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, Foreign export share R ck,t?1 and State export share R ck,t?1 . export share R ck,t?1 and State export share R ck,t?1 measure respectively the share of export quantities by foreign and state-owned firms for each product-city-regime combination. World demand k,t?1 is defined as the share of China's exports in world exports for a given product in a given year. This variable is obtained from the BACI world trade dataset. 54 Export tax information comes from the General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China, The Customs trade data is used to obtain several of our control variables: Export growth k,t?1 , Export growth ck,t?1

, We calculate simple averages of MFN tariffs, which measure the average level of nominal tariff protection applied to imports into China

, This dataset is based on COMTRADE data using an original procedure that reconciles the declarations of exporters and importers, 2010.