T. Séverin, Open-ocean convection process: A driver of the winter nutrient supply 655 and the spring phytoplankton distribution in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea

, Geophys. Res. Ocean, vol.122, pp.4587-4601, 2017.

P. Bork, Tara Oceans studies plankton at planetary scale, Science, vol.348, pp.873-873, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01258211

T. L. Richardson and G. A. Jackson, Small phytoplankton and carbon export from the 660 surface ocean, Science, vol.315, pp.838-840, 2007.

J. Marshall and F. Schott, Open-ocean convection: Observations, theory, and models
DOI : 10.1029/98rg02739

URL : https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/98RG02739

. Geophys, , vol.37, pp.1-64, 1999.

L. Houpert, Observations of open-ocean deep convection in the northwestern
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01433336

M. Sea, Seasonal and interannual variability of mixing and deep water masses 665 for the 2007-2013 period, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, vol.121, pp.8139-8171, 2016.

D. Ortenzio, F. Ribeira-d'alcalà, and M. , On the trophic regimes of the Mediterranean Sea: 667 a satellite analysis, Biogeosciences, vol.6, pp.139-148, 2009.

N. Mayot, Influence of the phytoplankton community structure on the spring and 669 annual primary production in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea, J. Geophys. Res. 670 Oceans, vol.122, 2017.

L. Houpert, Seasonal cycle of the mixed layer, the seasonal thermocline and the 672 upper-ocean heat storage rate in the Mediterranean Sea derived from observations

. Oceanog, , vol.132, pp.333-352, 2015.

J. A. Aké-castillo, Species of Minidiscus (Bacillariophyceae) in the Mexican Pacific

. Ocean, Cryptogam. Algol, vol.22, pp.101-107, 2001.

M. A. Brzezinski, The Si:C:N ratio of marine diatoms: interspecific variability and the 677 effect of some environmental variables, J. Phycol, vol.21, pp.347-357, 1985.

R. Waldman, Modeling the intense 2012-2013 dense water formation event in the 679 Northwestern Mediterranean Sea: Evaluation with an ensemble simulation approach

, Geophys. Res. Ocean, vol.122, pp.1297-1324, 2017.

D. J. Conley, S. S. Kilham, and E. C. Therior, Differences in silica content between marine 682 and freshwater diatoms, Limnol. and Oceanogr, vol.34, pp.205-2012, 1989.

S. Menden-deuer and E. J. Lessard, Carbon to volume relationships for dinoflagellates, 684 diatoms, and other protist plankton, Limnol. and Oceanogr, vol.45, pp.569-579, 2000.

B. P. Hunt, Trophic pathways of phytoplankton size classes through the 718 zooplankton food web over the spring

. Sea, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, vol.122, pp.6309-6324, 2017.

G. R. Hasle, Some marine plankton genera of the diatom family Thalassiosiraceae

B. Hedwigia, , vol.45, pp.1-49, 1973.

G. R. Hasle, The biogeography of some marine planktonic diatoms, Deep Sea Res, vol.23, pp.319-338, 1976.

H. Takano, New and rare diatoms from Japanese marine waters VI. Three new species in

, Fish. Res. Lab, vol.105, pp.31-43, 1981.

B. C. Booth, J. Lewin, and R. E. Norris, Nanoplankton species predominant in the subarctic 727 Pacific in May and, Deep Sea Res, vol.29, pp.185-200, 1978.

M. Chrétiennot-dinet and N. Guillocheau, Etude de diatomées d'écosystèmes marins 729 côtiers. Observations nouvelles en microscopie électronique, Cah. Biol. Mar, vol.28, pp.271-279, 1987.

R. W. Gould and G. A. Fryxell, Phytoplankton species composition and abundance in a

, Gulf Stream warm core ring. I. Changes over a five-month period, J. Mar. Res, vol.46, pp.367-398, 1988.

M. A. Brzezinski and D. M. Nelson, Seasonal changes in the silicon cycle within a Gulf 735 Stream warm-core ring, Deep Sea Res, vol.36, pp.1009-1030, 1989.

C. Lovejoy, L. Legendre, M. J. Martineau, J. Bâcle, and C. H. Von-quillfeldt, Distribution 737 of phytoplankton and other protists in the North Water, Deep Sea Res. Part II, vol.49, pp.5027-5047, 2002.

C. Komuro, H. Narita, K. Imai, Y. Nojiri, and R. W. Jordan, Microplankton assemblages 740 at station KNOT in the Subarctic Western Pacific, Deep Sea Res. Part II, vol.52, pp.2206-2217, 1999.

C. Aizawa, M. Tanimoto, and R. W. Jordan, Living diatom assemblages from North 743 Pacific and Bering Sea surface waters during summer 1999, Deep Sea Res. Part II, vol.52, pp.2186-2205, 2005.

J. Aké-castillo and G. Vasquez, Phyoplankton variation and its relation to nutrients and 746 allochtonous organic matter in a coastal lagoon on the Golf of Mexico, Estuar. Coast

, Shelf Sci, vol.78, pp.705-714, 2008.

M. W. Lomas, Biogeochemical responses to late-winter storms in the Sargasso Sea

. Iv, Rapid succession of major phytoplankton groups, Deep Sea Res. Part I, vol.56, p.750, 2009.

A. Zingone, D. Sarno, R. Siano, and D. Marino, The importance and distinctiveness of 752 small-sized phytoplankton in the Magellan Straits, Polar Biol, vol.34, pp.1269-1284, 2011.

G. O. Almandoz, M. P. Hernando, G. A. Ferreyra, I. R. Schloss, and M. E. Ferrario, 754 Seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in extreme southern South America, p.755

A. , J. Sea Res, vol.66, pp.47-57, 2011.

M. E. Sabatini,

, Hydrography, mesozooplankton patterns and trophic relationships, J. Mar. Syst, vol.94, pp.33-51, 2012.

A. S. Chang, Annual record of particle fluxes, geochemistry and diatoms in 760 Effingham inlet, British Columbia, Canada, and the impact of the 1999 la niña event

. Geol, , vol.337, pp.20-34, 2013.

Y. H. Gao, C. P. Chen, and Y. Li, Marine nanoplanktonic diatoms from coastal waters of

H. Kong, Perspect. Mar. Environ. Chang. in Hong Kong & South China, pp.93-107, 2016.

M. Potapova, N. Desianti, and M. Enache, Potential effects of sediment contaminants on 766 diatom assemblages in coastal lagoons of New Jersey and New York States

. Bull, , vol.107, pp.453-458, 2016.

J. S. Kang, S. H. Kang, D. Kim, and D. Y. Kim, Planktonic centric diatom Minidiscus 769 chilensis dominated sediment trap material in eastern Bransfield Strait

, Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.255, pp.93-99, 2003.

I. Kaczmarska, C. Lovejoy, M. Potvin, and M. Macgillivary, Morphological and 772 molecular characteristics of selected species of Minidiscus (Bacillariophyta, p.773

). Thalassiosiraceae, Eur. J. Phycol, vol.44, pp.461-475, 2009.

A. L. Annett, D. S. Carson, X. Crosta, A. Clarke, and R. S. Ganeshram, Seasonal 775 progression of diatom assemblages in surface waters of Ryder Bay

, Biol, vol.33, issue.1, pp.13-29, 2010.

G. Savidge, The BOFS 1990 spring bloom experiment: Temporal evolution and 778 spatial variability of the hydrographic field, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.29, pp.235-281, 1992.

G. Savidge, P. Boyd, A. Pomroy, D. Harbour, and I. Joint, Phytoplankton production and 780 biomass estimates in the northeast Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Res. I, vol.42, pp.599-617, 1990.

D. J. Hinz, Comparative seasonal biogeography of mineralising nannoplankton in 783 the Scotia Sea: Emiliania huxleyi, Fragilariopsis spp. and Tetraparma pelagica

. Deep-sea-res, , vol.II, pp.57-66, 2012.

C. De-vargas, Eukaryotic plankton diversity in the sunlit ocean, Science, vol.348, issue.6237, pp.1261605-1261606, 2015.

S. Malviya, Insights into global diatom distribution and diversity in the world's 788 ocean, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.113, issue.11, pp.1516-1525, 2016.

D. J. Richter, Global plankton biogeography is shaped via ocean circulation 790 dynamics, Nature

J. S. Park, Transfer of the small diatoms Thalassiosira proschkinae and T. spinulata 792 to the genus Minidiscus and their taxonomic re-description, PLoS One, vol.12, pp.181980-793, 2017.

C. Schmidt, Recent Invasion of the Symbiont-Bearing Foraminifera Pararotalia into 795 the Eastern Mediterranean Facilitated by the Ongoing Warming Trend, PLoS ONE, vol.10, issue.8

A. L. Alldredge and C. Gotschalk, Direct observations of the mass flocculation of diatom 798 blooms, Deep Sea Res. I, vol.36, pp.159-171, 1989.

S. Agustí, Ubiquitous healthy diatoms in the deep sea confirm deep carbon injection 800 by the biological pump, Nat. Commun, vol.6, p.7608, 2015.

X. De-madron, Deep sediment resuspension and thick nepheloid layer 802 generation by open-ocean convection, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, vol.122, pp.2291-2318, 2017.

W. Herth, Site of beta-chitin fibril formation in centric diatoms. 2. Chitin-forming 804 cytoplasmic structures, J. Ultrastruct. Res, vol.68, pp.16-27, 1979.

M. B. Hay, R. Pienitz, and R. E. Thomson, Distribution of diatom surface sediment 806 assemblages within Effingham Inlet

, Island (Canada), Mar. Micropaleontol, vol.48, pp.291-320, 2003.

, NPO: North Pacific Ocean. (b) Relative distribution of Minidiscus and Minutocellus in 0.8 to 5 µm size-fraction surface and Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM) fractions. (c) Relative distribution by size fractions, Supplementary Figure 8: Relative distributions of the diatom genera Minidiscus and Minutocellus. (a) Abundances derived from the 0.8 to 5 µm size-fraction from Tara Oceans. NAO: North Atlantic Ocean, MS: Mediterranean Sea, RS: Red Sea, SAO: South Atlantic Ocean, IO: Indian Ocean, SO: Southern Ocean, SPO: South Pacific Ocean

N. Terseleer, J. Bruggeman, C. Lancelot, and N. Gypens, Trait-based representation of diatom functional diversity in a plankton functional type model of the eutrophied southern North Sea, Limnol. and Oceanogr, vol.59, pp.1958-1972, 2014.

H. Claustre, Toward a taxon-specific parameterization of bio-optical models of primary production: a case study in the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res, vol.110, pp.7-12, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02179249

M. Babin, Nitrogen-and irradiance-dependent variations of the maximum quantum yield of carbon fixation in eutrophic, mesotrophic and oligotrophic marine systems, Deep Sea Res. I, vol.43, pp.1241-1272, 1996.

S. Laney, R. Letelier, and M. Abbott, Parameterizing the natural fluorescence kinetics of Thalassiosira weissflogii, Limnol. and Oceanogr, vol.50, pp.1499-1510, 2005.

M. Gorbunov, Z. Kolber, and P. Falkowski, Measuring photosynthetic parameters in individual algal cells by Fast Repetition Rate fluorometry, Photosynth. Res, vol.62, pp.141-153, 1999.

C. M. Moore, Physical controls on phytoplankton physiology and production at a shelf sea front: a fast repetition rate fluorometer based field study, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser, vol.259, pp.29-45, 2003.

R. L. Oliver, J. Whittington, Z. Lorenz, and I. T. Webster, The influence of vertical mixing on the photoinhibition of variable chlorophyll a fluorescence and its inclusion in a model of phytoplankton photosynthesis, J. Plankton Res, vol.25, pp.1107-1129, 2003.

E. Lichtman, C. A. Klausmeier, O. M. Schofield, and P. G. Falkowski, The role of functional traits and trade-offs in structuring phytoplankton communities: scaling from cellular to ecosystem level, Ecol. Letters, vol.10, pp.1170-1181, 2007.

M. Heldal, D. J. Scanlan, S. Norland, F. Thingstad, and N. H. Mann, Elemental composition of single cells of various strains of marine Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus using X-ray microanalysis, Limnol. and Oceanogr, vol.48, pp.1732-1743, 2003.

R. Riegman, W. Stolte, A. Noordeloos, and D. Slezak, Nutrient uptake and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3:1:3:1) activity of Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) during growth under N and P limitation in continuous cultures, J. Phycol, vol.36, issue.1, pp.87-96, 2000.

R. J. Geider, H. L. Macintyre, L. M. Graziano, and R. M. Mckay, Responses of the photosynthetic apparatus of Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyceae) to nitrogen and phosphorus limitation, Eur. J. Phycol, vol.33, pp.315-332, 1998.

S. Menden-deuer and E. J. Lessard, Carbon to volume relationships for dinoflagellates, diatoms, and other protist plankton, Limnol. and Oceanogr, vol.45, pp.569-579, 2000.

M. Mullin, M. Sloan, P. , R. Eppley, R. et al., Relationship between carbon content, cell volume, and area Inphytoplankton, Limnol. and Oceanogr, vol.11, issue.2, pp.307-311, 1966.

S. Bertilsson, O. Berglund, D. Karl, and S. Chisholm, Elemental composition of marine Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus: implications for the ecological stoichiometry of the sea, Limnol. and Oceanogr, vol.48, pp.1721-1731, 2003.

G. Sarthou, K. Timmermans, S. Blain, and P. Tréguer, Growth physiology and fate of diatoms in the ocean: a review, J. Sea Res, vol.53, pp.25-42, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00456424

R. J. Geider, H. L. Macintyre, and T. M. Kana, Dynamic model of phytoplankton growth and acclimation: Responses of the balanced growth rate and the chlorophyll a: carbon ratio to light, nutrient-limitation and temperature, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser, vol.143, pp.187-200, 1997.

M. Nielsen, Growth, dark respiration and photosynthetic parameters of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi Prymnesiophyceae) acclimated to different day length-irradiance combinations, J. Phycol, vol.33, pp.818-822, 1997.

J. K. Moore, S. Doney, L. , and K. , Upper ocean ecosystem dynamics and iron cycling in a global three-dimensional model, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.18, p.4028, 2004.

J. Thornley and M. Cannell, Modelling the components of plant respiration: representation and realism, Annals of Botany, vol.85, pp.55-67, 2000.

W. Harrison, L. Harris, and B. Irwin, The kinetics of nitrogen utilization in the oceanic mixed layer: nitrate and ammonium interactions at nanomolar concentrations, Limnol. and Oceanogr, vol.41, issue.1, pp.16-32, 1996.

T. Tyrrell and A. Taylor, A modelling study of Emiliania huxleyi in the NE atlantic, J. Mar. Sys, vol.9, pp.83-112, 1996.

K. Timmermans, B. V. Der-wagt, M. Veldhuis, A. Maatman, and H. De-baar, Physiological responses of three species of marine pico-phytoplankton to ammonium, phosphate, iron and light limitation, J. Sea Res, vol.53, pp.109-120, 2005.

K. Davidson and W. Gurney, An investigation of non-steady-state algal growth. II. Mathematical modelling of co-nutrient-limited algal growth, J. Plankt. Res, vol.21, pp.839-858, 1999.

M. Fasham, K. Flynn, P. Pondaven, T. Anderson, and P. Boyd, Development of a robust marine ecosystem model to predict the role of iron in biogeochemical cycles: A comparison of results for iron-replete and iron-limited areas, and the SOIREE iron-enrichment experiment, Deep Sea Res. Part I, vol.53, pp.333-366, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00635636

A. Calbet, Impact of micro-grazers and nano-grazers on phytoplankton assessed by standard and size-fractionated dilution grazing experiments, Aquat. Microb. Ecol, vol.50, pp.145-156, 2008.

E. Broglio, S. Saiz, A. Calbet, I. Trepat, and M. Alcaraz, Trophic impact and prey selection by crustacean zooplankton on the microbial communities of an oligotrophic area, Aquat. Microb. Ecol, vol.35, pp.65-78, 2004.

G. Lacroix and M. Grégoire, Revisited ecosystem model (MODECOGeL) of the Ligurian Sea: seasonal and interannual variability due to atmospheric forcing, J. Mar. Sys, vol.37, pp.229-258, 2002.

T. R. Anderson and P. Pondaven, Non-Redfield carbon and nitrogen cycling in the Sargasso Sea: pelagic imbalances and export flux, Deep Sea Res. Part I, vol.50, pp.573-591, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00472055

T. Thingstad, E. Skjoldal, and R. Bohne, Phosphorus cycling and algal-bacterial competition in Sandsfjord, western Norway, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser, vol.99, pp.239-259, 1993.

K. Vrede, M. Heldal, S. Norland, and G. Bratbak, Elemental composition (C,N,P) and cell volume of exponentially growing and nutrient-limited bacterioplankton, App. Environ. Microbiol, vol.68, pp.2965-2971, 2002.

B. Ward, S. Dutkiewicz, O. Jahn, and M. J. Follows, A size-structured food-web model for the global ocean, Limnol. and Oceanogr, vol.57, issue.6, pp.1877-1891, 2012.