L. Affre, P. Dumas, and E. Dumas, Regard écologique sur le recul stratégique: atouts et risques pour la diversité végétale péri-urbaine marseillaise, Vertigo Hors série, vol.21, p.13, 2015.

J. Agren and D. W. Schemske, Outcrossing rate and inbreeding depression in two annual monoecious herbs, Begonia Hirsuta and Begonia Semiovata, Evolution (NY), vol.47, pp.125-135, 1993.

R. Aguilar, M. Quesada, and L. Ashworth, Genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation in plant populations: susceptible signals in plant traits and methodological approaches, Mol Ecol, vol.17, pp.5177-5188, 2008.

M. A. Aizen, A. Ashworth, and L. Galetto, Reproductive success in fragmented habitats: do compatibility systems and pollination specialization matter?, J Veg Sci, vol.13, pp.885-892, 2002.

M. Åkesson, O. Liberg, and H. Sand, Genetic rescue in a severely inbred wolf population, Mol Ecol, vol.25, pp.4745-4756, 2016.

C. Alonso, C. M. Herrera, and T. Ashman, A piece of the puzzle: a method for comparing pollination quality and quantity across multiple species and reproductive events, New Phytol, vol.193, pp.532-542, 2011.

A. D. Barnosky, E. A. Hadly, and J. Bascompte, Approaching a state shift in Earth's biosphere, Nature, vol.486, pp.52-58, 2012.

A. A. Bauer, M. K. Clayton, and J. Brunet, Floral traits influencing plant attractiveness to three bee species: consequences for plant reproductive success, Am J Bot, vol.104, pp.772-781, 2017.

T. Becker, N. Voss, and W. Durka, Pollen limitation and inbreeding depression in an "old rare" bumblebeepollinated grassland herb, Plant Biol, vol.13, pp.857-864, 2011.

P. Campagne, L. Affre, and A. Baumel, Fine-scale response to landscape structure in Primula vulgaris Huds.: does hedgerow network connectedness ensure connectivity through gene flow?, Popul Ecol, vol.51, issue.1, pp.209-219, 2008.

D. Charlesworth and B. Charlesworth, Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences, Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst, vol.18, pp.237-268, 2012.

J. E. Cresswell, The influence of nectar and pollen availability on pollen transfer by individual flowers of oil-seed rape (Brassica napus) when pollinated by bumblebees (Bombus lapidarius), J Ecol, vol.87, pp.670-677, 1999.

P. Crnokrak and D. A. Roff, Inbreeding depression in the wild, Heredity (Edinb), vol.83, pp.260-270, 1999.

C. W. Dick, O. J. Hardy, and F. A. Jones, Spatial scales of pollen and seed-mediated gene flow in tropical rain forest trees, Trop Plant Biol, vol.1, pp.20-33, 2008.

S. Edmands, Between a rock and a hard place: evaluating the relative risks of inbreeding and outbreeding for conservation and management, Mol Ecol, vol.16, pp.463-475, 2007.

L. Fahrig, Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity, Rev Lit Arts Am, vol.34, pp.487-515, 2003.

R. Frankham, Genetic rescue of small inbred populations: meta-analysis reveals large and consistent benefits of gene flow, Mol Ecol, vol.24, pp.2610-2618, 2015.

R. Frankham, J. D. Ballou, and M. Eldridge, Predicting the probability of outbreeding depression, Conserv Biol, vol.25, pp.465-475, 2011.

R. Frankham, C. Bradshaw, and B. W. Brook, Genetics in conservation management: revised recommendations for the 50/500 rules, Red List criteria and population viability analyses, Biol Cons, vol.170, pp.56-63, 2014.

G. W. Frankie, P. A. Opler, and K. S. Bawa, Foraging Behaviour of Solitary Bees: implications for outcrossing of a neotropical forest tree, Br Ecol Soc, vol.64, pp.1049-1057, 1976.

A. Gathmann and T. Tscharntke, Foraging ranges of solitary bees, J Anim Ecol, vol.71, pp.757-764, 2002.

B. Geslin, M. Baude, and F. Mallard, Effect of local spatial plant distribution and conspecific density on bumble bee foraging behaviour, Ecol Entomol, vol.39, pp.334-342, 2014.

B. Geslin, M. A. Aizen, and N. Garcia, The impact of honey bee colony quality on crop yield and farmers' profit in apples and pears, Agric Ecosyst Environ, vol.248, pp.153-161, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01577788

C. Guiller, L. Affre, and C. H. Albert, How do field margins contribute to the functional connectivity of insect-pollinated plants? Landsc Ecol, 2016.

L. D. Harder and S. Barrett, Pollen dispersal and mating patterns in animal-pollinated plants, Floral biology, 1996.

L. Hardion, A. Baumel, and P. Dumas, Phylogenetic relationships and infrageneric classification of Astragalus tragacantha L. (Fabaceae), inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA Internal transcribed spacers data (nrDNA ITS), Ecol Mediterr, vol.36, pp.99-106, 2010.

L. Hardion, P. J. Dumas, A. , and F. , Geographical isolation caused the diversification of the Mediterranean thorny cushion-like Astragalus L. sect. tragacantha DC. (Fabaceae), Mol Phylogenet Evol, vol.97, pp.187-195, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01444679

P. Hoehn, T. Tscharntke, and J. M. Tylianakis, Functional group diversity of bee pollinators increases crop yield, Proc Biol Sci, vol.275, pp.2283-2291, 1648.

W. E. Johnson, D. P. Onorato, and M. E. Roelke, Genetic restoration of the Florida panther, Science, vol.329, pp.1641-1645, 2010.

J. D. Karron, R. J. Mitchell, and K. G. Holmquist, The influence of floral display size on selfing rates in Mimulus ringens, Heredity (Edinb), vol.92, pp.242-248, 2004.

J. D. Karron, K. G. Holmquist, and R. J. Flanagan, Pollinator visitation patterns strongly influence amongflower variation in selfing rate, Ann Bot, vol.103, pp.1379-1383, 2009.

A. Klein, B. E. Vaissiere, and J. H. Cane, Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops, Proc R Soc B Biol Sci, vol.274, pp.303-313, 2007.

I. Laffont-schwob, P. J. Dumas, and A. Pricop, Insights on metal-tolerance and symbionts of the rare species Astragalus tragacantha aiming at phytostabilization of polluted soils and plant conservation, Ecol Mediterr, vol.37, issue.2, pp.57-62, 2011.

J. S. Lefcheck, piecewiseSEM: piecewise structural equation modelling in r for ecology, evolution, and systematics, Methods Ecol Evol, vol.7, pp.573-579, 2016.

D. G. Lloyd and D. J. Schoen, Self-and cross-fertilization in plants. I-functional dimensions, Int J Plant Sci, vol.153, pp.358-369, 1992.

A. Manning, Some aspects of the foraging behaviour of bumble-bees, Behaviour, vol.9, pp.164-201, 1956.

E. F. Martin, J. J. Sánchez, F. Segura, and M. Aguado, Reproduction, demography, and habitat characterization of Astragalus peckii (Fabaceae), a Rare Central Oregon Endemic. Dissertation, Flora Morphol Distrib Funct Ecol Plants, vol.206, pp.423-432, 2010.

F. Médail and N. Myers, Hotspots revisited: Earth's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. CEMEX, Monterrey, Conservation International, pp.144-147, 2004.

F. Médail and P. Quézel, Biodiversity hotspots in the Mediterranean basin: setting global conservation priorities, Conserv Biol, vol.13, pp.1510-1513, 1999.

R. J. Mitchell, R. E. Irwin, and R. J. Flanagan, Ecology and evolution of plant-pollinator interactions, Ann Bot, vol.103, pp.1355-1363, 2009.

L. A. Morandin and M. L. Winston, Wild bee abundance and seed production in conventional, organic, and genetically modified canola, Ecol Appl, vol.15, pp.871-881, 2005.

G. Ne'eman, O. Shavit, and L. Shaltiel, Foraging by male and female solitary bees with implications for pollination, J Insect Behav, vol.19, pp.383-401, 2006.

G. Ne'eman, A. J. Newstrom-lloyd, and L. , A framework for comparing pollinator performance: effectiveness and efficiency, Biol Rev, vol.85, pp.435-451, 2010.

J. E. Ogilvie, S. R. Griffin, and Z. J. Gezon, Interannual bumble bee abundance is driven by indirect climate effects on floral resource phenology, Ecol Lett, vol.20, pp.1507-1515, 2017.

J. Ollerton, Pollinator diversity: distribution, ecological function, and conservation, Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst, vol.48, pp.353-376, 2017.

J. Oostermeijer, R. Altenburg, D. Nijs, and H. , Effects of outcrossing distance and selfing on fitness components in the rare Gentiana pneumonanthe (Gentianaceae), Acta Bot Neerl, vol.44, pp.257-268, 1995.

M. D. Salducci, H. Folzer, and J. Issartel, How can a rare protected plant cope with the metal and metalloid soil pollution resulting from past industrial activities? Phytometabolites, antioxidant activities and root symbiosis involved in the metal tolerance of Astragalus tragacantha, Chemosphere, vol.217, pp.887-896, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01926064

D. W. Schemske and R. Lande, The evolution of self-fertilization and inbreeding depression in plants, II. Empirical observations. Evolution (NY), vol.39, p.41, 1985.

G. Shackelford, P. R. Steward, and T. G. Benton, Comparison of pollinators and natural enemies: a metaanalysis of landscape and local effects on abundance and richness in crops, Biol Rev, vol.88, pp.1002-1021, 2013.

B. Shipley, Confirmatory path analysis in a generalized multilevel context, Ecology, vol.90, pp.363-368, 2009.

B. Shipley, The AIC model selection method applied to path analytic models compared using a d-separation test, Ecology, vol.94, pp.560-564, 2013.

C. M. Suehs, L. Affre, and F. Medail, Unexpected insularity effects in invasive plant mating systems: the case of Carpobrotus (Aizoaceae) taxa in the Mediterranean Basin, Biol J Linn Soc, vol.85, pp.65-79, 2005.

D. A. Tallmon, G. Luikart, and R. S. Waples, The alluring simplicity and complex reality of genetic rescue, Trends Ecol Evol, vol.19, pp.489-496, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00294773

. R-core-team, Clé des genres d'apoïdes d'Europe Occidentale. Unpublished Torné-Noguera A, Rodrigo A, Arnan X et al (2014) Determinants of spatial distribution in a bee community: nesting resources, flower resources, and body size, R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, vol.9, p.55, 2016.

F. Valsecchi, Sul complesso Astragalus tragacantha L. (Leguminosae) nel Mediterraneo. Webbia, vol.49, pp.31-41, 1994.

C. Westphal, I. Steffan-dewenter, and T. Tscharntke, Mass flowering crops enhance pollinator densities at a landscape scale, Ecol Lett, vol.6, pp.961-965, 2003.

A. R. Whiteley, S. W. Fitzpatrick, W. C. Funk, and D. A. Tallmon, Genetic rescue to the rescue, Trends Ecol Evol, vol.30, pp.42-49, 2015.

D. S. Wilcove, C. H. Mclellan, and A. P. Dobson, Habitat fragmentation in the temperate zone, Conserv Biol Sci Scarcity Divers, vol.11, pp.237-256, 1986.

Y. Willi and M. Fischer, Genetic rescue in interconnected populations of small and large size of the selfincompatible Ranunculus reptans, Heredity (Edinb), vol.95, pp.437-443, 2005.

A. Zurbuchen, L. Landert, and J. Klaiber, Maximum foraging ranges in solitary bees: only few individuals have the capability to cover long foraging distances, Biol Conserv, vol.143, pp.669-676, 2010.