment to inshore nurseries, Journal of plankton research, vol.13, pp.923-945, 1991.

J. Kreuzwieser, J. Buchholz, and H. Rennenberg, Emission of methane and nitrous oxide by Australian mangrove ecosystems, Plant Biology, vol.5, pp.423-431, 2003.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2003-42712

J. V. Krutilla, Conservation reconsidered, The American Economic Review, vol.57, pp.777-786, 1967.

, Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1998.

P. Labrosse, K. Brahim, . Ould-taleb-ould, M. Sidi, and D. Gascuel, Évaluation des Ressources et Aménagements des Pêcheries de la ZEE Mauritanienne, p.6, 2010.

, Document technique Février, vol.279, pp.11-16, 2006.

D. Laffoley and G. D. Et-grimsditch, The management of natural coastal carbon sinks, vol.53, 2009.

R. Lafontaine, R. C. Beudels-jamar, P. Devillers, and T. Wacher, Gazella dorcas. Sahelo-Saharan Antelopes: Status and Perspectives. Report on the Conservation Status of the Six Sahelo-Saharan Antelopes, 2006.

A. Laliberte, A. Laliberte, J. E. Herrick, C. Winters, K. Havstad et al., Unmanned aerial vehicle-based remote sensing for rangeland assessment, monitoring, and management, Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, vol.3, p.33542, 2009.
DOI : 10.1117/1.3216822

L. Nafie, Y. A. Carmen, B. Brun, F. G. Van-katwijk, M. M. Bouma et al., Waves and high nutrient loads jointly decrease survival and separately affect 2 morphological and biomechanical properties in the seagrass Zostera noltii, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.57, pp.1664-1672, 2012.

C. Lathuilière, V. Echevin, and M. Et-lévy, Seasonal and intraseasonal surface chlorophylla variability along the northwest African coast, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.113, issue.C5, 2008.

P. Launeau, V. Méléder, C. Verpoorter, L. Barillé, F. Kazemipour-ricci et al., Microphytobenthos Biomass and Diversity Mapping at Different Spatial Scales with a Hyperspectral Optical Model, Remote Sensing, vol.10, p.716, 2018.
DOI : 10.3390/rs10050716

URL : https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/5/716/pdf

J. M. Lebigre, Les marais maritimes de Mauritanie : Protection et valorisation, Les cahiers d'outre-mer, vol.44, pp.379-400, 1991.
DOI : 10.3406/caoum.1991.3413

L. Coeur and C. , Le littoral mauritanien à l'aube du XXIe siècle -Peuplement, gouvernance de la nature, dynamiques sociales et culturelles, pp.151-172, 2011.

L. Douget and L. , Contribution pour une proposition des engins de pêche autorisés sur le PNBA et vers une conformité de leurs principales caractéristiques technique, 2008.

L. Hir, P. Roberts, W. Cazaillet, O. Christie, M. Bassoullet et al., Characterization of intertidal flat hydrodynamics, Continental shelf research, vol.20, pp.1433-1459, 2000.

R. Lemaire, H. Zhao, C. Thomson, M. Christensson, S. Piveteau et al., Mainstream deammonification with ANITA? Mox process, Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, pp.2183-2197, 2014.
DOI : 10.2175/193864714815942422

J. Leyrer, B. Spaans, M. Camara, and T. Piersma, Small home ranges and high site fidelity in red knots (Calidris c. canutus) wintering on the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania, Journal of Ornithology, vol.147, pp.376-384, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10336-005-0030-8

S. Ligeza and H. Smal, Accumulation of nutrients in soils affected by perennial colonies of piscivorous birds with reference to biogeochemical cycles of elements, Chemosphere, vol.52, pp.595-602, 2003.

J. Linchant, J. Lisein, J. Semeki, P. Lejeune, and C. Vermeulen, Are unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) the future of wildlife monitoring? A review of accomplishments and challenges, Mammal Review, vol.45, pp.239-252, 2015.

J. L. Linot, Les Imraguen, Mauritanie (divers, p.59, 1968.

C. Liquete, C. Piroddi, E. G. Drakou, L. Gurney, S. Katsanevakis et al., Current status and future prospects for the assessment of marine and coastal ecosystem services: a systematic review, PLOS ONE, vol.8, p.67737, 2013.

C. Liquete, N. Cid, D. Lanzanova, B. Grizzetti, and A. Reynaud, Perspectives on the link between ecosystem services and biodiversity: The assessment of the nursery function, Ecological indicators, vol.63, pp.249-257, 2016.

N. Loiseau and J. C. Gaertner, Indices for assessing coral reef fish biodiversity: the need for a change in habits, Ecology and evolution, vol.5, pp.4018-4027, 2015.

J. B. Loomis and D. S. White, Economic benefits of rare and endangered species: summary and meta-analysis, Ecological Economics, vol.18, pp.197-206, 1996.

L. Lotte, Coutumes des Imraguen (côtes Mauritanie), 1937.

P. M. Lourenço, T. Catry, T. Piersma, and J. P. Granadeiro, Comparative feeding ecology of shorebirds wintering at Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania. Estuaries and Coasts, vol.39, pp.855-865, 2016.

G. M. Mace, K. Norris, and A. H. Fitter, Biodiversity and ecosystem services: a multilayered relationship, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.27, pp.19-26, 2012.

P. I. Macreadie, M. E. Baird, S. M. Trevathan-tackett, A. W. Larkum, and P. J. Ralph, Quantifying and modelling the carbon sequestration capacity of seagrass meadows -A critical assessment, Marine pollution bulletin, vol.83, pp.430-439, 2014.

P. I. Macreadie, D. A. Nielsen, J. J. Kelleway, T. B. Atwood, J. R. Seymour et al., Can we manage coastal ecosystems to sequester more blue carbon?, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.15, pp.206-213, 2017.

J. Maigret, Campagne expérimentale de pêche des sardinelles et autres espèces pélagiques, juillet 1970-octobre 1971 : Observations concernant l'océanographie et la biologie de espèces : Ministère des Pêches et de la Marine marchande, 1972.

J. Maigret and A. O. Abdallahi, La pêche des Imaraguen sur le Banc d'Arguin et au Cap Timiris. Techniques et méthodes de pêche, 1976.

J. Maigret, Les Imraguen pêcheurs des côtes de Mauritanie, une technique ancestrale. Communication présentée aux X ème rencontres d'histoire et d'archéologie d'Antibes "l'exploitation de la mer, vol.10, 1984.

J. Maigret, Les Imraguen pêcheurs des côtes de Mauritanie, vol.50, pp.64-70, 1990.

S. Manfreda, M. F. Mccabe, P. E. Miller, R. Lucas, V. Pajuelo-madrigal et al., On the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Environmental Monitoring, Remote Sensing, vol.10, p.641, 2018.

A. Margalida and M. À. Colomer, Modelling the effects of sanitary policies on European vulture conservation, Scientific Reports, vol.2, p.753, 2012.

S. R. Marion and R. J. Orth, Innovative techniques for large-scale seagrass restoration using Zostera marina (eelgrass) seeds. Restoration Ecology, vol.18, pp.514-526, 2010.

V. Maris, Nature à vendre : Les limites des services écosystémiques, 2014.

B. Martín-lópez, E. Gómez-baggethun, M. García-llorente, and C. Montes, Trade-offs across value-domains in ecosystem services assessment, Ecological indicators, vol.37, pp.220-228, 2014.

M. L. Martínez, O. Pérez-maqueo, G. Vázquez, G. Castillo-campos, J. García-franco et al., Effects of land use change on biodiversity and ecosystem services in tropical montane cloud forests of Mexico, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.258, pp.1856-1863, 2009.

S. R. Massel, K. Furukawa, and R. M. Brinkman, Surface wave propagation in mangrove forests, Fluid Dynamics Research, vol.24, pp.219-249, 1999.

M. A. Mateo and J. Romero, Detritus dynamics in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica: elements for an ecosystem carbon and nutrient budget, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.151, pp.43-53, 1997.

F. Maurel, H. Bouscasse, P. Defrance, C. Duprez, P. Strosser et al., Évaluation économique des services rendus par les zones humides -Enseignements méthodologiques de monétarisation, Etudes & documents CGDD N°, vol.49, 2011.

F. S. Mayer and C. M. Frantz, The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals' feeling in community with nature, Journal of environmental psychology, vol.24, pp.503-515, 2004.

F. S. Mayer, C. M. Frantz, E. Bruehlman-senecal, and K. Dolliver, Why is nature beneficial? The role of connectedness to nature, Environment and behavior, vol.41, pp.607-643, 2009.

M. Mbarek, Évaluation économique des aires marines protégées : apports méthodologiques et applications aux îles Kuriat (Tunisie), vol.264, 2016.

M. Mbaye and J. Noël, La gouvernance des aires marines protégées : leçons ouest africaines, vol.5, 2004.

S. K. Mcfeeters, The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features, International journal of remote sensing, vol.17, pp.1425-1432, 1996.

G. Mcgranahan, D. Balk, and B. Anderson, The rising tide: assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones, Environment and Urbanization, vol.19, pp.17-37, 2007.

K. J. Mcglathery, K. Sundback, and I. C. Anderson, Eutrophication in shallow coastal bays and lagoons: the role of plants in the coastal filter, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.348, pp.1-18, 2007.

R. Mcinnes, M. Ali, and D. Pritchard, Ramsar et la Convention du patrimoine mondial : au confluent du succès, 2017.

A. Mcivor, I. Möller, T. Spencer, and M. Spalding, Reduction of wind and swell waves by mangroves, Cambridge Coastal Research Unit Working Paper, vol.1, pp.2050-7941, 2012.

K. L. Mckee, D. R. Cahoon, and I. Et-feller, Caribbean mangroves adjust to rising sea level through biotic controls on change in soil elevation, Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol.16, pp.545-56, 2007.

K. L. Mckee, Biophysical controls on accretion and elevation change in Caribbean mangrove ecosystems, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.91, pp.475-483, 2011.

E. Mcleod, G. L. Chmura, S. Bouillon, R. Salm, M. Björk et al., A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.9, pp.552-560, 2011.

D. S. Mclusky, M. Elliott, and M. Et-elliott, The estuarine ecosystem: ecology, threats and management, 2004.

S. Mehvar, T. Filatova, A. Dastgheib, E. De-ruyter-van-steveninck, and R. Et-ranasinghe, Quantifying Economic Value of Coastal Ecosystem Services: A, Review. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, vol.6, p.5, 2018.

F. J. Mendez and I. J. Et-losada, Transformation of random and non-random breaking waves over vegetation fields, Coastal Engineering, vol.51, pp.103-118, 2004.

P. Mercier and G. Balandier, Emancipation par rachat des pêcheurs Imraguen. Notes africaines, IFAN, p.33, 1947.

J. Michel, H. Westphal, and T. J. Hanebuth, Sediment partitioning and winnowing in a mixed eolian-marine system (Mauritanian shelf). Geomarine letters, vol.29, pp.221-232, 2009.

J. J. Middelburg, K. Soetaert, and P. M. Herman, Empirical relationships for use in global diagenetic models. Deep-Sea Research Part I, vol.44, pp.327-344, 1997.

B. A. Middleton and K. L. Mckee, Degradation of mangrove tissues and implications for peat formation in Belizean island forests, Journal of Ecology, vol.89, pp.818-828, 2001.

T. Miyajima, M. Suzumura, Y. Umezawa, and I. Koike, Microbiological nitrogen transformation in carbonate sediments of a coral-reef lagoon and associate seagrass beds, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.217, pp.273-286, 2001.

F. Moberg and P. Rönnbäck, Ecosystem services of the tropical seascape: interactions, substitutions and restoration, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol.46, pp.119-128, 2003.

A. C. Mol, Wave attenuation by vegetation. Hydraulic Engineering Reports, Deltares (WL), vol.119, 2003.

I. Moller, Quantifying saltmarsh vegetation and its effect on wave height dissipation: results from a UK East coast saltmarsh, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.69, pp.337-351, 2006.

I. Möller, T. Spencer, and J. R. French, Wind wave dissipation over saltmarshes surfaces: preliminary results from, Journal of Coastal Research, vol.12, pp.1009-1016, 1996.

I. Möller, T. Spencer, J. R. French, D. J. Legget, and M. Et-dixon, The sea-defence value of salt marshes: Field evidence from North Norfolk, Water and Environment Journal, vol.15, pp.109-116, 2001.

A. Monnet, F. Jiguet, C. N. Meynard, D. Mouillot, N. Mouquet et al., Asynchrony of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity in birds, Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol.23, pp.780-788, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01768466

W. A. Montevecchi, Interactions between fisheries and seabirds, Biology of marine birds, pp.527-557, 2002.

D. Mouillot, N. A. Graham, S. Villéger, N. W. Mason, and D. R. Bellwood, A functional approach reveals community responses to disturbances, Trends in ecology & evolution, vol.28, pp.167-177, 2013.

A. Moussa, Mécanismes et flux de commercialisation des produits de la pêche mauritanienne, CNROP, vol.143, 1992.

B. Murray, P. Linwood, W. A. Jenkins, and S. Sifleet, Green payments for blue carbon economic incentives for protecting threatened coastal habitats, Nicholas Institute Report. NI R, pp.11-15, 2011.

R. H. Murray, D. V. Erler, and B. D. Et-eyre, Nitrous oxide fluxes in estuarine environments: response to global change, Global change biology, vol.21, pp.3219-3245, 2015.

J. A. Musick, Ecology and conservation of long-lived marine animals, vol.23, pp.1-10, 1999.

R. A. Myers, J. K. Baum, T. D. Shepherd, S. P. Powers, and C. H. Et-peterson, Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean, Science, vol.315, pp.1846-1850, 2007.

I. Nagelkerken, Evaluation of nursery function of mangroves and seagrass beds for tropical decapods and reef fishes: patterns and underlying mechanisms, Ecological connectivity among tropical coastal ecosystems, pp.357-399, 2009.

, Commission Économique pour l'Afrique (1990-02). Charte Africaine de la participation populaire au développement et à la transformation, Nations Unies, 1990.

N. U. Cea, Conférence internationale sur la participation populaire dans le processus de redressement et de développement en Afrique, pp.12-16, 1990.

V. L. Negrin, S. E. Botté, N. S. La-colla, and J. E. Et-marcovecchio, Uptake and accumulation of metals in Spartina alterniflora salt marshes from a south American estuary, Science of The Total Environment, vol.649, pp.808-820, 2018.

C. Nellemann and E. Corcoran, Blue carbon. A rapid response assessment. GRIDArendal: United Nations Environment Programme, 2009.

K. J. Niklas, Plant biomechanics: An engineering approach to plant form and function, 1992.

J. Noël, Valeur économique des services écologiques rendus par la biodiversité marine à l'homme, vol.12, 2006.

Z. Nouaceur, Évolution des précipitations depuis plus d'un demi-siècle en Mauritanie, Geographica Technica, pp.361-366, 2009.

B. L. Nowicki, E. Requintina, D. Van-keuren, and J. Portnoy, The role of sediment denitrification in reducing groundwater-derived nitrate inputs to Nauset marsh estuary, Estuaries, vol.22, pp.245-259, 1999.

J. M. Oakes and B. D. Et-eyre, Transformation and fate of microphytobenthos carbon in subtropical, intertidal sediments: potential for long-term carbon retention revealed by 13 C-labeling, Biogeosciences, vol.11, pp.1927-1940, 2014.

H. Obanawa, Y. S. Hayakawa, and C. Gomez, 3D modelling of inaccessible areas using uav-based aerial photography and structure from motion, Chikei/Transactions, vol.35, pp.283-294, 2014.

. Oiseaux,

. Oiseaux and . Net, Disponible sur, 1996.

E. Ojea and M. L. Loureiro, Altruistic, egoistic and biospheric values in willingness to pay (WTP) for wildlife, Ecological Economics, vol.63, pp.807-814, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.02.003

R. J. Orth, T. J. Carruthers, W. C. Dennison, C. M. Duarte, J. W. Fourqurean et al., A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems, Bioscience, vol.56, pp.987-996, 2006.

V. Otero, K. Quisthoudt, N. Koedam, and F. Dahdouh-guebas, Mangroves at their limits: Detection and area estimation of mangroves along the Sahara desert coast, Remote Sensing, vol.8, p.512, 2016.

L. D. Ottosen, N. Risgaard-petersen, and L. P. Nielsen, Direct and indirect measurements of nitrification and denitrification in the rhizosphere of aquatic macrophytes, Aquatic Microbial Ecology, vol.19, pp.81-91, 1999.

A. W. Ould-cheikh, L'Identité imraguen et la gestion locale de l'aire du PNBA: approche historique et sociologique, Parc national du banc d'Arguin, 2002.

A. W. Ould-cheikh, Création, évolution, peuplement et identité imraguen, gestion de l'espace, 2002.

A. W. Ould-cheikh, Modes d'accès et de régulation de l'accès aux ressources naturelle renouvelables. Le Parc National du Banc d'Arguin. CONSDEV, Document de travail/WP3/01, vol.54, 2003.

A. W. Ould-cheikh, M. Saleck, and A. , Approche historique : Création et évolution du PNBA, peuplement et Identité lmraguen, gouvernance locale. CONSDEV Document de travail/WPI/02, vol.28, 2002.

S. Ould-dedah, Wind, surface water temperature, surface salinity and pollution in the area of the Banc d'Arguin, Hydrobiologia, vol.258, pp.9-19, 1993.

A. Ould-hamadi, Compte rendu de fin de la mission de la brigade mobile du, vol.7, p.p, 2009.

F. Ould-mohamedou and C. A. Et-ould-inejih, Performances économiques des unités de pêche artisanales et côtières ciblant le Mulet et la Courbine à Nouadhibou en 2007, et à Iwick et Teichott. Rapport Groupe de Travail Scientifique, vol.16, 2009.

O. Sidi and M. M. , Etude de la diversité biologique des poissons juvéniles de la baie du Lévrier, Mauritanie, Fish biodiversity: Local studies as basis for global inferences. Brussels: ACP -EU Fisheries Research Report, vol.14, pp.89-97, 2003.

M. L. Ould-tarbiya, Analyse des coûts et résultats économiques des unités des pêches artisanale et côtière. Rapport final, vol.32, 2010.

M. L. Ould-tarbiya, E. Ould-sidina, M. S. Ould-haidalla, L. Ould-yarba, and M. M. Et-ould-yehdih, Analyse économique des principales filières de pêche au PNBA pour évaluer les richesses et retombées tirées, leur répartition entre les bénéficiaires et leur mode d'investissement, dans un objectif d'assurer une pêche durable, vol.177, 2012.

X. Ouyang and S. Y. Lee, Updated estimates of carbon accumulation rates in coastal marsh sediments, Biogeosciences, vol.11, pp.5057-5071, 2014.

I. P. Owens and P. M. Bennett, Ecological basis of extinction risk in birds: Habitat loss versus human persecution and introduced predators, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.97, pp.12144-12148, 2000.

D. J. Pain, A. A. Cunningham, P. F. Donald, J. W. Duckworth, D. C. Houston et al., Causes and Effects of Temporospatial Declines of Gyps Vultures in Asia, Conservation Biology, vol.17, pp.661-671, 2003.

M. L. Palomares and D. Pauly, , 2018.

U. Pascual, P. Balvanera, S. Díaz, G. Pataki, E. Roth et al., Valuing nature's contributions to people: the IPBES approach, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, vol.26, pp.7-16, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cosust.2016.12.006

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2016.12.006

F. X. Pelletier, Les hommes qui cueillent la vie : les Imragen, vol.230, 1986.

J. M. Peña, J. Torres-sánchez, A. I. De-castro, M. Kelly, and F. López-granados, Weed Mapping in Early-Season Maize Fields Using Object-Based Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Images, PLoS ONE, vol.8, p.77151, 2013.

D. Pestre, A contre-science : Politiques et savoirs des sociétés contemporaines, vol.256, 2013.

R. Peterman, M. Bradford, N. C. Lo, and R. D. Methot, Contribution of early life stages to interannual variability in recruitment of Northern Anchovy, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol.45, pp.8-16, 1988.

H. Peters, The spreading of the water masses of the Banc d'Arguin in the upwelling area off the northern Mauritanian coast. Meteor-Forschungsergebnisse, vol.18, pp.78-100, 1976.

V. X. Phang, L. M. Chou, and D. A. Et-friess, Ecosystem carbon stocks across a tropical intertidal habitat mosaic of mangrove forest, seagrass meadow, mudflat and sandbar, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.40, pp.1387-1400, 2015.

M. Piehler and A. Smyth, Habitat-specific distinctions in estuarine denitrification affect both ecosystem function and services, Ecosphere, vol.2, pp.1-17, 2011.

, Rapport du groupe de travail recherche, PNBA, 2002.

, Plan d'Aménagement et de Gestion 2010-2014 du Parc National du Banc d'Arguin. Programme Gestion des Ressources Naturelles (ProGRN) -Composante « Appui institutionnel et technique au PNBA, PNBA, vol.115, 2009.

, Enquête ménage, population Imraguen du parc, PNBA, vol.41, 2011.

, Plan d'Aménagement et de Gestion du PNBA, PNBA, vol.124, 2014.

, Enquête ménage, population Imraguen du parc. Rapport, PNBA, vol.11, 2015.

P. Point, La place de l'évaluation des biens environnementaux dans la décision publique, vol.1, pp.13-46, 1998.

P. Poutignat and J. Streiff-fenart, Théories de l'ethnicité, vol.129, 1995.

A. C. Prévot and I. Geijzendorffer, Biodiversité, services écosystémiques et bien-être, Valeur de la biodiversité et services écosystémiues. Perspectives interdisciplinaires, 2016.

P. Roche, I. Geijzendorffer, H. Levrel, and V. Maris, , pp.89-101

S. Quartel, A. Kroon, P. Augustinus, P. Van-santen, and N. Tri, Wave attenuation in coastal mangroves in the Red River Delta, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, vol.29, pp.576-584, 2007.

J. Quero and J. Et-vayne, Le maigre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) (Pisces, Perciformes, Sciaenidae) du Golfe de Gascogne et des eaux plus septentrionales. Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Péches maritimes, vol.49, pp.35-66, 1987.

. R-core-team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2016.

. R-core-team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2017.

A. Ravishankara, J. S. Daniel, and R. W. Et-portmann, Nitrous oxide (N2O): the dominant ozone-depleting substance emitted in the 21st century, Science, vol.326, pp.123-125, 2009.

R. Ray, D. Ganguly, C. Chowdhury, M. Dey, S. Das et al., Carbon sequestration and annual increase of carbon stock in a mangrove forest, Atmospheric Environment, vol.45, pp.5016-5024, 2011.

D. W. Reaves, R. A. Kramer, and T. P. Holmes, Does Question Format Matter? Valuing an Endangered Species, Environmental and Resource Economics, vol.14, pp.365-383, 1999.

C. R. Reis, G. B. Nardoto, and R. S. Oliveira, Global overview on nitrogen dynamics in mangroves and consequences of increasing nitrogen availability for these systems, Plant and soil, vol.410, pp.1-19, 2017.

C. Revillion, Spatialisation des activités et des prélèvements de la pêche artisanale sur le Parc National du Banc d'Arguin (Mauritanie), 2010.

C. Revillion, A. Kide, and L. Et-ould-yarba, Une base de données spatiales sur la pêche artisanale dans le Parc national du Banc d'Arguin (Mauritanie), outil au service d'une gestion durable de la ressource, Communication au Congrès international ICCAFFE, 2011.

L. Revol, Etudes sur les fractions d'Imraguen de la côte mauritanienne, Bulletin du Comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de l'AOF, 1937.

C. Ribaudo, M. Plus, F. Ganthy, and I. Auby, Carbon sequestration loss following Zostera noltei decline in the Arcachon Bay (France), Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.179, pp.4-11, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecss.2016.01.024

URL : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00309/42061/41357.pdf

N. Risgaard-petersen and L. D. Et-ottosen, Nitrogen cycling in two temperate Zostera marina beds: Seasonal variation, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.198, pp.93-107, 2000.
DOI : 10.3354/meps198093

URL : https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/198/m198p093.pdf

N. Risgaard-petersen, T. Dalsgaard, S. Rysgaard, P. B. Christensen, J. Borum et al., Nitrogen balance of a temperate eelgrass Zostera marina bed, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.174, pp.281-291, 1998.

V. H. Rivera-monroy and R. R. Twilley, The relative role of denitrification and immobilization in the fate of inorganic nitrogen in mangrove sediments (Terminos lagoon, Mexico), Limnology and Oceanography, vol.41, pp.284-296, 1996.

V. H. Rivera-monroy, J. H. Day, R. R. Twilley, R. G. Boustany, J. W. Day et al., Direct denitrification in mangrove sediments in Terminos lagoon, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.126, pp.97-109, 1995.

S. K. Robinson and R. T. Holmes, Foraging Behavior of Forest Birds: The Relationships Among Search Tactics, Diet, and Habitat Structure, Ecology, vol.63, 1918.

S. Rochette, E. Rivot, J. Morin, S. Mackinson, P. Riou et al., Effect of nursery habitat degradation on flatfish population: Application to Solea solea in the Eastern Channel (Western Europe), Journal of Sea Research, vol.64, pp.34-44, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00729486

A. Rohatgi, , 2011.

K. A. Rose, J. A. Tyler, R. C. Chambers, G. Klein-macphee, and D. J. Danila, Simulating winter flounder population dynamics using coupled individual-based young-of-the-year and age-structured adult models, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol.53, pp.1071-1091, 1996.

B. L. Roughan, L. Kellman, E. Smith, and G. L. Chmura, Nitrous oxide emissions could reduce the blue carbon value of marshes on eutrophic estuaries, Environmental Research Letters, p.13, 2018.

M. A. Rudloff and J. M. Salles, Université de Montpellier I. Centre régional de la productivité et des études économiques. Faculté de droit et des sciences économiques de Montpellier I, vol.29, 1992.

S. Rysgaard, N. Risgaard-petersen, and N. P. Sloth, Nitrification, denitrification, and nitrate ammonification in sediments of two coastal lagoons in Southern France, Hydrobiology, vol.329, pp.133-141, 1996.

E. Salamí, C. Barrado, and E. Pastor, UAV flight experiments applied to the remote sensing of vegetated areas, Remote Sensing, vol.6, pp.11051-11081, 2014.

M. V. Salem, M. Van-der-geest, T. Piersma, Y. Saoud, and J. A. Van-gils, Seasonal changes in mollusc abundance in a tropical intertidal ecosystem, Banc d'Arguin (Mauritania): testing the 'depletion by shorebirds' hypothesis, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.136, pp.26-34, 2014.

J. M. Sandoval-gil, V. F. Camacho-ibar, M. Del-carmen-Ávila-lópez, J. Hernández-lópez, J. A. Zertuche-gonzález et al., Dissolved inorganic nitrogen uptake kinetics and ?15N of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) in a coastal lagoon with oyster aquaculture and upwelling influence, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.472, pp.1-13, 2015.

O. Sarr, Un SIG dans une perspective de gestion et d'aménagement de la pêche artisanale et côtière en Mauritanie, vol.63, 2016.

B. E. Schaffmeister, J. G. Hiddink, and W. J. Wolff, Habitat use of shrimps in the intertidal and shallow subtidal seagrass beds of the tropical Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania, Journal of Sea Research, vol.55, pp.230-243, 2006.

M. Schröter, E. H. Van-der-zanden, A. P. Van-oudenhoven, R. P. Remme, H. M. Serna-chavez et al., Ecosystem services as a contested concept: a synthesis of critique and counter-arguments, Conservation Letters, vol.7, pp.514-523, 2014.

S. Seitzinger, J. A. Harrison, J. Böhlke, A. Bouwman, R. Lowrance et al., Denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes: a synthesis, Ecological applications, vol.16, pp.2064-2090, 2006.

Ç. H. ?ekercio?lu, Increasing awareness of avian ecological function, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.21, pp.464-471, 2006.

Ç. H. ?ekercio?lu, G. C. Daily, and P. R. Ehrlich, Ecosystem consequences of bird declines, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, pp.18042-18047, 2004.

O. Serrano, M. A. Mateo, P. Renom, and R. Julia, Characterization of soils beneath a Posidonia oceanica meadow, Geoderma, pp.26-36, 2012.

O. Setälä, J. Norkko, and M. Lehtiniemi, Feeding type affects microplastic ingestion in a coastal invertebrate community, Marine pollution bulletin, vol.102, pp.95-101, 2016.

J. Sevrin-reyssac and B. Et-richer-de-forges, Particularités de la faune ichtyologique dans un milieu sursalé du parc national du banc d'Arguin (Mauritanie). Océanographie tropicale, vol.20, pp.85-90, 1985.

J. Sevrin-reyssac, Hydrology and underwater climate of the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania: a review, Hydrobiologia, vol.258, pp.1-8, 1993.

C. C. Shepard, C. M. Crain, and M. W. Beck, The protective role of coastal marshes: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS One, vol.6, p.27374, 2011.

M. A. Sidi-cheikh, L. Ould-yarba, . Et-ould, and L. Senhoury, Spatialisation des activités de pêches au Parc National du Banc d'Arguin. Journées d'Animation Scientifique (JAS09) de l'AUF Alger Novembre, vol.6, 2009.

J. Siikamäki, J. N. Sanchirico, and S. L. Et-jardine, Global economic potential for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from mangrove loss, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.109, pp.14369-14374, 2012.

P. Slovic and E. U. Weber, Perception of risk posed by extreme events, Risk Management strategies in an Uncertain World, pp.12-13, 2002.

, Prix des diverses espèces jusqu'au 20 septembre 2018 -Marché Europe et Afrique, Société Mauritanienne de Commercialisation de Poissons, SMCP, vol.4, 2018.

C. J. Smit and T. Et-piersma, Numbers, midwinter distribution, and migration of wader populations using the East Atlantic flyway. Flyways and reserve networks for water birds, IWRB Special Publication, vol.9, pp.24-63, 1989.

E. Smith, Heavy Metal Accumulation in Seagrasses in Southeastern Florida, vol.64, 2018.

C. J. Smith, R. D. Delaune, and W. H. Patrick, Fate of riverine nitrate entering an estuary: 1. Denitrification and nitrogen burial, Estuaries, vol.8, pp.15-21, 1985.
DOI : 10.2307/1352117

D. Sol, S. Timmermans, and L. Lefebvre, Behavioural flexibility and invasion success in birds, Animal Behaviour, vol.63, pp.495-502, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/anbe.2001.1953

B. Somé, La réalité du changement climatique et ses impacts sur les rendements agricoles des céréales au Sahel. Présentation lors de la 4 ème édition SEDECO, 2010.

A. I. Sousa, D. B. Santos, E. F. Da-silva, L. P. Sousa, D. F. Cleary et al., Blue Carbon' and Nutrient Stocks of Salt Marshes at a Temperate Coastal Lagoon, Portugal). Scientific reports, vol.7, p.41225, 2017.

M. D. Spalding, S. Ruffo, C. Lacambra, I. Meliane, L. Z. Hale et al., The role of ecosystems in coastal protection: adapting to climate change and coastal hazards, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol.90, pp.50-57, 2014.

I. F. Spellerberg and P. J. Et-fedor, A tribute to Claude Shannon (1916-2001) and a plea for more rigorous use of species richness, species diversity and the 'Shannon-Wiener' Index, Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol.12, pp.177-179, 2003.

K. L. Spencer and G. L. Harvey, Understanding system disturbance and ecosystem services in restored saltmarshes: Integrating physical and biogeochemical processes, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.106, pp.23-32, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecss.2012.04.020

J. Spurgeon, The socio-economic costs and benefits of coastal habitat rehabilitation and creation, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.37, pp.373-382, 1998.

P. C. Stern, T. Dietz, and L. Kalof, Value orientations, gender, and environmental concern, Environment and Behavior, vol.25, pp.322-348, 1993.
DOI : 10.1177/0013916593255002

P. C. Stern, T. Dietz, and G. A. Guagnano, The new Ecological Paradigm in SocialPsychological Context, SAGE Journals, vol.27, pp.723-743, 1995.

T. H. Stevens, J. Echeverria, R. J. Glass, T. Hager, and T. A. More, Measuring the Existence Value of Wildlife: What Do CVM Estimates Really Show? Land Economics, vol.67, pp.390-400, 1991.

S. E. Sumoski and R. J. Orth, Biotic dispersal in eelgrass Zostera marina, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.471, pp.1-10, 2012.
DOI : 10.3354/meps10145

URL : https://www.int-res.com/articles/feature/m471p001.pdf

J. Y. Takekawa and E. O. Et-garton, How Much is an Evening Grosbeak Worth, Journal of Forestry, vol.82, pp.426-428, 1984.

J. W. Talbot, The dispersal of plaice eggs and larvae in the Southern Bight of the North Sea, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.37, pp.221-248, 1977.

M. Taleb-ould-sidi, Synthèse et analyse des travaux scientifiques menés par l'IMROP au PNBA : période 1997-2006. IMROP. Projet Régulation de l'Accès aux Ressources naturelles et Surveillance dans le PNBA (RARES), vol.51, p.p, 2007.

I. Thiam and M. S. Haidalla, La Rentabilité des unités artisanales dans la zone du PDPAS durant la période, 2001.

Y. Thomas and E. A. Senhoury, La hauteur significative des vagues en Afrique de l'ouest, observation par altimetrie radar. Photo interprétation, vol.43, pp.25-32, 2007.

W. Thompson, H. Paerl, and M. Go, Seasonal patterns of nitrification and denitrification in a natural and a restored salt marsh, Estuaries, vol.18, pp.399-408, 1995.

P. R. Thompson, M. A. Merrifield, E. Leuliette, W. Sweet, D. P. Chambers et al., Sea level variability and change, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.98, pp.93-98, 2017.

C. Thomson, Cost-effective nitrogen removal: Durham, N.C., facility installs sidestream deammonification system to meet strict TN limits, 2016.

G. Tixerant, Contribution à l'étude de la biologie du maigre ou courbine Argyrosomus regius (Asso 1801) (= Sciaena aquila Lacép.) sur la côte mauritanienne, 1974.

C. Tobias, A. Giblin, J. Mcclelland, J. Tucker, and B. Peterson, Sediment DIN fluxes and preferential recyling of benthic microalgal nitrogen in a shallow macrotidal estuary, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.257, pp.25-36, 2003.

E. Trégarot, P. Failler, and J. Maréchal, Evaluation of coastal and marine ecosystem services of Mayotte: Indirect use values of coral reefs and associated ecosystems, International Journal of Biodiversity Science, vol.13, pp.19-34, 2017.

E. Trotignon, Données socio-économiques sur le village Imraguen d'Iwik (Mauritanie), pp.43-319, 1981.

R. R. Twilley, R. H. Chen, and T. Hargis, Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implications to carbon budget of tropical coastal ecosystems, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.64, pp.265-288, 1992.

, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2018-1. Disponible sur : www.iucnredlist.org, UICN, 2018.

, Fighting climate change: human solidarity in a divided world, UNDP, 2007.

B. Valadou, J. Brêthes, and C. A. Et-inejih, Observations biologiques sur cinq espèces d'Élasmobranches du Parc National du Banc d'Arguin (Mauritanie). Cybium, 30, pp.313-322, 2006.

J. F. Valentine and K. L. Heck, Seagrass herbivory: evidence for the continued grazing of marine grasses, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.176, pp.291-302, 1999.

P. J. Van-den-hout, B. Spaans, and T. Piersma, Multi-trophic interactions within the seagrass beds of Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania -A chemosynthesis-based intertidal ecosystem, .x van der Geest, vol.150, 2008.

B. Van-der-laan and W. J. Wolff, Circular pools in the seagrass beds of the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania, and their possible origin, Aquatic Botany, vol.84, pp.93-100, 2006.

J. P. Van-etten, Banc d'Arguin, a Nursery for fish species, vol.174, 2003.

F. Van-lent, P. H. Nienhuis, and J. M. Verschuure, Production and biomass of the seagrasses Zostera noltii Hornem. and Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Aschers. at the Banc d'Arguin, Aquatic Botany, vol.41, pp.353-367, 1991.

D. Ventura, A. Bonifazi, M. F. Gravina, and G. D. Et-ardizzone, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) for Environmental Monitoring: A Review with Applications in Coastal Habitats, Aerial Robots-Aerodynamics, 2017.

D. Ventura, A. Bonifazi, M. F. Gravina, A. Belluscio, and G. Ardizzone, Mapping and Classification of Ecologically Sensitive Marine Habitats Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Imagery and Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA), vol.10, p.1331, 2018.

J. Vermaat, J. Beijer, R. Gijlstra, M. Hootsmans, C. Philippart et al., Leaf dynamics and standing stocks of intertidal Zostera noltii Hornem. and Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson on the Banc d'Arguin (Mauritania), 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/bf00006186

, Hydrobiologia, vol.258, pp.59-72

S. A. Vollgger and A. R. Cruden, Mapping folds and fractures in basement and cover rocks using UAV photogrammetry, Cape Liptrap and Cape Paterson, Journal of Structural Geology, vol.85, pp.168-187, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsg.2016.02.012

P. Vo-luong and S. R. Massel, Experiments on wave motion and suspended sediment concentration at Nang Hai, Can Gio mangrove forest, vol.48, pp.23-40, 2006.

P. Vo-luong and S. Massel, Energy dissipation in non-uniform mangrove forests of arbitrary depth, Journal of Marine Systems, vol.74, pp.603-622, 2008.

O. H. Wagne, Enquête cadre le long du littoral, Mai, vol.12, 2016.

O. W. Wagne and O. Sarr, Rapport de l'Enquête Cadre. Service Statistiques de l'IMROP, vol.16, 2018.

X. C. Wang, L. Litz, R. F. Chen, W. Huang, P. Feng et al., Release of dissolved organic matter during oxic and anoxic decomposition of salt marsh cordgrass, Marine Chemistry, vol.105, pp.309-321, 2007.

P. W. Wangai, B. Burkhard, and F. Müller, A review of studies on ecosystem services in Africa, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, vol.5, pp.225-245, 2016.

L. G. Ward, W. M. Kemp, and W. R. Boynton, The influence of waves and seagrass communities on suspended particulates in an estuarine embayment, Marine Geology, vol.59, pp.85-103, 1984.

J. R. Ware, S. V. Smith, and M. L. Et-reaka-kudla, Coral reefs: sources or sinks of atmospheric CO2? Coral Reefs, vol.11, pp.127-130, 1992.

C. J. Wayne, The effects of sea and marsh grass on wave energy, Coastal Research Notes, vol.14, pp.6-8, 1976.

J. Weber, L'évaluation contingente : les valeurs ont-elles un prix ?, 2003.
DOI : 10.3917/quae.bouam.2013.01.0231

S. Wells and C. Ravilious, In the front line: shoreline protection and other ecosystem services from mangroves and coral reefs, 2006.

D. T. Welsh, M. Bartoli, D. Nizzoli, G. Castaldelli, S. A. Riou et al., Denitrification, nitrogen fixation, community primary productivity and inorganic N and oxygen fluxes in an intertidal Zostera noltii meadow, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.208, pp.65-77, 2000.

D. G. Wenny, T. L. Devault, M. D. Johnson, D. Kelly, Ç. H. ?ekercio?lu et al., The Need to Quantify Ecosystem Services Provided by Birds, The Auk, vol.128, pp.1-14, 2011.

C. J. Whelan, Ç. H. ?ekercio?lu, and D. G. Wenny, Bird Ecosystem Services : Economic Ornithology for the 21st Century, Why Birds Matter: Avian Ecological Function and Ecosystem Services, pp.1-26, 2016.

C. J. Whelan, D. G. Wenny, and R. J. Marquis, Ecosystem Services Provided by Birds, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.1134, pp.25-60, 2008.

D. White and B. Howes, Long-term 15N-nitrogen retention in the vegetated sediments of a New England salt marsh, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.39, pp.1878-1892, 1994.

R. White and V. Stoecklin, Children's outdoor play & learning environments: Returning to nature, Early Childhood News, vol.10, pp.24-30, 1998.

H. Wickham, ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, 2016.

O. Widegren, Environmentally friendly behaviour as collective action: Some aspects of "non-rational" motivation, Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning, vol.39, pp.231-258, 1998.

O. Widegren, The new environmental paradigm and personal norms, Environment and Behavior, vol.30, pp.75-100, 1998.

G. Wijnsma, W. J. Wolff, A. Meijboom, P. Duiven, . Et-de et al., Species richness and distribution of benthic tidal flat fauna of the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania. Oceanologica Acta, vol.22, pp.233-243, 1999.

, Wikipedia Contributors, Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, 2018.

E. O. Wilson, Biophilia and the conservation ethic, pp.263-272, 2017.

W. Wolff and C. Smit, The Banc d'Arguin as an environment for coastal coastal birds, Ardea, vol.78, pp.17-38, 1990.

W. Wolff, A. Duiven, P. Duiven, P. Esselink, A. Gueye et al., Biomass of macrobenthic tidal flat fauna of the Banc d'Arguin, Hydrobiologia, vol.258, pp.151-163, 1993.

W. J. Wolff, J. Van-der-land, P. H. Nienhuis, and P. A. Et-de-wilde, The functioning of the ecosystem of the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania: a review, Hydrobiologia, vol.258, pp.211-222, 1993.

W. J. Wolff and H. Et-michaelis, Do shorebirds graze down zoobenthic biomass at the Banc d'Arguin tidal flats in Mauritania?, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.79, pp.491-495, 2008.

, Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis, 2005.

J. Worms and A. M. Et-ould-eida, Savoirs traditionnels des Imraguen liés à la pêche (PNBA). CONSDEV. Document de travail /WP1/05, vol.14, 2002.

S. L. Yang, The role of Scirpus marsh in attenuation hydrodynamics and retention of fine sediment in the Yangtze estuary, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.47, pp.227-233, 1998.

R. Zamora, J. A. Hódar, L. Matías, and I. Mendoza, Positive adjacency effects mediated by seed disperser birds in pine plantations, Ecological Applications, vol.20, pp.1053-1060, 2010.

C. Zöckler, Migratory bird species as indicators for the state of the environment, Biodiversity, vol.6, pp.7-13, 2005.

L. Zwarts, A. Blomert, B. J. Ens, R. Hupkes, and T. M. Van-spanje, Why do waders reach high feeding densities on the intertidal flats of the Banc d'Arguin, ANNEXE, vol.78, pp.39-52, 1990.

Q. De-tidjikja-nom-de-l'enquêteur and ?. Code, ANNEXE, vol.5, p.0

. Lieu-/nom-de-la-ville,

, Date : ?????/?????/??????????

H. Début and ?. ,

/. H/??mn-fin??h and . ??,

. Créé-en, Sa superficie de 12 000 km² est répartie équitablement entre le continent et l'océan. Classé site Ramsar en 1982 puis patrimoine de l'Humanité en 1989 et Don à la terre en 2001, le PNBA est le lieu de vie des Imraguens (environ 1300 personnes) répartis sur 8 villages, qui pratiquent une pêche traditionnelle de mulet jaune (Ezole) depuis plusieurs siècles. Le Parc National du Banc d'Arguin joue un rôle capital pour le maintien de la biodiversité, Il contribue ainsi significativement au renouvellement des ressources halieutiques à l'échelle de la ZEE Mauritanienne et plus largement à une échelle sous-régionale. Il est également, l'habitat le plus important de l'Atlantique oriental pour les oiseaux nicheurs de l'Afrique de l'Ouest et les échassiers migrateurs. Le PNBA abrite aussi quelques espèces menacées d'extinction comme la tortue verte, les requins, 1976.

, Malgré son importance écologique et culturelle, le PNBA est soumis actuellement à plusieurs enjeux qui risqueraient de compromettre la politique de sa conservation initiée depuis plus de 40 ans

, Si oui combien de lanches disposez-vous ?

, Quels sont espèces que vous ciblez ?

, Quels sont les problèmes que vous rencontrez dans l'exercice de votre activité ?

, Que pensez-vous de l'avenir de la pêche Imraguen ?

, Est-ce vous êtes prêts à vous reconvertir vers une autre activité moyennant une indemnité ?

, Combien vous souhaitez recevoir ? VII. Information ménage dans le PNBA : 1. Indentification du chef de Ménage

, Combien de personnes votre famille est constituée ? 4. Que pensez-vous de la vie dans le Parc ? 5. Quelles sont difficultés que vous rencontrez ?

, Est-ce vous êtes prêts à quitter le PNBA pour aller dans une autre localité moyennant une indemnité ?

, Quelle localité allez-vous ?

, Combien d'argent vous souhaitez recevoir comme indemnité ?

. Viii, Comment pouvez-vous nous présenter la culture Imraguen ? 1. Comment elle se manifeste ? 2. Avez-vous une association culturelle ?

, Est-ce que vous organisez des manifestions culturelles ? Autres informations utiles